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人类活动对河口环境影响巨大,揭示在强人类活动驱动下河口径潮动力非线性相互作用的异变特征,有利于了解人类活动影响河口动力地貌的机制,对河口区水利工程建设及环境保护等具有重要指导意义。基于1960—2016年珠江磨刀门河口沿程潮位站(甘竹、竹银、灯笼山、三灶)的逐月高、低潮位数据及马口水文站的月均流量数据,统计分析了磨刀门河口在强人类活动驱动下月均水位、潮波振幅及其空间梯度(即月均水位坡度和潮波振幅衰减率)的季节性异变特征。结果表明,1990年和2000年为磨刀门河口径潮动力的异变年份, 1990年前为自然演变阶段, 2000年后为恢复调整阶段,1990—2000年为过渡阶段;高强度采砂导致的河床下切使磨刀门河口月均水位及月均水位坡度显著减小,夏季减小幅度最为明显,沿程平均分别减小0.53m和8.93×10~(-6);月均水位坡度减小导致潮波衰减效应减弱,进而使沿程潮波振幅增大,多年平均增大0.071m;磨刀门河口径潮动力相互作用具有明显的季节性差异,夏季月均水位坡度随流量增大在上游抬升明显,冬季月均水位坡度在上游显著减小,但在下游略有抬升;随着流量的增大潮波振幅的衰减作用增强,但当流量超过阈值20000m~3/s时,月均水位坡度引起的底床摩擦增大效应不足以抵消横截面积辐散效应,潮波衰减效应略有减弱。 相似文献
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径潮相互作用是感潮河段水动力变化的典型特征，受其影响潮波传播具有明显的洪枯季及沿程变化。本文基于长江感潮河段天生港、江阴、镇江、南京、马鞍山及芜湖6个潮位站2002?2014年连续高低潮位资料及大通站月均流量数据，统计分析长江感潮河段潮波振幅衰减率、潮波传播速度及余水位坡度等传播特征值的洪枯季及沿程变化特征，并探讨这些潮波传播特征的变化规律及其主要影响因素。结果表明，潮波传播特征的洪枯季差异自上游至下游逐渐减小，其分界点位于天生港与江阴之间（其中，天生港和江阴站的多年平均洪枯季潮差差值约为0.01 m和?0.04 m）；径流动力对潮波衰减的影响主要位于江阴以上河段，江阴以下河段主要受潮汐动力控制；径流驱动下余水位坡度引起的余水位及水深增加，导致潮波传播的有效摩擦减小，当流量超过某个阈值时潮波振幅衰减反而减弱，特别是上游马鞍山-芜湖段最为明显，统计结果表明该河段流量阈值约为33 000 m3/s。本文分析结果作为前人研究的重要补充，可为长江河口感潮河段径潮相互作用机制研究及河口治理等提供基础参考。 相似文献
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强人类活动目前已经成为河口演变的主要动力。阐明流量驱动下河控型河口潮波传播演变过程及机制,对河口治理及人类活动的影响评价具有重要指导意义。以珠江磨刀门河口为例,研究了径潮动力阶段性演变特征。采用流量驱动的R_TIDE数据驱动模型探究了该区潮波振幅梯度和上下游动力边界(即上游流量和口门振幅)关系的变化规律。结果表明,在强人类活动影响下,各潮位站M2分潮振幅明显上升(三灶站除外),且具有季节性差异和阶段性变化,灯笼山-马口河段的M2分潮振幅沿程平均增大约0.07 m,河段潮波振幅梯度平均增大约4.61×10–6 m–1。研究潮波振幅梯度与上下游动力边界的阈值的关系表明,阈值效应主要出现在甘竹-马口河段。在强人类活动影响下,潮波振幅梯度阈值增大,相应的流量阈值增大,而振幅阈值基本不变。在达到振幅阈值之前,由于底床摩擦效应,大潮振幅衰减效应大于小潮,而在超过振幅阈值后,地形辐聚效应成为影响潮波振幅梯度变化的主要因素,大潮振幅衰减效应小于小潮。阈值的变化主要与流量、地形、摩擦等多因子耦合作用有关,当地形辐聚效应和底床摩擦效应达到平衡时,潮波振幅梯度与上下游动力边界之间则出现阈值效应。该现象的发现可为河口海岸防灾减灾和水资源管理等实际问题提供重要理论支撑。 相似文献
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强人类活动(如航道疏浚)和自然气候变化(如海平面上升)对近岸河口环境不同影响的辨识是目前河口海岸学研究的热点和难点问题。在地形概化和动力简化条件下, 解析模型能够快速辨识强人类活动和自然气候变化对河口环境的影响, 它是探讨河口动力过程对外界干扰的响应机制的重要工具。本文基于前人对葡萄牙Guadiana河口不同分潮之间非线性相互作用的研究, 采用一维水动力解析模型探讨河口不同分潮潮波传播过程对水深变化(模拟航道疏浚和河道淤积过程)的响应机制。研究结果表明: 平均水深$\overline{h}$的变化影响无量纲河口地形参数γ和摩擦参数χ, 进一步影响河口动力参数包括潮波振幅参数ζ、流速振幅参数μ、波速参数λ、潮波振幅增大/衰减率参数δ以及流速与水位之间的相位差?等; 平均水深变化对河口中下游段(x=0~60km)的潮汐动力影响较大, 而对河口上游段(x=60~78km)影响较弱; 主要半日分潮(M2、S2、N2)对水深变化的响应略大于全日分潮(K1、O1); 航道疏浚幅度小于2m时, 对河口潮汐动力格局影响不大, 而当疏浚幅度大于2m时, 将对河口潮汐动力格局及水环境(如盐水入侵等)产生较大影响; 河道淤积将导致潮汐动力减弱, 流速振幅、潮波振幅及传播速度减小, 流速和水位之间的相位差也减小。 相似文献
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横向汊道对维持珠江河网径潮动力格局的稳定发挥着重要作用,研究其径潮动力时空演变过程及规律对粤港澳大湾区的防洪、供水和通航等具有重要意义。本文基于1966—2016年“南沙—南华”横向汊道沿程潮位站的逐日高低潮位数据及马口、三水水文站的日均流量数据,采用双累积曲线方法及T＿TIDE潮汐调和分析模型,分析了该横向汊道径潮动力的时空差异性。结果表明:1) 1993年为该横向汊道径潮动力的异变年份,1993年后横向汊道潮波振幅梯度绝对值与余水位梯度多年均值降幅分别为25%和38%; 2)强人类活动干预后该横向汊道径潮动力变化存在时空差异性, 1993年后口门南沙站潮动力减弱(M2与K1分潮振幅多年平均降幅分别为0.01m和0.02m),其他站点潮动力增强,潮波衰减效应在中游略有增强,而在上游和下游减弱,且夏季比冬季变化显著; 3)上述时空差异性受自然变化与人类活动的非线性累积影响。口门附近高强度的围垦叠加航道整治工程使得口门快速延伸,导致潮波传播阻力增大,而横向汊道上游高强度的采砂活动使得地形显著下切,导致潮波传播阻力减小;受上游流量与下游海平面季节性变化的叠加影响,横向汊道径潮动力变化在夏季... 相似文献
