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1.
We adopt a parameterized internal tide dissipation term to the two-dimensional (2-D) shallow water equations, and develop the corresponding adjoint model to investigate tidal dynamics in the South China Sea (SCS). The harmonic constants derived from 63 tidal gauge stations and 24 TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite altimeter crossover points are assimilated into the adjoint model to minimize the deviations of the simulated results and observations by optimizing the bottom friction coefficient and the internal tide dissipation coefficient. Tidal constituents M2, S2, K1 and O1 are simulated simultaneously. The numerical results (assimilating only tidal gauge data) agree well with T/P data showing that the model results are reliable. The co-tidal charts of M2, S2, K1 and O1 are obtained, which reflect the characteristics of tides in the SCS. The tidal energy flux is analyzed based on numerical results. The strongest tidal energy flux appears in the Luzon Strait (LS) for both semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal constituents. The analysis of tidal energy dissipation indicates that the bottom friction dissipation occurs mainly in shallow water area, meanwhile the internal tide dissipation is mainly concentrated in the LS and the deep basin of the SCS. The tidal energetics in the LS is examined showing that the tidal energy input closely balances the tidal energy dissipation. 相似文献
2.
Tidal energy budget in the Zhujiang(Pearl River) Estuary(ZE) is evaluated by employing high-resolution baroclinic regional ocean modeling system(ROMS). The results obtained via applying the least square method on the model elevations are compared against the tidal harmonic constants at 18 tide stations along the ZE and its adjacent coast. The mean absolute errors between the simulation and the observation of M_2, S_2, K_1 and O_1 are 4.6, 2.8, 3.2 and 2.8 cm in amplitudes and 9.8°, 15.0°, 4.6° and 4.6° in phase-lags, respectively. The comparisons between the simulated and observed sea level heights at 11 tide gauge stations also suggest good model performance. The total tidal energy flux incoming the ZE is estimated to be 343.49 MW in the dry season and larger than 336.18 MW in the wet season, which should due to higher mean sea level height and heavier density in the dry season. M_2, K_1, S_2, O_1 and N_2, the top five barotropic tidal energy flux contributors for the ZE,import 242.23(236.79), 52.97(52.08), 24.49(23.96), 16.22(15.91) and 7.10(6.97) MW energy flux into the ZE in dry(wet) season, successively and respectively. The enhanced turbulent mixing induced by eddies around isolated islands and sharp headlands dominated by bottom friction, interaction between tidal currents and sill topography or constricted narrow waterways together account for the five energy dissipation hotspots, which add up to about 38% of the total energy dissipation inside the ZE. 相似文献
3.
北部湾潮波数值研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
利用普林斯顿海洋模式(POM08)建立了北部湾及其临近海区潮汐潮流数值模式,模拟了K1,O1,M2和S2这4个主要分潮,分析了模拟的潮汐和潮流分布特征,从潮波能量的角度讨论了琼州海峡对北部湾潮波系统的影响,并给出北部湾潮能的耗散情况。研究表明,北部湾是典型的全日潮海区,K1和O1分潮在南部湾口形成半个旋转潮波系统,无潮点位于越南顺安附近岸边。琼州海峡中的欧拉潮汐余流为西向流,潮余流造成的水通量约为0.034×106m3/s;余流出海峡西口后,先折向北,然后转向南流出湾外。研究海区中两个强潮流区分别位于琼州海峡和海南岛的西侧,同时这也是两个潮能的高耗散区。北部湾的潮能自南部湾口由外海传入,通过西口涌入琼州海峡,到达海峡东口时日潮波的能量已基本耗散殆尽,在海峡内耗散的4个分潮的潮能约为3.33 GW,相当于北部湾潮能耗散量的35%左右。数值试验表明,琼州海峡作为潮能耗散的重要海区,其存在对于北部湾潮波系统的形成具有较大影响。计算了底边界潮能耗散,结果表明在北部湾和琼州海峡,底边界耗散的潮能分别占该海区总耗散的83%和80%。 相似文献
4.
