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自主式深海海底溶质通量原位观测站研究进展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
针对深入了解深海海底界面的物理、化学和生物动态变化过程及机制的观测需求,综述了自主式海底观测站(着陆器,lander)在深海海底溶质通量监测的研究进展。探讨了海底观测站的设计与实施技术,分析总结了深海自主式原位观测站在沉积物-水界面化学组分通量的观测机理,讨论了自主式海底观测站的国内外发展现状。自主式海底观测站具有可灵活机动选择观测地点、操作简单、便于多参数综合测量的特点,为获取深海海底长时空尺度综合参数资料提供了有效的技术支撑。根据目前深海生物地球化学循环研究特点,提出了自主式海底观测站面临的问题与发展建议。 相似文献
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南海北部沉积物间隙水中营养盐研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过2004年9月对南海北部6个站位的采样分析,探讨了间隙水的营养盐含量及其空间分布特征,估算了沉积物-海水界面营养盐的扩散通量。结果表明,NH4-N含量为8.9—142.3μmol.L-1,是南海北部间隙水中营养盐的主要组分,占溶解态无机氮的比例范围为49.1%—75.2%。在平面分布上,NH4-N含量表现为近海高于远海,PO4-P则差别不大。NH4-N、NO3-N、NO2-N和PO4-P在沉积物-海水界面的平均通量分别为7.08、-0.61、-0.51、0.14μmol.(m2.d)-1。NH4-N、PO4-P主要是从沉积物向上覆水扩散,是底层水体营养盐的来源之一。 相似文献
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制备了基于八乙基卟啉铂和香豆素的光强比率测量传感膜,结合3CCD相机构建了基于比率测量法的两维溶解氧观测系统,通过实验验证了该系统在沉积物-水界面微结构的溶解氧的时空动态变化监测的可行性。基于实验室模拟观测装置对海蜇消亡过程中沉积物-海水溶解氧的变化特征进行了观测。观测结果表明在置入水母组织的第16h后,水母分解使得沉积物-水界面的溶解氧开始下降,在2~3d内会导致沉积物-水界面空间的海水溶解氧发生剧烈变化,在沉积物-海水界面附近海水形成严重缺氧区。第1天内,沉积物-海水界面的溶解氧消耗速率为0.2mg·L-1·h-1,第2天溶解氧的消耗速率为0.04mg·L-1·h-1。在近海底的水体空间内,第1天的溶解氧消耗速率为0.28mg·L-1·h-1,第2天为0.14mg·L-1·h-1,第3天为0.13mg·L-1·h-1,表明水母消亡过程中的溶解氧消耗呈动态分布。实验证明水母在消亡过程中的3~4d内可在沉积物-海水界面附近形成一个贫氧区,水母消亡过程改变了海底区域的溶解氧分布体系,将对海底生态环境产生较大影响。 相似文献
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根据交换速率连续函数计算法,应用实验室培养法测定了PO_4-P在胶州湾16个站位沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率。结果表明,PO_4-P的交换主要表现为由沉积物向水体的释放,其交换速率一般在 0.1～90 μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)范围内。根据 PO_4-P在不同类型沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率,估算出其在胶州湾海底沉积物-海水界面上的交换通量为 9.76×10~6mmol·d~(-1),仅占河流输入量的 24％,可提供浮游植物生长所需磷的 9％±3％。 相似文献
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海底沉积物-水界面作为冷泉跨圈层活动最关键的界面，近年来已成为冷泉区碳循环研究调查的重点目标。为准确获取海洋沉积物-水界面的流体通量，客观重建界面环境过程，评估环境效应，必须发展一整套精确、高效、科学的水下原位甲烷通量测量技术。综述了当前海洋冷泉区沉积物-水界面甲烷通量研究的意义与价值，详细介绍了多种较为成熟的海洋沉积物-水界面甲烷原位通量测试技术工作原理、使用方法和优缺点等，如测试游离气泡态甲烷通量的渗漏帐篷、声学反射、时序影像等技术方法，原位溶解态甲烷膜脱气技术的甲烷传感器、激光拉曼光谱测量方法等，同时对全球该领域已经调查的地区、研究现状和进展进行了详细的介绍。最后从技术层面对这一研究领域未来的发展方向和趋势进行展望，以期为未来国内海洋冷泉区沉积物-水界面甲烷通量原位观测研究提供思路与方向借鉴。 相似文献
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海床沉积物受海洋水体的影响形成海底边界层(Bottom Boundary Layers,BBLs)。上部海水与下部沉积物在BBLs发生着复杂的相互作用,直接影响海底沉积物侵蚀、再悬浮与堆积过程。与此同时,沉积物颗粒可能携带的污染物解析释放,BBLs研究的科学意义与工程应用价值日益突显。海底边界层的范围已经远远超出了传统的流体力学中边界层的范围,而是海床界面上下一定范围内,水流与海床相互作用的区域。在波浪作用下BBLs沉积物以海床剪切破坏、海床液化破坏及震荡体破坏三种破坏模式发生侵蚀再悬浮。此外,海流、风暴潮、人类活动以及海底生物的扰动作用等对沉积物再悬浮起着不可忽视的作用。BBLs沉积物再悬浮原位观测是研究BBLs沉积物再悬浮最基础也是最重要的手段之一,常用的原位测试手段有水体采样、OBS、激光粒度仪、ADCP/ADV以及电法测量。海底悬沙和底沙的交换程度直接影响底层悬沙浓度的变化,沉积物再悬浮的定量分析成为海洋沉积过程研究的主要内容之一。系统地总结前人的研究成果,重点围绕海底边界层理论、海底沉积物再悬浮的影响因素、沉积物再悬浮的原位观测以及海底沉积物再悬浮的定量分析等几个问题进行综合评述。 相似文献
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《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2016,(1)
海床沉积物受海洋水体的影响形成海底边界层(Bottom Boundary Layers,BBLs)。上部海水与下部沉积物在BBLs发生着复杂的相互作用,直接影响海底沉积物侵蚀、再悬浮与堆积过程。与此同时,沉积物颗粒可能携带的污染物解析释放,BBLs研究的科学意义与工程应用价值日益突显。海底边界层的范围已经远远超出了传统的流体力学中边界层的范围,而是海床界面上下一定范围内,水流与海床相互作用的区域。在波浪作用下BBLs沉积物以海床剪切破坏、海床液化破坏及震荡体破坏三种破坏模式发生侵蚀再悬浮。此外,海流、风暴潮、人类活动以及海底生物的扰动作用等对沉积物再悬浮起着不可忽视的作用。BBLs沉积物再悬浮原位观测是研究BBLs沉积物再悬浮最基础也是最重要的手段之一,常用的原位测试手段有水体采样、OBS、激光粒度仪、ADCP/ADV以及电法测量。海底悬沙和底沙的交换程度直接影响底层悬沙浓度的变化,沉积物再悬浮的定量分析成为海洋沉积过程研究的主要内容之一。系统地总结前人的研究成果,重点围绕海底边界层理论、海底沉积物再悬浮的影响因素、沉积物再悬浮的原位观测以及海底沉积物再悬浮的定量分析等几个问题进行综合评述。 相似文献
