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1.
冲绳海槽--弧后背景下大陆张裂的最高阶段 总被引：22，自引：4，他引：22
高热流、强地震活动、火山活动、张性断层作用以及快速沉降等特征表明部绳海槽的演化已经达到了大陆张裂的最高阶段。根据地震折射和重力资料的计算表明冲绳海槽底下存在低密度的异常地幔，冲绳海槽的莫霍面介于15．4－23．8km之间。在我们提出的边缘海盆地演化旋回中，冲绳海槽处于胚胎期，即处在大陆张裂的最高阶段和弧后海底扩张的过滤阶段。冲绳海槽也可视为是威尔逊旋回中连接东非裂谷和红海阶段的一个重要的中间环节。 相似文献
2.
在重建泛大陆裂解和北极地球动力系统演化框架中研究扩张盆地形成的时间序列。通过本研究可识别出扩张盆地形成的3个时空独立的阶段：晚侏罗世-早白垩世、晚白垩世一新生代早期、新生代。第一阶段，作为美亚海盆构造组分的加拿大海盆地的扩张中心形成、演化与消亡。第二阶段是拉布拉多-巴芬-马卡罗夫扩张中心的演化，它在始新世停止活动。第三阶段，极慢速的Mohna、Knipovich和Gakkel洋中脊的形成，至今在格陵兰海及欧亚海盆仍在活动。已有的地质地球物理资料解释表明，在加拿大海盆形成之后，北极地区脱离了古太平洋地球动力的影响，以扩张、俯冲、弧后盆地形成以及碰撞相关的过程等为特征。伴随着太平洋和大西洋的扩张系统向北延伸，马卡罗夫海盆形成，标志着北大西洋的大洋机制的开始（包括典型的陆间裂谷、慢速与超慢速的扩张、陆块的分离、原始盆地扩张中心的消亡、扩张轴的漂移、新的扩张脊和扩张中心的形成等）。上述表明，从。大地构造角度来看，北冰洋事实上是混合的大洋，也就是复合的异源大洋。北冰洋的形成是两个不同时代、不同类型空间并列的地球动力系统作用的结果。加拿大海盆的古太平洋系统，在晚白垩世完成其演化，马卡罗夫和欧亚海盆的北大西洋系统取代了古太平洋系统。与传统观点不同，认为挪威-格陵兰盆地北部的不对称形态是北大西洋两次扩张的结果。第二次扩张中心Knipovich脊始于渐新世一中新世之交，该过程导致Hovgard陆块裂离巴伦支海。泛大陆及其劳亚大陆部分的裂解，伴随着在两侧形成新的扩张盆地，是阶段性的过程。在晚白垩世之前（第一阶段），泛大陆在古太平洋-侧裂解形成加拿大海盆-美亚海盆的一部分（北冰洋形成的第一阶段）。从晚白垩世开始，裂解活动来自北大西洋一侧，导致格陵兰从北美分离，形成拉布拉多-巴芬-马卡罗夫扩张系统（北冰洋形成的第二阶段）。新生代以第二扩张轴的发展为标志，形成挪威-格陵兰海和欧亚海盆（北冰洋形成的第三阶段）。本段扩张中心至今还在活动，但速率极低。 相似文献
3.
