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1.
The Haihe cohesive sediment, which is typical in China, is studied systematically for its basic physical and incipient motion properties. Following the requirements of dredging works in the Haihe Estuary, cohesive sediment samples were taken from three locations. Laboratory experiments were conducted to delermine the rheological properties of these samples and to examine the incipient motion of the cohesive sediment. it is found that the cohesive sediment has an obvious yield stress τb, which increases with the mud density in a manner of an exponential function, and so does the viscosity parameter η. The cohesive sediment behaves like a Bingham fluid when its density is below 1. 38 - 1 .40 g/cm3 , and when denser than these values, it may become a power-law fluid. The incipient motion experiment also revealed that the incipient velocity of the cohesive sediment increases with the density in an exponential manner. Therefore, the incipient motion is primarily related to the density, which is different f 相似文献
2.
Incipient Motion of Sediment Under Currents 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
DOU Guoren 《中国海洋工程》2000,14(4):391-406
Summarized in the paper are the author's studies on incipient motion of sediment in recent 40years.In addition to the forces of gravity,drag and lift,the cohesive force and the additional static pres-sure are important for fine particles.The relations between three stages of incipient motion are defined byuse of instantaneous velocity.Formulas for initial velocity and critical shear stress are given and overallverified by the author's and others'experimental data. 相似文献
3.
Presented in this paper is a mathematical model to calculate the probability of the sediment incipient motion,in which the effects of the fluctuating pressure and the seepage are considered.The instantaneous bed shear velocity and the pressure gradient on the bed downstream of the backward-facing step flow are obtained according to the PIV measurements.It is found that the instantaneous pressure gradient on the bed obeys normal distribution.The probability of the sediment incipient motion on the bed downstream of the backward-facing step flow is given by the mathematical model.The predicted results agree well with the experiment in the region downstream of the reattachment point while a large discrepancy between the theory and experiment is seen in the region near the reattachment point.The possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. 相似文献
4.
Observations of fluid mud were made in the lower North Passage of the Yangtze Estuary in February 2000, on 10 -11 August 2000, on 30 - 31 August 2000 (after two strong typhoons), on 21 - 24 August 2000 (neap tide) and on 3 -6 September 2000 (mean tide) respectively. In situ data show that the fluid mud in this area consists of fine cohesive sediment (median size 7.23 μm). The formation and movement of fluid mud varied during the neap-spring and flood-ebb tidal cycle. Observations suggest that fluid mud phenomena in this area may be categorised in a three-fold manner as slack water, storm and saltwedge features. The thickness of the fluid mud layer of slack water during the neap tide ranged from 0.2 to 0.96 m, whereas during the mean tide, the thickness ranged from 0.17 to 0.73 m, and the thickness of the fluid mud layer was larger during slack water than at the flood peak. Shoals cover an area of 800 km^2 with a water depth smaller than 5 m. Erosion of these extensive intertidal mudflats due to storm action provides an abundant sediment source. This is particularly significant in this estuary when the tidal level is lower than 5 m. The lower North Passage is a typical zone of saltwater wedging, so the saltwedge fluid mud has the most extensive spatial range in the estuary. 相似文献
5.
Modified PIC Method for Sea Ice Dynamics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The sea ice cover displays various dynamical characteristics such as breakup, rafting, and ridging under external forces. To model the ice dynamic process accurately, the effective numerical modeling method should be established. In this paper, a modified particle-in-cell （PIC） method for sea ice dynamics is developed coupling the finite difference （FD） method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics （SPH）. In this method, the ice cover is first discretized into a series of lagrangian ice particles which have their own sizes, thicknesses, concentrations and velocities. The ice thickness and concentration at Eulerian grid positions are obtained by interpolation with the Gaussian function from their surrounding ice particles. The momentum of ice cover is solved with FD approach to obtain the Eulerian cell velocity, which is used to estimate the ice particle velocity with the Gaussian function also. The thickness and concentration of ice particles are adjnsted with particle mass density and smooth length, which are adjusted with the redistribution of ice particles. With the above modified PIC method, numerical simulations for ice motion in an idealized rectangular basin and the ice dynamics in the Bohai Sea are carried out. These simulations show that this modified PIC method is applicable to sea ice dynamics simulation. 相似文献
6.