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本文采用非静压单相流模型（NHWAVE）研究了波状涌潮在变化地形上的传播演变特性。通过设置合理的计算工况，系统分析了涌潮高度、潮前水深和斜坡坡度对波状涌潮水动力特性的影响。计算结果表明，涌潮高度和潮前水深对波状涌潮在变化地形上的水动力特性影响显著，不同的地形坡度对波状涌潮水动力特性影响较小。变化地形的存在可导致涌潮高度显著增大，引起沿程最大水位的剧烈变化，并且使涌潮传播速度降低。随涌潮高度的逐渐增加，斜坡前后潮差持续增大，同时表层速度与水深平均速度均呈现增大趋势。当增加潮前水深时，斜坡前后潮差减小，表层速度与水深平均速度单调递减。本文研究成果对于正确认识波状涌潮在变化地形上的传播演变规律有一定的参考意义，为波状涌潮河段涉水建筑物的工程设计及安全评估提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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黄茅海河口潮波的传播特征与机理研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
黄茅海位处珠三角的西南,潮波自外海向陆的传播过程中,潮差和潮波性质都发生复杂的变化,对其传播过程及背后机理的研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。采用环境流体动力学(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code, EFDC)模型,通过不同时段的观测资料对模型进行良好验证后,分析了枯季和洪季时潮波在河口内传播过程中的潮差变化、水位与流速的相位关系的变化情况,探讨了合山水闸的存在以及黄茅海与珠三角河网的相互作用对河口潮波的影响, 结果表明地形变化、摩擦力作用、入射波与反射波的叠加是造成潮波沿程变化的主要原因,合山水闸形成的反射波影响范围可达上百千米,而黄茅海与珠三角河网的相互作用减小了河口的潮差。珠三角的磨刀门河口与伶仃洋—虎门—广州河口的潮波传播表现出与黄茅海河口的不同特征。 相似文献
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The relative impacts of tidal (neap, spring) and river discharge (including a flood event) forcing upon water and sediment circulation have been examined at the rock-bound Guadiana estuary. Near-bed and vertical profiles of current, salinity, turbidity, plus surface suspended sediment concentrations (SSC, at some stations only), were collected at the lower and central/upper estuary during tidal and fortnightly cycles. In addition, vertical salinity and turbidity profiles were collected around high and low water along the estuary. Tidal asymmetry produced faster currents on the ebb than on the flood, especially at the mouth. This pattern of seaward current dominance was enhanced with increasing river flow, due to horizontal advection that was confined within the narrow estuarine channel. The freshwater inputs and, at a degree less, the tidal range controlled the vertical mixing and stratification importance. Well-mixed (spring) and partially stratified (neap) conditions alternated during periods of low river flows, with significant intratidal variations induced by tidal straining (especially at the partially stratified estuary). Highly stratified conditions developed with increasing river discharge. Intratidal variability in the pycnocline depth and thickness resulted from current shear during the ebb. A salt wedge with tidal motion was observed at the lower estuary during the flood event. Depending on the intensity of turbulent mixing, the residual water circulation was dominantly controlled either by tidal asymmetry or gravitational circulation. The SSC was governed by cyclical local processes (resuspension, deposition, mixing, advection) driven by the neap-spring fluctuations in tidal current velocities. More, intratidal variability in stratification indicated the significance of tidal pumping at the partially and highly stratified estuary. The estuary turbidity maximum (ETM) was enhanced with increasing current velocities, and displaced downstream during periods of high river discharge. During the flood event, the ETM was expelled out of the estuary, and the SSC along the estuary was controlled by the sediment load from the drainage basin. Under these highly variable river flow conditions, our observations suggest that sand is exported to the nearshore over the long-term (>years). 相似文献