由于南海是西太平洋区域众多边缘海的主要组成部分，故了解南海从同裂谷到海底扩张的发展史对阐明西太平洋的构造演化是非常重要的。本文阐述了通过综合利用新获得的和已有的地球物理资料研究南海北部大陆边缘从裂谷到扩张过程的变迁。南海的最北部地区是中日合作项目(JCCP)一部分，该项目分1993年和1994年两个阶段。JCCP调查的目的是揭示大陆壳和深海盆间的过渡地区的地震与磁力特征。南海磁力和海洋重力资料表明了其张裂陆壳和汇聚边缘过去与现在的构造特征。全磁和三维磁力资料清楚表明海盆的线型磁异常特征和变化的海盆边缘磁异常特征。南海重、磁及地震资料和其他地球物理、地质的分析可以得出如下结论： (1)N-s向海底扩张始于早始新世。它至少有四个独立的演化阶段，其扩张的方向和速率是不稳定的．扩张从32Ma一直持续到17Ma； (2)陆洋边界(COB)的东西两边在现代构造形式上的明显差异暗示东部陆壳的破裂受走滑断裂的控制； (3)下地壳的地震高速层似乎被俯冲到伸展的陆壳下； (4)最上层的沉积和覆在第三纪火山上的下地壳的上部以大陆边缘区的磁力异常体为基底； (5)位于大陆边缘的磁力平静带(MQZ)对应COB； (6)无磁或弱磁层可能导致MQZ，地磁退磁的一个原因是当高温地幔物质被俯冲时地热的变化．另一种解释是每个往返磁极玄武岩的横向连续消失在上部合成磁场。 我们正建立一个包含地震数据、潜在油田、地壳和地热结构与其它地球物理数据的人工数据库系统。以便更好地对过去、现在和将来环日本的深海环境的变化进行研究，即海沟、海槽、俯冲带、边缘盆地和岛弧。该数据库的一些特征是对来源不同的全球数据的多方面研究和有目的定向搜集资料。 相似文献
4.
西北太平洋各个边缘海盆虽同处于环太平洋构造活动带,但构造特征、形成机制和构造演化各不相同。例如南中国海发育在东亚大陆边缘,经过多次扩张形成了中央海盆,发育了大洋地壳,但洋陆壳边缘无火山弧发育,亦无明显的构造活动特征,地磁场平静,因此属于大西洋型边缘海盆。另一类边缘海盆如马里亚纳海槽,发育在两个海洋板块的汇聚带上,发育了活动的火山弧(马里亚纳弧)和残留弧(西马里亚纳弧),两列弧在北端合并为小笠原弧。四国海盆和帕里斯维拉(Parece Vela)海盆也属此类。
冲绳海槽与以上两类海盆不同,它发育在东亚大陆边缘地壳上,由陆壳张裂而成。在冲绳海槽和琉球海沟之间既发育了活动的火山弧(吐喀喇火山弧),也发育了大陆地壳性质的非火山弧(琉球弧主体)。东南亚地区的日本海、苏禄海槽(Sulu Trough)、班达海(Banda Sea)、安达曼海(Andaman Sea)属于这种类型的边缘海盆。但是如果把具有复杂的斜向张裂的安达曼海除外,冲绳海槽是世界上唯一一个典型的发育在大陆边缘,由陆壳张裂而成,处于裂谷作用最高阶段,海底扩张即将出现的弧后活动盆地。因此,冲绳海槽的现代构造演化将是这类边缘海盆演化的典型例证,对冲绳海槽构造活动性的深入分析研究将具有全球意义。
世界各国学者对冲绳海槽进行了许多调査研究,但主要集中在海槽的南部和中部,对海槽北部调查研极少,研究程度也最差。本文根据中国科学院海洋研究所自1988年以来在冲绳海槽北部完成的大量实测地质、地球物理资料,结合国内外其它单位的洋洋地球物理调查资料(包括海洋反射地震测量、海洋重力测量、海洋地磁场测量和水深测量),对冲绳海槽北部进行了较为详细的地质构造学研究。结果表明,冲绳海槽北部表现出强烈的构造活动特征,而不同于国内外本研究领域内流传的“冲绳海槽构造活动性南强、北弱”的观点。 相似文献
5.