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硫酸盐-甲烷界面在富甲烷和含天然气水合物的海洋沉积区已经成为一个重要的生物地球化学识别边界.在硫酸盐-甲烷界面之上,沉积物中的硫酸盐因参与分解有机质和甲烷厌氧氧化反应而被消耗,而界面之下沉积物中的甲烷则不断生成,含量逐渐增加.根据该界面附近硫酸盐浓度和甲烷浓度的变化特征,可以判断该区甲烷流体通量的大小,从而指示下伏天然气水合物的可能赋存状况.南海北部陆坡的柱状沉积物孔隙水数据的分析显示,其硫酸盐-甲烷界面埋深比较浅,表明该海域的甲烷通量较高.这种高甲烷通量很可能是由下伏的天然气水合物所引起的,并暗示着该区下伏海底可能有天然气水合物沉积层赋存. 相似文献
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Kuninao Tada Jidapa Koomklang Kazuhiko Ichimi Hitomi Yamaguchi 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(3):397-402
Although the influence of benthic fauna on estimating the nutrient upward fluxes from the coastal sediments are a concern, there are few comprehensive studies. We conducted monthly observations in a coastal embayment to examine the effect of benthic fauna on measuring the nutrient flux. Nutrient fluxes were measured by the core incubation method and the densities of organisms in benthic communities were also measured. Numerical composition of benthic communities, according to taxonomic group, was dominated by Polychaeta composed of a few Capitellida and Spionidae species. A negligible effect of the benthic communities on measuring nutrient fluxes was demonstrated. 相似文献
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Contaminant transport modeling in marine clays 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Rajasekaran K. Murali S. Nagan V. Amoudhavally V. Santhaswaruban 《Ocean Engineering》2005,32(2):117-194
The need to develop various offshore containment systems encourages the contaminant transport study in marine clays. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to examine six cases of contaminant transport in marine clays. Adequate literature background on the chemical diffusion of soils, and the earlier reported modeling techniques relevant to the present work have been highlighted. These methods enable a rapid examination of the impact of contaminant physical properties on the environment over a period of time. The numerical results of this study help to understand the chemicals transport phenomena in the marine environment especially at sea bed. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTA contemporary approach to the assessment of metal pollutants in aquatic environments has been to measure contaminant concentrations in biological indicator species (mussels, oysters). However, for environments in which such indicator species do not occur naturally and cannot be deployed, alternative approaches for monitoring trace-metal pollution are required. Three years after the 2011 grounding of the MV Rena, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) samplers were deployed at Otaiti (the offshore reef where the Rena grounded) to assess levels of waterborne trace-metal contamination. Although the probability of detecting waterborne contaminants within a dynamic open ocean reef environment would seem low, due to mixing and dilution, our analyses confirmed the presence of copper (≤0.43 vs ≤0.27?nmol?kg?1), iron (≤6.3 vs ≤4.2?nmol?kg?1), aluminium (≤8.9 vs ≤1.3?nmol?kg?1), zinc (≤2.8 vs ≤2.0?nmol?kg?1) and manganese (≤0.11 vs ≤0.09?nmol?kg?1) at elevated concentrations in the Rena debris field relative to reference sites. The results demonstrate the utility of DGTs as a tool for measuring waterborne contaminants and suggest further research is required to characterise the contaminant plume and determine what effect it might have on the recovery of Otaiti's impacted biological communities. 相似文献
