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1.
本文首先给出了环台湾岛海域的海表风场计算方法和海表风应力的参数化。在此基础上，把该研究海域分为四个区域，用对比的方法分析由POM模式所得到的数值结果，讨论了海表风应力对该海域不同类型温跃层的具体影响。主要结果如下：海表风应力是影响温跃层的动力因子，对季节性温跃层的深度和强度均有重大影响，但对大洋温跃层的影响不大；海面风场作用数值计算与实际风场误差不大，故可以用计算所得的风场来代表实际风场作实验对比分析；海表风应力较小时有利于温跃层的发展加强，风应力较大时温跃层将减弱消失。 相似文献
2.
A one-dimentional three-layer model for the thermal structure in the Huanghai Sea is presented in this study, me model consists of the upper mixed layer caused by heating and wind mixing, the lower mixed layer driven by tidal mixing, and the thermocline with certain thickness. The entrainment velocities of the upper and lower layers are obtained respectively. The results show that the model is capable of describing the development and decline processes of the seasonal thermocline in the Huanghai Sea, simulating successfully the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass, the nearshore front and surface cold water off North Jiangsu and explaining reasonably their formation mechanisms as well as the strong thermocline off Qingdao. It is suggested that the tidal mixing plays key role in the formation of the nearshore front off North Jiangsu and the strong thermocline off Qingdao. The wind mixing and the tidal mixing make the lower layer water with high nutrients go up to the upper layer. This physical process may be sig 相似文献
3.
利用调查数据及遥感数据揭示了2013年南沙群岛海域温跃层的季节变化特征,温跃层上界深度平均值春、夏、冬季基本一致,介于45~47 m之间,秋季最大,达60 m;温跃层厚度平均值夏、秋、冬季基本一致,介于85~87 m之间,春季相对较小,为78 m。温跃层强度平均值春、夏、秋、冬季几乎一致,介于0.13~0.15℃/m之间。调查海域温跃层上界深度季节变化的形成机理为:春季西深东浅的原因是西部受净热通量较小、大风速、负的风应力旋度以及中南半岛东部外海的中尺度暖涡和反气旋环流共同作用,东部近岸海域净热通量高值、风速相对较小及风应力旋度引起的Ekman抽吸效应共同控制;夏季深度分布较均匀的原因是10°N以北风致涡动混合强但受Ekman抽吸影响,10°N以南风致涡动混合弱但风应力旋度为负值;秋季深度较其他季节平均加深15 m的原因是南沙群岛海域被暖涡占据,暖涡引起的反气旋式环流使得温跃层上界深度被海水辐聚下压;冬季正的风应力旋度产生的Ekman抽吸和冷涡引起的气旋式环流共同作用,使得温跃层上界深度较秋季平均抬升15 m。 相似文献
4.
使用美国夏威夷大学发展的中等复杂程度海洋模式(IOM)在给定表面强迫条件下模拟了热带大西洋上层海洋年际和年代际变率的时空结构.利用NCEP的41a(1958～1998年)逐月平均表面资料作为强迫场,积分海洋模式41a作为控制试验,并利用模式分别做动量(风应力)通量和热量通量无异常变化的平行试验,与控制试验作比较.对3组试验模拟上层海洋变率状况的比较,并按年际和年代际时间尺度分别分析,揭示表面风应力和热通量异常对海表面温度和温跃层深度变化的影响,并比较了其影响的相对重要性.结果表明模式成功地模拟出了热带大西洋上层海洋的变率.模式模拟的海表面温度年际变化主要表现为弱ENSO型,年代际变化表现为南、北大西洋变化相反的偶极子型.在年际时间尺度上,热力强迫和动力强迫对海表温度变化都有贡献,其中赤道外海表面温度异常(SSTA)变化主要由热通量异常引起,而近赤道SSTA的变化主要由动量异常强迫引起.在年代际时间尺度上,热通量强迫的作用远比动量强迫重要.模式不仅能够模拟SST在年际和年代际时间尺度上的变率,还能够模拟温跃层深度在年际和年代际时间尺度上的变率.年际和年代际时间尺度上,温跃层深度的变率主要由动量异常决定,热通量异常强迫的贡献很小. 相似文献
5.