法尔维海盆位于西南太平洋海域豪勋爵海丘东侧、新喀里多尼亚岛西侧，是全球油气勘探的前沿地区。但目前对于该海盆的构造演化研究较为薄弱，限制了该海盆油气资源的进一步勘探开发。本文通过从新西兰塔斯曼海数据库搜集到大量地球物理资料，使用2D Move软件，通过平衡剖面技术进行构造演化模拟，结合区域动力学机制将海盆北部和南部的构造演化分为7个阶段:(1)早白垩世至晚白垩世陆内裂谷阶段；(2)晚白垩世断坳过渡阶段；(3)始新世早期坳陷阶段；(4)始新世晚期一次构造反转阶段；(5)始新世至渐新世热沉降阶段；(6)渐新世至中新世二次构造反转阶段；(7)中新世至今海洋沉降阶段。由于海盆中部未发现有明显的二次构造反转阶段，所以将海盆中部的构造演化划分为5个阶段:(1)早白垩世至晚白垩世陆内裂谷阶段；(2)晚白垩世断坳过渡阶段；(3)始新世早期坳陷阶段；(4)始新世晚期构造反转阶段；(5)中新世至今海洋沉降阶段。此阶段海盆整体下坳，逐渐形成现今样貌。法尔维海盆北部受到区域构造活动影响较大，白垩系地层发育较多的断裂构造；海盆中部晚白垩统地层发生较多的底辟构造；海盆南部从形成至今，受到构造活动影响较小，发育地层完整，前新生代地层较厚。整个法尔维海盆北部构造活动较强，中部较弱，南部较小。沉积地层从北到南由厚变薄。 相似文献
6.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2003,(3)
大陆裂谷的许多经验、分析以及数字模型的最基本依据是 :地幔熔融或温度在大陆裂谷中控制了其构造和岩浆的建造。然而 ,在伊比利亚边缘的钻探 (ODP1 4 9和 1 73航次 )已证实极度拉张时软流圈地幔很少或并没有熔融减压的迹象 ,与模式预测的相反。伊比利亚的钻探揭示的问题及对纽芬兰共轭边缘地球物理研究的观察 ,反映了构造拉伸和其他深部构造。这些结果可对非火山边缘裂谷基底以及成拱形的问题作出解释 ,其中包括其成因和地幔蚀顶的程度、地幔熔融减压的存在或缺失、共轭部分间深部和地壳不对称的成因、下沉年代和应变分配的历史 ,以及裂… 相似文献
7.
冲绳海槽地壳结构的研究 总被引：19，自引：1，他引：18
根据1990年以来对冲绳海槽地质地球物理调查的最新实测资料，包括多道和单道反射地震、海底地震仪折射地震、重磁测量、水深测量、海底岩石拖网，结合国内外学者对冲绳海槽的调查研究成果，对冲绳海槽地壳结构进行了探讨，得出如下初步结论：（1）冲绳海槽是一个典型的发育在大陆地壳边缘、由陆壳张裂而成、处于裂谷作用最高演化阶段、洋壳即将产生、海底扩张即将出现的弧后活动裂谷。（2）根据火成岩发育、沉积层分布和地壳结构分析，冲绳海槽尚缺少已经开始“扩张”的证据，还不能确定海槽中央已经发育了大洋地壳。冲绳海槽目前仍属于拉薄的大陆地壳。（3）冲绳海槽作为一个浅海槽状地貌单元，形成于距今6Ma。作为一个弧后裂谷，自距今2Ma以来开始强烈的张裂活动。海槽中央张裂地堑（槽中槽）距今2Ma以来开始形成并逐渐发展。中央张裂地堑内的火成岩年龄不大于1Ma。因此，冲绳海槽是一个年青的、正在活动的弧后裂谷盆地。 相似文献
8.