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Organic contaminant and total mercury concentrations were compared in four species of lamniform sharks over several age classes to examine bioaccumulation patterns and gain insights into trophic ecology. Contaminants found in young of the year (YOY) sharks were assumed to be derived from maternal sources and used as a proxy to investigate factors that influence maternal offloading processes. YOY white (Carcharodon carcharias) and mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) sharks had comparable and significantly higher concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, pesticides, and mercury than YOY thresher (Alopias vulpinus) or salmon (Lamna ditropis) sharks. A significant positive relationship was found between YOY contaminant loads and maternal trophic position, suggesting that trophic ecology is one factor that plays an important role in maternal offloading. Differences in organic contaminant signatures and contaminant concentration magnitudes among species corroborated what is known about species habitat use and may be used to provide insights into the feeding ecology of these animals. 相似文献
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Reconstruction of contaminant trends in a salt wedge estuary with sediment cores dated using a multiple proxy approach 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Taunton River is a partially mixed tidal estuary in southeastern Massachusetts (USA) which has received significant contaminant inputs, yet little information exists on the history of discharge and the subsequent fate of these contaminants. Three sediment cores taken along a transect were analyzed, reconstructing the spatial and temporal trends of pollution in the estuary. A combination of radiometric dating, contaminant markers, and storm layers from major hurricanes were used to establish age models and sedimentation rates. Age estimates obtained from the different dating methods compared well, establishing an accurate history of contaminant release to the estuary. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were present in one core at depths corresponding to the early 1860s, earlier than previously established dates of introduction. Temporal and spatial trends of Cr, Cu, Hg and Pb indicated multiple sources of varying input to the river. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were present in each of the cores from the 1930s onward, with elevated levels still present in surficial sediments at several sites. A unique organic compound, Topanol, which was produced locally was used as a tracer to track contaminant transport in the river. Tracer data indicates that contaminants are still being transported and deposited to surficial sediments at high concentrations well after their discharge. This reconstruction demonstrates the utility of using multiple dating proxies where often the sole use of radiometric dating techniques is not an option and provides insights into the fate of contaminants discharged decades ago but continue to represent environmental risks. 相似文献
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Several immune parameters were evaluated in two species of mussels (Mytilus californianus and M. galloprovincialis/M. trossulus) as bioindicators of contaminant effects. The mussels were deployed in San Francisco Bay Estuary and a control site at Bodega Marine Laboratory. Assays for phagocytosis and phagocytic index (average number of particles engulfed per hemocyte) were conducted with hemocytes in their own hemolymph-the "Serum" method. The responses were compared with contaminant