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长江河口的潮波传播受到近岸及河口浅水地形及长江径流的显著影响,表现出很强的时空变化特征。已有相关研究主要关注徐六泾以下的河口段,还缺少对河口系统的潮波特征分析。本文基于大通、南京、徐六泾和牛皮礁4站的年内连续潮位资料,分析了主要天文分潮和浅水分潮的振幅沿程变化、季节变化特征和规律,认识到洪季大径流对江阴以上的近口段潮汐衰减作用显著大于枯季,而河口段的平均潮差有一定的半年周期变化,年内秋季最大。口内高频浅水分潮振幅在河口下段最大,且洪季大于枯季,低频浅水分潮则在河口上游振幅最大,由此反应径流对潮汐改造的非线性作用。这些认识可为水道航运及相关河口研究提供基础认识。最后本文也指出关于长江河口潮汐特征尚需进一步研究的若干问题,以期下一步工作取得相应进展。 相似文献
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A three-dimensional primitive -coordinate model is developed to allow for tideland. The model determines the coastline position each time step based on a minimum threshold depth, and extrapolates the three-dimensional predictive variables onto tideland only when the water depth exceeds that threshold value, assuring that the extrapolation is consistent with physics as well as with the numerical scheme involved. The model is applied to an M2 tide in the northern estuary of Ariake Bay characterized by the large tideland. The model successfully simulates flood and ebb tides during which a large area of tideland is covered and uncovered with water due to the large tidal difference in sea level. The model also reproduces a strong salinity front caused by the freshwater runoff from Chikugo river. The general patterns of model-computed tidal flows and density front are consistent with data available in this region. The mean flow field averaged over a twelve hour period shows a strong northward current along the slope accompanied by anticyclonic eddies over tideland, the latter feeding a southward transport along the eastern coast. It is shown that such a circulation pattern is enhanced by the joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom relief. Finally, some implications of model results are discussed in relation to the fishery. 相似文献
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珠江磨刀门河口径潮动力耦合条件下余水位的多时空尺度分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
本文通过构建径潮动力耦合条件下潮波传播的一维水动力解析模型，从理论机制上探讨珠江磨刀门河口径潮动力非线性作用下余水位的多时空尺度变化。结果表明:余水位变化呈现明显的大小潮和洪枯季变化，枯季余水位大小潮的变化幅度介于0~0.4 m，而洪季余水位与上游径流紧密相关，增幅大枯季一个量级（介于0~6 m）；解析模型可分离控制余水位变化的3个主要因素，即径流、潮流和径潮相互作用因子，计算结果表明河口不同区段余水位的主控因素有明显的洪枯季变化，上游段，枯季余水位受径潮相互作用因子控制，洪季受径流因子控制；枯季下游段余水位受潮流控制，而洪季余水位主要受径潮相互作用因子控制。 相似文献
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河口区斜压梯度对余水位的累积影响及其机制探讨 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
余水位（即潮平均水位）是河口区径潮相互作用的典型结果，研究其形成演变机制对探讨河口区的水资源高效开发利用具有重要科学意义。本文基于不同径潮边界条件下的三维斜压水动力数值模拟及切比雪夫机制分解，初步探讨了概化地形条件下斜压梯度对余水位沿程变化的影响。数值模拟结果表明:河口区余水位的沿程变化明显受径流量、潮波振幅、辐聚地形及斜压梯度等因素的共同影响，斜压梯度对余水位的影响是一种累积效应且影响区域集中在回水区，同时其影响强度具有明显的大小潮变化、洪枯季变化。利用数值模型提供的水位及流速场信息，通过切比雪夫分解非线性摩擦项分离出控制余水位变化的3个主要因素，即径流、潮流和径潮相互作用因子，并与斜压梯度产生的余水位进行对比分析，结果表明:回水区域余水位主要以径潮相互作用因子为主导；斜压梯度对余水位影响主要体现在小潮期间，有可能成为影响余水位变化的主控因子。 相似文献