本文基于FVCOM-SWAVE耦合模型,以双台风"苏拉"和"达维"的台风过程为例,研究了台风过程中海浪和海温的变化,通过与高度计和Argo资料的对比,发现耦合模型能较准确的模拟出有效波高和海表面温度。由于双台风风场相互作用,风场结构和最大风速位置发生改变,影响着有效波高的分布,台风"苏拉"产生的最大有效波高位于台风后侧。海表面温度的降低与风场、浪场分布密切相关,强风强浪处的降温现象更明显,"苏拉"产生的降温区域位于路径附近,"达维"产生的降温区域位于路径右侧。台风对海表面温度的降低与初始的混合层厚度、温跃层强度存在相关性,具体表现为初始的混合层越薄、温跃层强度越大,降温越明显。 相似文献
6.
长山群岛海区春季水温垂直结构分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用海军大连舰艇学院2006年4月长山群岛海区的CTD调查资料,系统分析了该季节长山群岛海区的温度垂直结构,并探讨了其形成机理。分析指出:4月上、中旬是长山群岛海区季节性温跃层的生成期,群岛东侧和南侧边缘受黄海冷水团形成过程的影响,温跃层的出现概率和跃层强度都远远高于群岛内部;在生成时机上,群岛东侧和南侧边缘海域早于群岛内部水域。中间层和底层海水温度的垂直结构与海流有着很好的相关性,在海洋平流的作用下,海区会产生正跃层、逆跃层、冷中间层、暖中间层等复杂的温度垂直结构。上层海水温度结构主要受海面风场和气温的影响,较强的热辐射和充分的风力搅拌能够加速温跃层的生成。 相似文献
7.
We examine the effect of a northward shift in the position of the southern hemisphere subpolar westerly winds (SWWs) on the vertical and horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity in the world ocean. A northward shift of the SWWs causes a latitudinal contraction of the subpolar gyres in the southern hemisphere (SH). In the Indian and Pacific, this leads to subsurface warming in the subtropical thermocline. As the southern margins of the gyres move into latitudes characterised by warmer surface air temperature (SAT), the layers at mid-depth below 400 m depth become ventilated by warmer water. We characterize the approximation of the ventilated thermocline in our coarse resolution model using a set of passive tracer experiments, and illustrate how the northward shift in the SWWs causes an equatorward shift in the latitude of origin of water ventilating layers deeper than 400 m in the Indian and Pacific, leaving the total surface ventilation of the upper 1200 m unchanged. In contrast, the latitudinal constraint on the Antarctic Circumpolar Current posed by the Drake Passage causes a cooling and freshening throughout the Atlantic thermocline; here, subsurface thermocline water originates from higher latitudes under the wind shift. On longer timescales Atlantic cooling and freshening is reinforced by a reduction in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation and surface salinification of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In effect, the latitude of zero wind stress curl in the SWWs regulates the relative importance of the “cold water route” via the Drake Passage and the “warm water route” associated with thermocline water exchange via the Indian Ocean. Thus, a more northward location of the SWWs corresponds with a reduced salinity contrast between the Indian/ Pacific Oceans and the Atlantic. This results in reduced NADW formation. Also, a more northward location of the SWWs facilitates the injection of cool fresh Antarctic Intermediate Water into the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. Beyond these changes, on a millennial timescale, the deep ocean warms throughout the water column in response to the wind shift. Global salinity stratification also becomes less stable, as more saline water remains at the surface and accumulates in the Indian and Pacific thermocline. The freshening of the deep ocean reflects a reduced stirring of the global ocean due to reduced net circulation arising from a misalignment between the westerlies and the topographically constrained ACC. Our results lend support to the idea that a more equatorward location of the SWW maximum during glacial climates contributed to cooler and fresher conditions in the Atlantic, inhibiting NADW. 相似文献
8.