舟山群岛海域潮能丰富,近年来大面积的围垦工程影响了邻近海域的潮流结构与潮能分布特征。基于FVCOM(finite volume coastal ocean model)三维水动力数值模型,选取1984年、2010年、2019年三个代表年份,探讨围垦工程影响下舟山群岛海域潮流结构与潮能分布的时空变化状况。结果显示:1984年至2010年间围垦面积相对不大,且较为分散,主要改变外海进入杭州湾各通道的潮能分配,对能量耗散的影响较小。2010年至2019年间的围垦工程缩窄了潮汐通道,流速增大使得螺头水道及邻近水道的潮能增加,近底流速增大与较强湍流涡旋的产生,使得围垦工程周边海域能量耗散更为集中。 相似文献
5.
内潮耗散与自吸-负荷潮对南海潮波影响的数值研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用非结构三角形网格的FVCOM海洋数值模式,在其传统二维潮波方程中加入参数化的内潮耗散项和自吸-负荷潮项,计算了南海及其周边海域的M_2、S_2、K_1和O_1分潮的分布。与实测值的比较表明,引入这两项对模拟准确度的提高有明显效果。根据模式结果本文计算分析了研究海域的潮能输入和耗散。能量输入计算表明,能通量是潮能输入的最主要构成部分,通过吕宋海峡断面进入南海的M_2和K_1分潮能通量分别为38和29GW;半日周期的自吸-负荷潮能量输入以负值居多,而全日周期的自吸-负荷潮能量输入以正值居多,因而自吸-负荷潮减弱了南海的半日潮,并加强了南海的全日潮。引潮力的作用也减弱了半日潮而加强了全日潮,但其作用要小于自吸-负荷潮。潮能耗散的分析显示底摩擦耗散在沿岸浅水区域起主导作用,内潮耗散则主要发生在深水区域。内潮耗散的最大值出现在吕宋海峡,且位于南海之外的海峡东部的耗散量大于位于南海之内的海峡西部的耗散量。对M_2和K_1分潮吕宋海峡的内潮耗散总值分别达到16和23GW。 相似文献
6.
Estimates of area-averaged tidal bottom stress are made for four channel segments of the Great Bay Estuary, N.H. Current and sealevel measurements are used to estimate acceleration and pressure gradient terms in the equation of motion, while the equation of motion itself is used to infer the remaining stress term. Dynamic terms, bottom stress values, friction coefficients and energy dissipation rates are estimated for each site. The analysis shows that while throughout the estuary the principal force balance is between the frictional stress and the pressure gradient forcing, RMS values of total bottom stress range from 2·67 to 10·38 Nm?2 and friction coefficients vary from 0·015 to 0·054. Both stress and energy dissipation are largest in the seaward portion of the estuary with an order of magnitude decrease in dissipation at the most inland site.These distributions of stress and energy dissipation are consistent with cotidal charts of the principal semi-diurnal tidal constituent (M2) which indicate that the estuary is composed of a highly dissipative more progressive tidal wave regime seaward and a less dissipative standing wave regime landward. 相似文献
7.
Observations of turbulence, stratification, and mean current were made using a microstructure profiler and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) during four cruises at a central location in the Ariake Sea, under weakly and strongly stratified conditions. Continuous measurements of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), ε, were made. These revealed that frictional bed turbulence with quarterdiurnal variation in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) was one of the most energetic sources of vertical mixing in the sea. Thickness of the BBL was strongly confined by the stable stratification. We investigate a relationship between the BBL height h and the Ozmidov scale. We present a systematic argument that describes the vertical structure and characteristic scales of velocity and turbulence inside the frictional BBL, where the stratification persisted. Considerable deviation of observed vertical shear from the law of the wall indicated a modification of turbulent scales by the stratification. Shear stress calculated from the velocity data using vertical integration of the equation of motion was found to decrease approximately linearly with height. The TKE production rate P, estimated using the shear stress, was highly correlated with the dissipation rate. The buoyancy contribution to TKE balance in the BBL was quantified in terms of the flux Richardson number R f as R f?=?0.12. 相似文献
8.