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A modelling study of residence time in a macro-tidal estuary 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This paper outlines a numerical modelling study to predict the average residence time of a conservative tracer in a macro-tidal estuary, namely the Mersey Estuary, UK. An integrated hydrodynamic-dispersion model was used to predict the average residence time in the estuary for various tidal level and freshwater discharge conditions. The numerical model was verified against six sets of field measured hydrodynamic data, with the model-predicted water elevations and salinity levels generally agreeing well with the field measurements. The numerical model results show that in the Mersey Estuary both the tidal level and river discharge affect significantly the predicted average residence time. The value of the average residence time is also shown to be closely linked to the intensity of the residual tidal current. This is due to the fact that a large proportion of the Upper and Inner Estuary dries out during low tides, thus a significant amount of the tracer material is transported through the deep channels. An increase in the freshwater discharge causes a considerable increase in the intensity of the residual current along the main channels and thus a reduction in the average residence time. The predicted overall tracer residence time for the whole estuary is relatively short for a relatively large estuary, ranging from less than 1 day to 4 days for various tidal level and freshwater flow combinations. When the tidal range and freshwater discharge are both small, then the local tracer residence time in the upper part of the estuary can be significantly longer than the values predicted for the middle and lower reaches of the estuary. 相似文献
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A 3D,time-dependent,baroclinic,hydrodynamic and salinity model was implemented and applied to the Oujiang River estuarine system in the East China Sea.The model was driven by the forcing of tidal elevations along the open boundaries and freshwater inflows from the Oujiang River.The bottom friction coefficient and vertical eddy viscosity were adjusted to complete model calibration and verification in simulations.It is demonstrated that the model is capable of reproducing observed temporal variability in the water surface elevation and longitudinal velocity,presenting skill coefficient higher than 0.82.This model was then used to investigate the influence of freshwater discharge on residual current and salinity intrusion under different freshwater inflow conditions in the Oujiang River estuary.The model results reveal that the river channel presents a two-layer structure with flood currents near the bottom and ebb currents at the top layer in the region of seawater influenced on north shore under high river flow condition.The river discharge is a major factor affecting the salinity stratification in the estuarine system.The water exchange is mainly driven by the tidal forcing at the estuary mouth,except under high river flow conditions when the freshwater extends its influence from the river’s head to its mouth. 相似文献