Within the framework of activities of the EC funded Project ‘Processes of Vertical Exchange in Shelf Seas’ (PROVESS), the seasonal thermal behaviour during 1998 at a station in the North Sea has been investigated using COHERENS, a three-dimensional fully non-linear hydrodynamic model. Extensive hydrographic measurements were carried out at the Northern North Sea (NNS) station, located at (59°20′N, 1°E). The collected data are used to validate the model results, showing an acceptable agreement between modelled temperatures and those obtained from CTDs and moored thermistors. This is valid both for surface and bottom temperatures, while the mixed layer thickness appears to be underestimated. A series of 3-D runs, testing different turbulence schemes, an internal wave mixing (IWM) parameterisation and the sensitivity to an increase of the surface stress, have been performed with the aim of assessing the relative importance of the advective and mixing processes. The model comparisons mostly evidenced differences in the behaviour of the bottom layer temperature during the last part of the year, which may be due to advection processes. The adoption of an internal wave mixing parameterisation, though managing to reproduce a deeper thermocline, overestimates the mixing around the period of the thermocline breakdown. The run adopting a wind stress increased by 50% provides a better agreement between observed and modelled thermocline. This applies also for surface velocities when compared to Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements, while the bottom ones appear slightly underestimated only in the U-component. The Northern North Sea site appears to be located close to a gyre induced by thermal fronts. Comparisons with nearby wind data measured by an oil rig and by the ships operating in the area seem to confirm that the wind forcing values adopted during the integration are underestimated. 相似文献
9.
In this paper, numerical modelling of the fluctuation of the thermocline in the Bohai Sea has been made using a two-dimensional nonlinear model in stratified ocean and the model for the depth of the thermocline under the effects of wind stirring. The computed results depict the variations of the fluctuation of the thermocline driven by different kinds of wind fields. The fluctuation of the thermocline in the Bohai Sea varies somewhat with different directions, paths and locations of typhoon (cyclone). Under the effects of strong wind, the thermoclines both sink due to mixing and fluctuate. Furthermore, the fluctuation of the thermocline speeds up mixing. At last, the thermoclines disappear after 12-15 h when the strong wind increases from Force 6 to Force 9. 相似文献
10.
Spatial and temporal structure of Tropical Pacific interannual variability in 20th century coupled simulations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tropical Pacific interannual variability is examined in nine state-of-the-art coupled climate models, and compared with observations and ocean analyses data sets, the primary focus being on the spatial structure and spectral characteristics of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The spatial patterns of interannual sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies from the coupled models are characterized by maximum variations displaced from the coast of South America, and generally extending too far west with respect to observations. Thermocline variability is characterized by dominant modes that are qualitatively similar in all the models, and consistent with the “recharge oscillator” paradigm for ENSO. The meridional scale of the thermocline depth anomalies is generally narrower than observed, a result that can be related to the pattern of zonal wind stress perturbations in the central-western equatorial Pacific. The wind stress response to eastern equatorial Pacific SST anomalies in the models is narrower and displaced further west than observed. The meridional scale of the wind stress can affect the amount of warm water involved in the recharge/discharge of the equatorial thermocline, while the longitudinal location of the wind stress anomalies can influence the advection of the mean zonal temperature gradient by the anomalous zonal currents, a process that may favor the growth and longer duration of ENSO events when the wind stress perturbations are displaced eastwards. Thus, both discrepancies of the wind stress anomaly patterns in the coupled models with respect to observations (narrow meridional extent, and westward displacement along the equator) may be responsible for the ENSO timescale being shorter in the models than in observations. The examination of the leading advective processes in the SST tendency equation indicates that vertical advection of temperature anomalies tends to favor ENSO growth in all the CGCMs, but at a smaller rate than in observations. In some models it can also promote a phase transition. Longer periods tend to be associated with thermocline and advective feedbacks that are in phase with the SST anomalies, while advective tendencies that lead the SST anomalies by a quarter cycle favor ENSO transitions, thus leading to a shorter period. 相似文献
11.
声跃层结构变化对深海汇聚区声传播的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据射线理论建立了线性声速结构条件下的声跃层强度与深海汇聚区关系模型,用最小位移角讨论了海洋环境变化（如声跃层强度变化、声跃层位置变化及季节性跃层生消等）与汇聚区距离和宽度变化的相关性.结果表明,声跃层的结构变化对汇聚区特征影响很大.声跃层强度增大使汇聚区向远离声源的方向变化,跃层强度每增加0.01 s-1对应的汇聚区位移增大约为3.5～5.0 km.声跃层位置变化对汇聚区的影响小于声跃层强度,与两层结构的声速剖面相比,上行结构使汇聚区向靠近声源的方向变化,声跃层上升200 m对应的汇聚区位移减小约为1.0～1.5 km,声跃层越浅,汇聚区距离越近;下行结构使汇聚区向远离声源的方向变化,混合层加深200 m对应的汇聚区位移增大约为1.0～1.5 km,混合层越深,汇聚区距离越远.季节性跃层的生消使近表层有负梯度、零梯度和正梯度的变化.负梯度结构的变化规律与两层结构条件下的声跃层强度变化类似,但对汇聚区的影响程度相对较小;正梯度结构使汇聚区在近表层出现表面声道,梯度值的增强将使汇聚区向靠近声源的方向变化. 相似文献
12.