-The thixotropy properties and the motion law of a sphere in the Bingham fluid have been stu-died.Through observation of the settling motion of a single sphere in the Bingham fluid on the X-rayscreen,it has been discovered that the mud in estuaries and along sea bay,and the hyperconcentrated flowall behave as the Bingham fluid with thixotropy properties as the large sediment concentration.Throughderivation,the theoretical relationship between the yield stress and non-settling maximum sphere sup-ported by the stress for the Bingham fluid has been developed,the equations for calculating the increasingyield stress and the non-settling maximum sphere diameter with the duration at rest of the slurry have beenobtained.In consideration of the effect of thixotropy on fluid motion,the Navier-Stokes equation groupfor the Bingham thixotropy fluid has been developed.Through further study of the flow boundary condi-tion of settling motion of a single sphere in the Bingham thixotropy fluid,and the solving of theNavier 相似文献
7.
The rotary ring flume is used to study the silty sand movement in a periodic alternating current.Characteristics of sediment movement of different coasts in the tidal current are summarized.More detailed analysis of erosion-sedimentation function in a numerical simulation is made.The equilibrium sediment concentration is advanced.Based on the equilibrium sediment concentration,the seabed erosion-sedimentation index is derived and the seabed erosion-sedimentation calculation is analyzed.The seabed erosion-sedimentation index is used to calculate the seabed evolution of Yangshan sea area and a good agreement with field measurements is obtained. 相似文献
8.
The relationship between tidal current field and sediment transport in the Huanghai Sea and the Bohai Sea 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
-Based on a two-dimensional numerical M2 tidal model of the Huanghai and Bohai Seas, sediment transport of particles with different sizes in the computational area is given. It is concluded that tidal currents play an important role in sediment transport and deposition in the Huanghai and Bohai Seas. 相似文献
9.
Experiments on silt incipient motion under wave action were carried out.Under wave action,for different wave periods,water depths and bulk densities of silt,the shear stress or height of waves for incipient motion was determined,and a relation between the shear stress and bulk density of silt was established.Results indicate that the critical shear stress depends on the structure of the silt itself,related to the tightness between the grains(or bulk density).Exterior condition is only an external cause of silt incipient motion,and the critical shear stress for the incipient motion is the token of exterior condition. 相似文献
10.
Study of the major Asian rivers discharge to the ocean reveals variations of their water discharges and sediment loads.and local characteristics of river sediment concentrations.On the basis of this,the Asian rivers fall into three regions,including Eurasia Arctic,East Asia,Southeast and South Asia Regions.The Eurasia Arctic Region is characterized by the lowest sediment concentration and load,while the East Asia Region is of the highest sediment concentration and higher sediment load,and the South-East and South Asia Region yields Higher Sediment concentration and highest sediment load. The sediment loads of these regions are mainly controlled by climate,geomorphology and tectonic activity.The Eurasia Arctc rivers with large basin areas and water discharge,drain low relief which consists of tundra sediment,thus causing the lowest sediment load.The East Asia rivers with small basin areas and lowest water discharges,drain extensive loess plateau,and transport most erodible loess material,which results in highest sediment concentration.The SE and South Asia rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau have large basin areas and the largest water discharges because of the Summer Monsoon and high rainfall influence,causing the highest sediment load.In Asia,tectonic motion of the Tibet Plateau Plays an important role.Those large rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau trasport about 50% of the world river sediment load to ocean annually,forming large estuaries and deltas,and consequently exerting a great influence on sedimentation in the coastal zone and shelves. 相似文献
11.
Sediment incipient motion is a fundamental issue in sediment transport theory and engineering practice. Silt has transitional behavior between cohesive and non-cohesive sediment and its incipient motion is still poorly understood. This study aims to find an expression for incipient motion from silt to sand from a unified perspective and analysis. From the analysis of forces, using the derivation method for the Shields curve, an expression for sediment incipient motion is proposed for both silt and sand under conditions of combined waves and currents. The differences and similarities in the sediment motion threshold were analyzed under the effects of waves and currents, and fine and coarse sediment. The Shields number was revised by introducing the cohesive force and additional static water pressure, which indicates that this study could be seen as an extension of the Shields curve method for silt. A number of experimental datasets as well as field data were used to verify the formula. The effect of bulk density on fine sediment was discussed and tested using experimental data. 相似文献
12.