西太平洋卫星测高重力场与地球动力学特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过多卫星测高数据的综合处理，获得西太平洋卫星测高重力场，进行不同尺度、深度构造动力信息的分离，探讨诸边缘海盆的地球动力学问题。测高大地水准面反映了研究区板块相互作用的特点，其高频成分可以刻画各海盆的构造特征。测高空间重力异常也可刻画陆架构造及盆地分布，由其推算出的海底地形含有大量的海底构造信息。各边缘海盆的莫霍面埋深具有往南变浅的趋势，与菲律宾海各海盆的莫同埋深大致相当，说明岛弧两侧的构造力强度基本相似。大尺度地幔流应力场总体上反映了欧亚板块向东南蠕散和太平洋板块向北西扩张的特点；日本海北侧和南海巽他陆架的中尺度上地幔对流与地幔柱之间有着密切关系，西北菲律宾海的上地幔对流强化了日本－琉球－台湾－菲律宾岛弧的活动强度；上尺度地幔流主要限于软流圈层内部，在各海盆分散，而在冲绳 海槽和马里亚纳海槽则会聚，可与均衡重力异常比。还讨论了大、中、小地幔流体系的特点及相互之间的关系，籍以阐明海盆及槽演化的地球动力学过程。 相似文献
9.
太平洋卫星测高重力场与地球动力学特征 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
通过多卫星测高数据的综合处理，获得西太平洋卫星测高重力场，进行不同尺度、深度构造动力信息的分离，探讨诸边缘海盆的地球动力学问题。测高大地水准面反映了研究区板块相互作用的特点，其高频成分可以刻画各海盆的构造特征。测高空间重力异常也可刻画陆架构造及盆地分布，由其推算出的海底地形含有大量的海底构造信息。各边缘海盆的莫霍面埋深具有往南变浅的趋势，与菲律宾海各海盆的莫霍面埋深大致相当，说明岛弧两侧的构造动力强度基本相似。大尺度地幔流应力场总体上反映了欧亚板块向东南蠕散和太平洋板块向北西扩张的特点；日本海北侧和南海巽他陆架的中尺度上地幔对流与地幔柱之间有着密切关系，西菲律宾海的上地幔对流强化了日本-琉球-台湾-菲律宾岛弧的活动强度；小尺度地幔流主要限于软流圈层内部，在各海盆分散，而在冲绳海槽和马里亚纳海槽则会聚，可与均衡重力异常类比。还讨论了大、中、小地幔流体系的特点及相互之间的关系，籍以阐明海盆及海槽演化的地球动力学过程。 相似文献
10.
11.
J. Makris A. Ginzburg P.M. Shannon A.W.B. Jacob C.J. Bean U. Vogt 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》1991,8(4)
A 700 km wide-angle reflection/refraction profile carried out in the central North Atlantic west of Ireland crossed the Erris Trough, Rockall Trough and Rockall Bank, and terminated in the western Hatton-Rockall Basin. The results reveal the presence of a number of sedimentary basins separated by basement highs. The Rockall Trough, with a sedimentary pile up to 5 km thick, is underlain by thinned continental crust 8–10 km thick. Some major fault block structures are identified, especially on the eastern margin of the Rockall Trough and in the adjacent Erris Trough. The Hatton-Rockall Basin is underlain by westward-thinning continental crust 22–10 km thick. Sedimentary strata are up to 5 km thick. The strata in the Rockall Trough and Hatton-Rockall Basin probably range in age from Late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic. However, the basins have different sedimentation histories and differ in structural style. The geometry of the crust and sediments suggests that the Rockall Trough originated by pure shear crustal stretching, associated with rift deposits and Cenozoic thermal sag strata. In contrast, the development of the Erris Trough, located on unthinned continental crust, was facilitated by shallow, brittle extension with little deep crustal attenuation. A two-layered crust occurs throughout the region. The lower crustal velocity in the Hatton-Rockall Basin is higher than that in the Rockall Trough. The velocity structure shows no indication of crustal underplating by upper mantle material in the region. 相似文献
12.
渤海、黄海、东海的性质与发展是不同的。渤海和黄海是内陆海,是由于地幔物质的上拱,地壳弯曲断裂而成。东海是一个边缘海,是由于 菲律宾海板块向亚洲板块之下插入,在大陆岩石圈的基础上形成的。它们现在的构造格局基本上是在晚上新世或早更新世奠定的。 相似文献
13.