Based on the non-dimensional general function for the thermal structure features presented by S. A. Kitaigorodsky et al. (1963, 1965)[10,11]. this paper tries to establish semi-empirical and semi-theoretical models bfor the thickness of the upper homogeneous layer of the ocean, thermocline intensity and lower oundary depth of thermocline by consecutive observations from 159 stations in the Bohai Sea,Huanghai Sea and East China Sea in the warm half of the years from 1957 to 1964 and the heat budget at the sea surface computed with the simplified computing formulae proposed by Wang (1983)[22]. This model indicates the main factors forming the thermal structure features in the upper layer of the ocean and their function. With the model, one can directly use the sea surface temperature, air temperature and wind speed to compute the thermal feature in the upper layer of the ocean. 相似文献
13.
Using the data specially observed on the Bohai Sea oil platform by the authors for studying thermocline for two weeks, the thermocline depth, the temperature and the salinity of the layers below and above the thermocline were numerically modelled. The model is based on the Stigebrandt model and some important supplements are made in this paper in accordance with the local condition of the sea. The modelling results fit well in the observations. It is proved that the entrainmem due to both the tide and the wind can give rise to rather intense mixing cross the thermocline. This process makes the temperature rising below the thermocline,and causes the nutrient increasing above it,which has important significance for the marine physical environment and the marine organism. 相似文献
14.
ENSO循环过程中次表层海洋信号的传播和变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用SODA等资料分析了热带太平洋次表层海洋要素的变化特征,结果表明,ENSO循环过程中次表层异常海温信号在赤道外向西传播的路径与温跃层深度的分布有一定关系,10oN附近是气候平均温跃层深度的极小值区域,温跃层在该区域形成了一个从东到西的阻隔带,阻挡了来自赤道地区的ENSO信号继续向北传播,从而转向西传播;而南半球温跃层深度的气候分布不具备这一特征,不利于ENSO信号在南半球的向西传播。进一步的研究还表明,ENSO信号在整个循环过程中,异常海温的主周期是变化的,特别是在沿10oN附近向西传播的过程中,ENSO信号的主周期变化较大。推断西太平洋暖池区域的ENSO信号除了在循环过程中自东太平洋10oN传来的以外,还受其他因素的影响,例如局地的大气变化引起的海温异常,以及来自中高纬度的异常海温信号等因素。 相似文献
15.
中国科学院气候系统模式模拟的ENSO循环 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
On the basis of more than 200-year control run, the performance of the climate system model of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS-ESM-C) in simulating the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) cycle is evaluated, including the onset, development and decay of the ENSO. It is shown that, the model can reasonably simulate the annual cycle and interannual variability of sea surface temperature(SST) in the tropical Pacific, as well as the seasonal phase-locking of the ENSO. The model also captures two prerequisites for the El Ni?o onset, i.e., a westerly anomaly and a warm SST anomaly in the equatorial western Pacific. Owing to too strong forcing from an extratropical meridional wind, however, the westerly anomaly in this region is largely overestimated. Moreover, the simulated thermocline is much shallower with a weaker slope. As a result, the warm SST anomaly from the western Pacific propagates eastward more quickly, leading to a faster development of an El Ni?o. During the decay stage, owing to a stronger El Ni?o in the model, the secondary Gill-type response of the tropical atmosphere to the eastern Pacific warming is much stronger, thereby resulting in a persistent easterly anomaly in the western Pacific. Meanwhile, a cold anomaly in the warm pool appears as a result of a lifted thermocline via Ekman pumping. Finally, an El Ni?o decays into a La Ni?a through their interactions. In addition, the shorter period and larger amplitude of the ENSO in the model can be attributed to a shallower thermocline in the equatorial Pacific, which speeds up the zonal redistribution of a heat content in the upper ocean. 相似文献
16.