通过建立一维水深平均悬沙模型,对典型潮流控制的海湾内不同悬沙组分对潮流的响应关系进行了研究。模型以泥沙的水平输运、再悬浮和沉降为主要物理过程,以M2,S2分潮及余流为主要动力因素,反演了湄洲湾支水道内粉砂、淤泥组分含量的时间序列,采用2007-08潮位、潮流、悬沙、底质同步观测资料进行分析和验证。通过三角傅里叶分析,将悬沙的时间序列分解为12个主要的谐波分量,模型分解得到的主要傅里叶分量具有M2分潮两倍的角速度与1/4日潮周期,该分量粉砂组分振幅6.1 mg/L,淤泥组分振幅1.5 mg/L;次主要傅里叶分量具有M2分潮的角速度,振幅受水平输沙、余流、M2分潮流共同影响,粉砂组分振幅4.9 mg/L,淤泥组分振幅1.2 mg/L。由于粉砂组分单位起动能力强、沉降速度高,且淤泥组分由于粘结力等因素起动条件较高,粉砂组分振幅高于淤泥组分。测站位置余流与涨潮流方向一致,余流致使涨潮过程中粉砂组分含量所占百分比上升,而落潮过程下降,淤泥组分则相反。 相似文献
13.
An optical instrument which detects the light attenuation in sediment-laden flows has been developed to measure the instantaneous and time-average suspended concentration of cohesive sediments. In a flume test with natural muds, the device showed that the instantaneous sediment concentration oscillated with the waves but that the amplitude decreased rapidly with the distance above the mud bed. Strong sediment motion was found near the benthic boundary layer. This indicates a weak vertical turbulent diffusion in the upper portion of the water column in a pure wave erosion process. It is concluded that the probe design can be easily modified and the apparatus can be deployed for both laboratory and field measurements 相似文献
14.
使用波潮仪、流速计以及浊度计现场测量记录海堤前的波高、潮高、流速和浊度值,与室内测定的浊度和水中悬浮颗粒物含量对应值比较,分析计算浊度与现场测量波高、潮高、流速水动力因素间的相关性,得出堤前泥沙起动的决定性水动力因素。在悬移质运移为主情况下,由于海堤的阻挡,波浪破碎产生的旋涡和紊动是泥沙起动的主要动力因素,泥沙起动量与波高值呈现较高相关性;海堤前复杂水动力条件中,波浪破碎前的流速值与悬移质泥沙起动量相关系数较小,启动流速的主要组成部分是破波产生的旋涡和紊动的流速。 相似文献
15.
黏性泥沙在黄河水下三角洲广泛分布,其在外部载荷作用下易引发泥沙淤积、冲刷、海床流化等问题,对港口、航道、海底管线等工程设施构成巨大威胁。利用黄河水下三角洲埕岛海域所取海底表层沉积物,制备不同固结时间和不同含水率的高浓度黏性泥沙样品。采用R/S流变仪,对所制备高浓度黏性泥沙样品进行全剪切速率下的流变试验,分析黄河水下三角洲高浓度黏性泥沙流变特性及含水率和固结时间对流变特性的影响。结果表明,高浓度黏性泥沙在剪切荷载作用下流化失稳,发生相态转化;屈服应力在固结120 min后增加了35%;含水率50%以上高浓度黏性泥沙在高剪切速率下表现出剪切增稠行为,且随含水率增加剪切增稠行为越明显;Power模型适用于含水率大于50%的高浓度黏性泥沙在高剪切速率下的流变行为。本研究可为海底黏性泥沙运动过程数值模拟与海底重力流等灾害预测提供参考。 相似文献
16.
为研究不同波浪环境下,水底浮泥层产生泥沙悬扬后其浓度的分布特性,使用浊度计测定浊度的方法确定水体中泥沙的浓度,并在水槽实验中改变水深、浮泥厚度及造波机的频率和振幅,观察水槽中悬浮泥沙浓度的变化情况,获得水深、波浪频率、波幅以及浮泥厚度对底床泥沙悬扬的影响,分析泥沙浓度的垂向分布特征等。实验结果显示,水深对底床泥沙悬扬的影响最为显著,其他实验参数的影响均不十分显著。同时,通过垂向输沙平衡的分析,得到一个可描述泥沙垂向浓度分布的理论公式,并利用水槽实验结果进行验证。对比结果显示,理论公式所得曲线与实验结果曲线变化趋势一致,部分工况下,理论值稍稍偏大。 相似文献
17.