莫桑比克海峡及其邻近海区是全球海洋潮流和潮能耗散最强的海区之一。文章利用高分辨率通用环流模式对该海区的正压潮流进行模拟, 并对该海区潮能通量和潮能耗散特征进行分析。结果表明, 莫桑比克海峡及其邻近海区的潮波主要是半日分潮占主导地位, 全日分潮可忽略不计, M2分潮形成1个左旋潮波系统和1个右旋潮波系统, S2分潮形成1个左旋潮波系统。莫桑比克海峡和马达加斯加岛南部等绝大数区域的M2和S2半日潮流是逆时针旋转, 在马达加斯加岛顶部等局部区域是顺时针旋转, 而且在海峡通道等复杂地形处潮流流速量级较大。潮能通量矢量主要来自东边界, 大部分潮能通量沿马达加斯岛北部传入莫桑比克海峡区域, 其中经过马达加斯加岛北部和进入莫桑比克海峡的M2 (S2)分潮的潮能通量分别为156.86GW (40.53GW)和148.07GW (36.05GW), S2分潮潮能通量的量级大约为M2分潮的1/5~1/4。底摩擦耗散主要发生莫桑比克海峡和马达加斯加岛南北部, 其中莫桑比克海峡M2 (S2)分潮的底摩擦耗散为1.762GW (0.460GW), 占其底部总耗散的43.74% (39.72%)。 相似文献
9.
Walter Munk 《Progress in Oceanography》1997,40(1-4)
Topex/Poseidon (T/P) altimetry has reopened the problem of how tidal dissipation is to be allocated. There is now general agreement of a M2 dissipation by 2.5 Terawatts (1 TW = 1012 W), based on four quite separate astronomic observational programs. Allowing for the bodily tide dissipation of 0.1 TW leaves 2.4 TW for ocean dissipation. The traditional disposal sites since
(1920) have been in the turbulent bottom boundary layer (BBL) of marginal seas, and the modern estimate of about 2.1 TW is in this tradition (but the distribution among the shallow seas has changed radically from time to time). Independent estimates of energy flux into the marginal seas are not in good agreement with the BBL estimates.T/P altimetry has contributed to the tidal problem in two important ways. The assimilation of global altimetry into Laplace tidal solutions has led to accurate representations of the global tides, as evidenced by the very close agreement between the astronomic measurements and the computed 2.4 TW working of the Moon on the global ocean. Second, the detection by
and
(1996) of small surface manifestation of internal tides radiating away from the Hawaiian chain has led to global estimates of 0.2 to 0.4 TW of conversion of surface tides to internal tides. Measurements of ocean microstructure yields 0.2 TW of global dissipation by pelagic turbulence (away from topography). We propose that pelagic turbulence is maintained by topographic scattering of barotropic into baroclinic tidal energy, via internal tides and internal waves. Previous estimates by
(1974);
, (1982)) of this conversion along 150,000 km of continental coastlines gave a negligible 0.02 TW; evidently the important conversion takes place along mid-ocean ridges.The maintenance of the abyssal global stratification requires a much larger expenditure of power. 2 TW versus 0.2 TW. This is usually attributed to wind forcing. If tidal power is to play a significant role here, then the BBL estimates need to be reduced. The challenge is to estimate dissipation from the energy flux divergence in the T/P adjusted tidal models, without prior assumptions concerning the dissipation processes. 相似文献
10.