Seasonal and interannual variability of the Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) in the western North Pacific are investigated
using observations by satellites and Argo profiling floats and an atmospheric reanalysis. The STCC displays a clear seasonal
cycle. It is strong in late winter to early summer with a peak in June, and weak in fall. Interannual variations of the spring
STCC are associated with an enhanced subtropical front (STF) below the surface mixed layer. In climatology, the SST front
induces a band of cyclonic wind stress in May north of the STCC on the background of anticyclonic curls that drive the subtropical
gyre. The band of cyclonic wind and the SST front show large interannual variability and are positively correlated with each
other, suggesting a positive feedback between them. The cyclonic wind anomaly is negatively correlated with the SSH and SST
below. The strong (weak) cyclonic wind anomaly elevates (depresses) the thermocline and causes the fall (rise) in the SSH
and SST, accelerating (decelerating) STCC to the south. It is suggested that the anomalies in the SST front and STCC in the
preceding winter affect the subsequent development of the cyclonic wind anomaly in May. Results from our analysis of interannual
variability support the idea that the local wind forcing in May causes the subsequent variations in STCC. 相似文献
17.
Yoshinobu Wakata 《Journal of Oceanography》2001,57(6):693-707
The Kelvin wave excited by an intraseasonal wind forcing with a 40-day period over the western Pacific Ocean was simulated
using an ocean general circulation model, and was investigated by the use of spectral analysis. The amplitude of the temperature
has two peaks north and south of the equator at the depth of the thermocline, and the amplitude of zonal velocity also has
two peaks on the equator above and below the thermocline. The phase shows the upward propagation of the wave. It was queried
why this wave, which appears to be transient rather than modelike, is formed quickly and always propagates with a phase velocity
of about 3 m/s. The vertical one-dimensional forcing problem was studied, where the external forcing of up and down motions
moving eastward is imposed at the surface. The growth time is estimated from the resonant solution. The first mode can resonate
quickly, but the second cannot. The response in the infinitely deep ocean was also studied to focus on the transiency, where
the reflection from the bottom is inhibited. The wave response to the forcing with a speed of about 3 m/s has a large amplitude,
i.e. quasi-resonance occurs. In this case, the thermocline plays the role of a reflector, and the upper ocean between the
sea surface and the thermocline behaves as a duct. Here, the small resonant cavity explains why the wave is formed so quickly,
and the special value of the wave velocity is interpreted as a resonance condition in the duct. The wave corresponding to
the second baroclinic mode could not be excited easily by the short-lived forcing at the surface, since this mode is mainly
structured under the thermocline. It was found that the wave damps in consequence of leaking energy downward, and the damping
rate depends on the period of the wave.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
基于IPCC预测结果的北太平洋海表面温度变化分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用IPCC-AR4气候模式诊断与比较计划(PCMDI)20C3M试验和A1B情景试验模拟数据,研究了在温室气体排放情景下,北太平洋海表面温度的变化及其对太平洋风应力旋度变化的响应。结果表明,温室气体中等排放A1B情景与20C3M情景相比,北太平洋年平均海表面温度表现为一致增温的趋势,且最大的增温中心位于黑潮及其延伸体区。与20C3M试验相比,CO2增加情景下北太平洋中部东风加强,增加向北的Ekman输送,使得北太平洋内区增温。风应力旋度零线也向北略有移动,导致黑潮延伸体向北移动并得到加强,从而引起延伸体区较强增温。风应力旋度零线的纬度附近产生的Rossby波,向西传播到黑潮延伸体区,进一步加强黑潮延伸体区的温度异常。海洋对北太平洋风应力场变化的局地响应及延迟响应,使黑潮延伸体海域海表面增温远大于周围海区。 相似文献
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本文根据Ｃ．Ａ．等（１９６３。１９６５）提出的海洋上层温度结构特征的无因次普遍函数，利用１９５７～１９６４年暖半年渤海、黄海、东海１５９个站次连续站的资料和作者（１９８３）提出的海面热量平衡的简易计算公式计算海面的热量收支，建立了海洋上均匀层厚度、温跃层强度和跃层下界深度的半经验半理论模式。该模式反映了形成海洋上层温度结构特征的主要因子及其作用，同时避开了一般理论模式中的起算点和目前难以获得的物理海洋学参数，而可以直接利用表面水温、气温和风速进行海洋上层温度特征的计算。 相似文献