Willem J. M. Van Der Linden 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1977,3(2):209-224
A crustal attenuation model, initially proposed to explain the evolution of the Canadian margin of the Labrador Sea, is applicable to both intra-cratonic rift zones and passive continental margins. Examples examined are the East African rifts and the New Zealand Plateau, S. W. Pacific. In the model continental lithosphere is stretched and rifted over thermally and chemically expanding asthenosphere blisters. Magmas, abundantly generated in the zone of partial melting at the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, ascend and intrude into the fracturing crust. Upon cooling, these intrusives produce low amplitude magnetic anomalies. Sea-floor spreading begins when the asthenosphere finally breaks through en masse and it is thus only a late phase in a much longer cycle. Attenuated continental crust is often underlain by low velocity, low density, upper mantle, which is indicative of the blending of the crust and mantle. It is suggested that substantial parts of marginal quiet magnetic zones are continent-ocean transitions that formed by crustal attenuation. The attenuation model is used to explain the evolution of the Arctic region. It should help bridge the gap between fixists and mobilists. 相似文献
14.
Seismic reflection data imaging conjugate crustal sections at the South China Sea margins result in a conceptual model for rift-evolution at conjugate magma-poor margins in time and space.The wide Early Cenozoic South China Sea rift preserves the initial rift architecture at the distal margins. Most distinct are regular undulations in the crust–mantle boundary. Individual rift basins are bounded to crustal blocks by listric normal faults on either side. Moho uplifts are distinct beneath major rift basins, while the Moho is downbended beneath crustal blocks, with a wavelength of undulations in the crust–mantle boundary that approximately equals the thickness of the continental crust. Most of the basin-bounding faults sole out within the middle crust. At the distal margins, detachment faults are located at a mid-crustal level where a weak zone decouples crust and mantle lithosphere during rifting. The lower crust in contrast is interpreted as being strong. Only in the region within about 50 km from the Continent–Ocean Transition (COT) we suggest that normal faults reach the mantle, enabling potentially a coupling between the crust and the mantle. Here, at the proximal margins detachment fault dip either seaward or landward. This may indicate the presence of exhumed mantle bordering the continental margins.Post-rift shallow-water platform carbonates indicate a delay in subsidence during rifting in the South China Sea. We propose that this is an inherent process in highly extended continental margins and a common origin may be the influx of warm asthenospheric material into initially cool sub-lithospheric mantle.On a crustal-scale largely symmetric process predominate in the initial rifting stage. At the future COT either of the rift basin-bounding faults subsequently penetrates the entire crust, resulting in asymmetry at this location. However, asymmetric deformation which is controlled by large scale detachment faulting is confined to narrow areas and does not result in a margin-wide simple-shear model. Rather considerable along-margin variations are suggested resulting in alternating “upper and lower plate” margins. 相似文献
15.
南海北部陆缘张裂--岩石圈拆沉的地壳响应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2001,21(1)
南海北部陆缘在中生代晚期曾形成宏伟的华夏陆缘造山带。火成岩岩石学、岩相古地理学和地球物理学证据显示，该造山带不仅具有巨厚(50～60 km)的陆壳，而且还有巨厚(160～180 km)的岩石圈根，在地势上曾出现过高3 500～4 000 m 的华夏山系。陆缘裂陷盆地的形成发育历史、地壳-岩石圈深部结构、火成岩地球化学特征及理论计算均表明，南海北部陆缘从晚白垩世以来发生的张裂作用起始于华夏陆缘造山带的拉伸塌陷，岩石圈拆沉是南海北部陆缘张裂的重要的引发机制。因此，南海北部陆缘张裂既不同于弧后扩张，也不受控于大西洋式的海底扩张，而是该区大陆构造演化和深部壳幔相互作用的结果。 相似文献
16.