The vertical distribution of microphytobenthos (MPB) was investigated in intertidal flats of the Nakdong River estuary over different temporal periods. The MPB biomass were measured as chlorophyll a concentration in the sediment, and monitored at two different depth scales. From August 2006 to August 2007, monthly sampling was carried out at four sites to a depth of 10 cm. The vertical distribution exhibited an exponential decline with depth and the slope was closely related to sediment composition and MPB biomass in the surface sediment. The two slightly muddy sand (5–25% mud, <63 μm) sites presented similar trends of seasonal variation to a sediment depth of 10 cm, and no statistical difference was observed in their initial values and the slope of the exponential curves applied to each data set. The site with higher mud content also had higher surface biomass, and the fitted exponential curve had a larger slope than sites with more sand content. The seasonal variations of phaeo-pigments compared to chlorophyll a revealed higher grazing stress on the MPB in summer at the three slightly muddy sand sites, and low grazing stress all year around at the sand (<5% mud) site. In January, April and October 2007, and January 2008, diurnal sampling was conducted at hourly intervals at one slightly muddy sand site. The investigation in January 2007 which was conducted at 1 cm intervals to a depth of 10 cm sediment showed the migration mainly existed in the upper 1 cm. The other diurnal sampling was undertaken to a 1 cm depth at 0.5 mm intervals. An evident migratory rhythm was present, with migration up to the surface during daytime emersion and down into deeper sediment during night and high tide submersion. Migrating cells could reach sediments as deep as 6 or even 10 mm. When the visible thick biofilms formed, the migratory rhythm changed by keeping higher biomass at the surface even at night and during high tide submersion. Generally, the MPB surface biomass was an important factor in structuring the MPB vertical distribution. The vertical distribution to depths of 10 cm was closely related to the sediment composition over the long term, while the MPB migration influenced the vertical distribution over the short term in the top 1 cm of the sediment. 相似文献
18.
Considering the sedimentation behaviour of suspensions, four states of different sediment-water mixtures are usually distinguished,
these being (in increasing concentration) dilute suspensions, concentrated suspensions, fluid muds and mud deposits. As the
concentration values delimiting these states vary considerably from one cohesive sediment to another, a procedure for their
quantitative determination is proposed here. This paper deals mainly with the effects of hindered settling in interacting
concentrated suspensions and of sedimentation in fluid muds. In contrast to the settling velocity of individual particles
in a dilute suspension, which must be studied statistically as a stochastic variable denoted W, hindered settling and sedimentation velocities can be described by a scalar denoted V, as solids at any particular level of concentrated suspensions and fluid muds settle at the same velocity. On the basis of
settlement tests carried out in this study and published data on organic-rich cohesive sediments, a concentration-dependent
empirical law for a permeability coefficient (k) has been generated for cohesive sediments, using data from ten estuarine and nine marine environments, based on the one-dimensional
Kynch theory of sedimentation. Based on the median diameters of the dispersed mineral fraction, the main provenances of the
sediments are: fine to very fine clay from tropical marine/estuarine environments, medium clay to very fine silt from estuaries
in western France, and fine to coarse silt from marine (harbour) environments in the Normandy region of France. A general
trend for the influence of the grain size of the mineral fraction on the permeability coefficient has been established. It
is demonstrated that the concentrations delimiting the different states of sediment-water mixtures can also be related to
the grain size of the mineral fraction. Thus, hindered settling and sedimentation processes of muds, similar to the marine
and estuarine cohesive sediments considered in this paper, can be studied as generic problems parameterized through a defined
median diameter of the dispersed mineral fraction. Results for Loire estuary sediments are presented separately, based on
specific tests to analyse the influence of experimental conditions on settlement. Moreover, the concentration values delimiting
the different sediment-water mixture states have been largely established for this estuary. 相似文献