concentrations in those mussels. For both species, the contaminated South Bay Dumbarton Bridge and Redwood Creek sites had elevated phagocytosis relative to the Bodega control site, indicating contaminant stress. The results also showed that M. californianus had higher percentages of phagocytosis (74%) and a higher phagocytic index (4.6 particles per cell) than those of M. galloprovincialis/M. trossulus (60% phagocytosis and 3.5 particles per cell). As there is a difference in immune response to contaminants, it is suggested that future San Francisco Estuary monitoring should be conducted with endemic M. galloprovincialis/M. trossulus rather than with the currently utilized M. californianus, which is not found in the estuary. 相似文献
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Scott T. Larned Jonathan Moores Jenni Gadd Brenda Baillie Marc Schallenberg 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2020,54(3):551-591
ABSTRACT To meet the challenges of preventing and reversing adverse effects of land use on ecosystems, management actions need to be founded on strong evidence. We used the pressure-state-impact (PSI) framework to assess evidence of land-use effects on New Zealand freshwater ecosystems. The evidence consisted of published quantitative and categorical associations linking land-use pressures to state changes and ecological impacts in rivers, lakes and aquifers. There was substantial evidence of land-use effects, particularly where land use/land cover (LULC) classes were used as pressure variables. Proportions of catchment area in urban and pastoral LULC were consistently, positively correlated with contaminant levels in water bodies and negatively correlated with ecological-health indicators. Other consistent PSI associations included positive correlations between cattle stocking rates and river contaminant levels, increased fine sediment and decreased ecological-health scores in rivers following forest harvest, and increased river contaminant levels at sites with stock access. Despite these consistent associations, the evidence base has four general shortcomings that should be addressed: (1) inadequate integration of data and models that link land use and contaminant loss to state changes and impacts in freshwater ecosystems; (2) weak inferences based on LULC; (3) reliance on categorical PSI associations; (4) gaps in reported PSI associations. 相似文献
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Estuarine contaminants have varying effects on estuarine inhabitants and host-parasite interactions. Some field collected contaminant mixtures have been shown to increase oyster susceptibility to parasitism by Perkinsus marinus, but little is known about contaminant effects on the parasite itself. This study examined the effects of ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, fluoranthene, phenanthrene and a common herbicide mixture (Weed-B-Gone) on in vitro proliferation of P. marinus. Only the herbicide had a significant effect, but not at or below the manufacture's recommended application rate (7.81 microl ml(-1)). The herbicide's active ingredients (3.1% 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 10.6% mecoprop and 1.3% dicamba) mimic growth hormones of broadleaf plants; over stimulation of growth results in death. The mode of action of these compounds on P. marinus warrants further investigation which may provide insight towards the identification of biocides to control P. marinus. 相似文献