《Oceanologica Acta》1998,21(3):429-446
With the application of a two-dimensional nonlinear hydrodynamical-numerical semi-implicit model, the principal tides M2, S2, K2, N2, K1, P1 and O1 were studied. Energy budgets of the semi-diurnal M2 and S2 were calculated separately. The linear sum of these budgets was compared with the tidal energy budget obtained when these two tidal constituents interact. Since a quadratic form for the bottom friction was used, remarkable differences were found. The results show that in the area of the Colorado River delta, the dissipation of tidal energy is very strong. Intense tidal currents were observed in the same region and over the Salsipuedes Sill. Energy budgets calculated for forcing waves of different periods, but of the same amplitude, were used to estimate the principal periods of resonance. Although the topography of the Gulf is very complex, the model reproduced observed sea-surface elevation and current patterns. To study spring tide conditions, the above seven tidal constituents were simulated. Estimates of residual currents reveal the presence of several intense cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres. Over the Salsipuedes Sill, residual currents of the M2 tide reach values of more than 15 cm s−1. Horizontal distributions of dissipation rates of tidal energy and of kinetic energy were also obtained. 相似文献
11.
B. A. Kagan A. A. Timofeev E. V. Sofina 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2010,46(5):652-662
The modeling results of surface and internal M2 tides for summer and winter periods in the Arctic Ocean (AO) are presented. We employed a modified version of the three-dimensional
finite-element hydrothermodynamic model QUODDY-4 differing from the original model by using a rotated (instead of spherical)
coordinate system and by considering the equilibrium-tide effects. It has been shown that the modeling results for the surface
tide differs little from the results obtained earlier by other authors. According to these results, the amplitudes of internal
tidal waves (ITWs) in the AO are significantly lower than in other oceans and the ITWs proper have the character of trapped
waves. Their source of generation is located at the continental slope northwest of the New Siberian Islands. Our results are
consistent with the fields of average (over a tidal cycle) and integral (by depth) densities of baroclinic tidal energy, the
maximum baroclinic tidal velocity, and the coefficient of diapycnic mixing. The local rate of baroclinic tidal energy dissipation
at the AO ridges increases as it approaches the bottom, as was observed on Mid-Atlantic and Hawaii ridges (but merely within
the bottom boundary layer) and is two to three orders of magnitude lower than in other oceans. The ITW degeneration scale
in the AO is several hundreds of kilometers in summer and winter, remaining within the range of its values between 100 and
1000 km in mid- and low-latitude oceans. In both seasons, the integral (over the AO area) rate of baroclinic tidal energy
dissipation is two orders of magnitude lower than the global estimate (2.5 × 1012 W). 相似文献
12.
基于普林斯顿海洋模式,通过干湿网格判别法引入潮汐潮流的漫滩过程,考虑M2,S2,K1,O1,M4和MS4六个主要分潮,建立了胶州湾潮汐潮流数值模拟和预报模型,研究了该海域潮汐潮流特征,并讨论了漫滩对潮流模拟的影响。与实测资料的对比验证表明,该模式能够对胶州湾的潮汐和潮流做出较为合理的预测。给出了胶州湾潮汐、潮流、余流等分布特征,模拟的潮流场以及余流场涡旋等现象与观测符合良好;计算了潮波能通量,从能量角度探讨了潮波的传播特性;对潮位与潮流场演变规律,以及潮能通量的分析表明,胶州湾内的潮波以驻波为主。通过数值试验发现,漫滩过程的引入对胶州湾潮流速度的模拟至关重要,不考虑漫滩过程的模式会夸大或者低估潮流流速。对于滩涂面积广阔的海域来说,潮流数值模式中考虑漫滩的影响是必要的。 相似文献
13.
Numerical study of baroclinic tides in Luzon Strait 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
The spatial and temporal variations of baroclinic tides in the Luzon Strait (LS) are investigated using a three-dimensional
tide model driven by four principal constituents, O1, K1, M2 and S2, individually or together with seasonal mean summer or winter stratifications as the initial field. Barotropic tides propagate
predominantly westward from the Pacific Ocean, impinge on two prominent north-south running submarine ridges in LS, and generate
strong baroclinic tides propagating into both the South China Sea (SCS) and the Pacific Ocean. Strong baroclinic tides, ∼19
GW for diurnal tides and ∼11 GW for semidiurnal tides, are excited on both the east ridge (70%) and the west ridge (30%).