Geology of the Continental Margin of Enderby and Mac. Robertson Lands, East Antarctica: Insights from a Regional Data Set 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
H. M. J. Stagg J. B. Colwel N. G. Direen P. E. O’Brien G. Bernardel I. Borissova B. J. Brown T. Ishirara 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2004,25(3-4):183-219
In 2001 and 2002, Australia acquired an integrated geophysical data set over the deep-water continental margin of East Antarctica
from west of Enderby Land to offshore from Prydz Bay. The data include approximately 7700 km of high-quality, deep-seismic
data with coincident gravity, magnetic and bathymetry data, and 37 non-reversed refraction stations using expendable sonobuoys.
Integration of these data with similar quality data recorded by Japan in 1999 allows a new regional interpretation of this
sector of the Antarctic margin.
This part of the Antarctic continental margin formed during the breakup of the eastern margin of India and East Antarctica,
which culminated with the onset of seafloor spreading in the Valanginian. The geology of the Antarctic margin and the adjacent
oceanic crust can be divided into distinct east and west sectors by an interpreted crustal boundary at approximately 58° E.
Across this boundary, the continent–ocean boundary (COB), defined as the inboard edge of unequivocal oceanic crust, steps
outboard from west to east by about 100 km.
Structure in the sector west of 58° E is largely controlled by the mixed rift-transform setting. The edge of the onshore Archaean–Proterozoic
Napier Complex is downfaulted oceanwards near the shelf edge by at least 6 km and these rocks are interpreted to underlie
a rift basin beneath the continental slope. The thickness of rift and pre-rift rocks cannot be accurately determined with
the available data, but they appear to be relatively thin. The margin is overlain by a blanket of post-rift sedimentary rocks
that are up to 6 km thick beneath the lower continental slope.
The COB in this sector is interpreted from the seismic reflection data and potential field modelling to coincide with the
base of a basement depression at 8.0–8.5 s two-way time, approximately 170 km oceanwards of the shelf-edge bounding fault
system. Oceanic crust in this sector is highly variable in character, from rugged with a relief of more than 1 km over distances
of 10–20 km, to rugose with low-amplitude relief set on a long-wavelength undulating basement. The crustal velocity profile
appears unusual, with velocities of 7.6–7.95 km s−1 being recorded at several stations at a depth that gives a thickness of crust of only 4 km. If these velocities are from
mantle, then the thin crust may be due to the presence of fracture zones. Alternatively, the velocities may be coming from
a lower crust that has been heavily altered by the intrusion of mantle rocks.
The sector east of 58° E has formed in a normal rifted margin setting, with complexities in the east from the underlying structure
of the N–S trending Palaeozoic Lambert Graben. The Napier Complex is downfaulted to depths of 8–10 km beneath the upper continental
slope, and the margin rift basin is more than 300 km wide. As in the western sector, the rift-stage rocks are probably relatively
thin. This part of the margin is blanketed by post-rift sediments that are up to about 8 km thick.
The interpreted COB in the eastern sector is the most prominent boundary in deep water, and typically coincides with a prominent
oceanwards step-up in the basement level of up to 1 km. As in the west, the interpretation of this boundary is supported by
potential field modelling. The oceanic crust adjacent to the COB in this sector has a highly distinctive character, commonly
with (1) a smooth upper surface underlain by short, seaward-dipping flows; (2) a transparent upper crustal layer; (3) a lower
crust dominated by dipping high-amplitude reflections that probably reflect intruded or altered shears; (4) a strong reflection
Moho, confirmed by seismic refraction modelling; and (5) prominent landward-dipping upper mantle reflections on several adjacent
lines. A similar style of oceanic crust is also found in contemporaneous ocean basins that developed between Greater India
and Australia–Antarctica west of Bruce Rise on the Antarctic margin, and along the Cuvier margin of northwest Australia. 相似文献
17.
18.