The barotropic to baroclinic energy conversion rate reaches 30% for diurnal tides and ∼20% for semidiurnal tides. Diurnal
(O1 and K1) and semidiurnal (M2) baroclinic tides have a comparable depth-integrated energy flux 10–20 kW m−1 emanating from the LS into the SCS and the Pacific basin. The spring-neap averaged, meridionally integrated baroclinic tidal
energy flux is ∼7 GW into the SCS and ∼6 GW into the Pacific Ocean, representing one of the strongest baroclinic tidal energy
flux regimes in the World Ocean. About 18 GW of baroclinic tidal energy, ∼50% of that generated in the LS, is lost locally,
which is more than five times that estimated in the vicinity of the Hawaiian ridge. The strong westward-propagating semidiurnal
baroclinic tidal energy flux is likely the energy source for the large-amplitude nonlinear internal waves found in the SCS.
The baroclinic tidal energy generation, energy fluxes, and energy dissipation rates in the spring tide are about five times
those in the neap tide; while there is no significant seasonal variation of energetics, but the propagation speed of baroclinic
tide is about 10% faster in summer than in winter. Within the LS, the average turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate is
O(10−7) W kg− 1 and the turbulence diffusivity is O(10−3) m2s−1, a factor of 100 greater than those in the typical open ocean. This strong turbulence mixing induced by the baroclinic tidal
energy dissipation exists in the main path of the Kuroshio and is important in mixing the Pacific Ocean, Kuroshio, and the
SCS waters. 相似文献
14.
15.
16.
利用粤西海域高频地波雷达观测得到的表层海流资料进行潮流调和分析。结果表明: 粤西近海主要属于不正规半日分潮, 浅水分潮较强。以M2分潮为例, 潮流运动形式主要为逆时针的往复流为主, 方向沿西北—东南方向。粤西近海的潮能主要由东部陆架输送进来, 潮能自东向西传播, 在大潮期间, 粤西的潮能出现向岸方向分量, 表现为从东南向西北方向传播, 在近岸区域潮能通量传播的方向会发生一个向岸的偏转。通过潮能收支方程计算潮能耗散, 发现粤西近海潮能耗散的高值区在西部岛屿密集区域, 与琼州海峡的存在和琼州海峡东北处地形变化存在明显的相关关系。 相似文献
17.
海南岛莺歌海近岸的潮汐不对称与潮致余流研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
潮汐不对称与潮致余流在河口海岸区的物质输运中扮演着重要角色。已往的研究表明,在驻波占主导的河口海湾中,涨落潮的历时不对称与流速不对称有较为良好的对应关系。而潮致余流主要由地形与潮波的非线性作用所致。本研究以海南岛莺歌海附近为代表,结合实际观测与数值模型,研究复杂地形的开阔近岸区的潮汐不对称与潮致余流。结果表明,在莺歌海近岸区,涨落潮历时不对称皆表现为涨潮历时短于落潮历时,而流速不对称则出现复杂的空间变化。对流速不对称的机制分解表明,研究区的流速不对称主要由K1、O1与M2的相互作用,以及潮余流与各潮汐分潮的相互作用所控制。其中前者产生涨潮流速大于落潮流速的涨潮优势,而后者则与余流的方向相对应,出现多个涨潮优势与落潮优势的区域。总体而言,研究区的流速不对称由余流与各潮汐分潮的相互作用所决定。这表明,采用涨落潮历时的不对称来确定潮汐不对称的方法在开阔近海区可能并不适用。对潮致余流的研究表明,研究区的欧拉余流远大于斯托克斯余流。欧拉余流表现为多个顺时针与逆时针的涡流。涡流分布与地形具有较好的对应关系,潮流沙脊区多发育顺时针涡流,而深槽区则以发育逆时针涡流为主。摩擦力在涡流的发育中起着重要作用。 相似文献
18.