东海新生代沉积盆地的类型和成盆期 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
杨兆宇 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》1992,12(2):1-11
东海新生代沉积厚度最大可达10km。分为三个发展时期。第一阶段从晚白垩世至中始新世,由于中国大陆向东濡散和掀斜断块作用,在大陆边缘由陆缘裂谷盆地转化为浅海沉积盆地。第二阶段从晚始新世至中中新世,由于喜马拉雅陆缘造山带的形成和中国大陆边缘的隆升联合作用结果,在大陆边缘由环绕大陆分布的带状地堑转化为前陆盆地。第三阶段从晚中新世至第四纪,由于太平洋板块向西俯冲,形成弧后断陷及弧前坳陷。从横向上看,不同性质和时代的沉积,由西向东,由老到新,依次排列。从盆地性质上看,由老到新,张性盆地和压性盆地交替形成,叠置在一起。因此不同时代和性质的盆地,具有不同的石油地质条件和油气成藏规律。 相似文献
19.
TAIGER project deep-penetration seismic reflection profiles acquired in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) provide a detailed view of the crustal structure of a very wide rifted continental margin. These profiles document a failed rift zone proximal to the shelf, a zone of thicker crust 150 km from the shelf, and gradually thinning crust toward the COB, spanning a total distance of 250–300 km. Such an expanse of extended continental crust is not unique but it is uncommon for continental margins. We use the high-quality images from this data set to identify the styles of upper and lower crustal structure and how they have thinned in response to extension and, in turn, what rheological variations are predicted that allow for protracted crustal extension. Upper crustal thinning is greatest at the failed rift (βuc ≈ 7.5) but is limited farther seaward (βuc ≈ 1–2). We interpret that the lower crust has discordantly thinned from an original 15–17 km to possibly less than 2–3 km thick beneath the central thick crust zone and more distal areas. This extreme lower crustal thinning indicates that it acted as a weak layer allowing decoupling between the upper crust and the mantle lithosphere. The observed upper crustal thickness variations and implied rheology (lower crustal flow) are consistent with large-scale boudinage of continental crust during protracted extension. 相似文献
20.
Crustal rheology controls the style of rifting and ultimately the architecture of rifted margins. Here we review the formation of three magma-poor margin pairs, Iberia-Newfoundland, the central segment of the South Atlantic Rift, and the South China Sea by integrating observational data into a numerical forward modelling framework. We utilise a 2D version of the finite element code SLIM3D, which includes nonlinear temperature- and stress-dependent elasto-visco-plastic rheology and is able to reproduce a wide range of rift-related deformation processes such as flexure, lower crustal flow, and faulting.Extension in cold, strong, or thin crust is accommodated by brittle faults and ductile shear zones that facilitate narrow rifts with asymmetric fault geometries. Hot, weak, or thick continental crust is dominated by ductile deformation and often extends symmetrically into a wide rift system. This simple recipe provides the standard framework to understand initial rift geometry, however, it is insufficient to account for the dynamics of intermediate and late rift stages that shape the final margin architecture.Asymmetric conjugate margins where one side is wide and the other narrow can be formed via both wide and narrow rift styles, which we reproduce with weak and strong crustal rheologies, respectively. Exemplified by the Iberia-Newfoundland conjugates and the Central South Atlantic, we define three characteristic rift phases: an initial phase of simultaneous faulting, an intermediate phase of rift migration that involves sequential fault activity, and finally, the breakup phase. Crustal rheology plays an overarching role in governing the dynamics of these asymmetric margins: we illustrate that weak rheologies generally prolong the phase of simultaneous faulting, while rift migration is enabled by initial fault asymmetry as well as relatively weak crust.Formation of the predominantly symmetric and wide margins of the South China Sea was controlled by extraordinarily weak crust that extended the phase of simultaneous faulting until breakup. The weak crustal rheology of this region relates to the South China Sea's pre-rift history where plate convergence lead to crustal thickening and magmatic additions in a back-arc regime shortly before the onset of rifting. 相似文献