Modeling bed-load transport of coarse sediments in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. Bilgili M. R. Swift D. R. Lynch J. T. C. Ip 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2003,58(4):937-950
Current, sea level and bed-load transport are investigated in the Lower Piscataqua River section of the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire, USA—a well-mixed and geometrically complex system with low freshwater input, having main channel tidal currents ranging between 0.5 and 2 m s−1. Current and sea level forced by the M2M4M6 tides at the estuarine mouth are simulated by a vertically averaged, non-linear, time-stepping finite element model. The hydrodynamic model uses a fixed boundary computational domain and accounts for flooding–drying of tidal flats by making use of a groundwater component. Inertia terms are neglected in comparison with pressure gradient and bottom friction terms, which is consistent with the observed principal dynamic balance for this section of the system. The accuracy of hydrodynamic predictions in the study area is demonstrated by comparison with four tidal elevation stations and two cross-section averaged current measurements. Simulated current is then used to model bed-load transport in the vicinity of a rapidly growing shoal located in the main channel of the lower system. Consisting of coarse sand and gravel, the shoal must be dredged every five to eight years. Two approaches are taken—an Eulerian parametric method in which nodal bed-load flux vectors are averaged over the tidal cycle and a Lagrangian particle tracking approach in which a finite number of sediment particles are released and tracked. Both methods yield pathways and accumulations in agreement with the observed shoal formation and the long-term rate of sediment accumulation in the shoal area. 相似文献
19.
It is well known that, within the linear nonviscous equations of tidal dynamics, the amplitudes of oscillations of the barotropic and baroclinic tidal velocity components unlimitedly increase when approaching the critical latitude. It is also known that the linear equations of tidal dynamics with a constant and specified vertical eddy viscosity indicate the occurrence of significant tidal velocity shears in the near-bottom layer, which are responsible for increasing the baroclinic tidal energy dissipation, the turbulent kinetic energy, and the thickness of the bottom boundary layer. The first circumstance—the growth of the amplitudes of oscillations of the barotropic and baroclinic tidal velocity components—is due to the elimination in the original equations of small terms, which are small everywhere except for the critical latitude zone. The second circumstance—the occurrence of significant tidal velocity shears—is due to the fact that internal tidal waves, which induce the dissipation of the baroclinic tidal energy and the diapycnal diffusion, are either not taken into account or described inadequately. It is suggested that diapycnal diffusion can lead to the degeneration (complete or partial) of tidal velocity shears, with all the ensuing consequences. The aforesaid is confirmed by simulation results obtained using the QUODDY-4 high-resolution three-dimensional finite-element hydrostatic model along the 66.25° E section, which passes in the Kara Sea across the critical latitude. 相似文献
20.
We document the accuracy and convergence of solutions for a z-coordinate primitive-equation model of internal tide generation and propagation. The model, which is based on MOM3 numerics, is linearized around a state of rest to facilitate comparison with analytic estimates of baroclinic generation at finite-amplitude topography in a channel forced by barotropic tidal flow at its boundaries. Unlike the analytical model, the numerical model includes mixing of both buoyancy and momentum, and several definitions of “baroclinic conversion” are possible. These are clarified by writing out the energetics of the linearized equations in terms of barotropic kinetic energy, baroclinic kinetic energy, and available potential energy. The tidal conversion computed from the model, defined as the rate of conversion of barotropic kinetic energy into available potential energy, agrees well with analytical predictions. A comparison of different treatments of bottom topography (full-cells, partial-cells, and ghost-cells) indicates that the partial-cell treatment is the most accurate in this application. Convergence studies of flow over a smooth supercritical ridge show that the dissipation along tidal characteristics is, apparently, an integrable singularity. When the ocean bottom is not smooth, the accuracy and convergence of the model depend on the power spectrum of the topography. A numerical experiment suggests that the power spectrum of the resolved topography must roll off faster than k−2 to obtain convergent results from a linear numerical model of this type. 相似文献