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海底以上 1— 2m水层的海流垂直分布和变化 ,对于海底泥沙运动和海洋工程设计具有十分重要的意义。迄今为止 ,研究者分别从实测资料、实验室实验和理论等方面对底边界层中稳定流动的垂直分布进行了研究 ,其结果均难以直接满足工程需要。本文基于现有的理论和实验结果 ,发展了现有海底边界层理论 ,运用把稳定流的底Ekman层与对数层相配匹的方法确定了实测余流的垂直分布 ,并给出了在渤海石油平台区的应用实例。结果表明 ,本文给出的原理和方法在应用中与实测结果符合良好 ,可以直接满足工程需要 相似文献
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海底以上1-2m水层的海流垂直分布和变化,对于海底泥沙运动和海洋工程设计具有十分重要的意义.迄今为止,研究者分别从实测资料、实验室实验和理论等方面对底边界层中稳定流动的垂直分布进行了研究,其结果均难以直接满足工程需要.本文基于现有的理论和实验结果,发展了现有海底边界层理论,运用把稳定流的底Ekman层与对数层相配匹的方法确定了实测余流的垂直分布,并给出了在渤海石油平台区的应用实例.结果表明,本文给出的原理和方法在应用中与实测结果符合良好,可以直接满足工程需要. 相似文献
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海底边界层水流结构及底移质搬运研究进展 总被引：24，自引：1，他引：24
海底边界层包括从底底至受其显著影响的水体之间的水层厚度,对海底动力过程,尤其是沉积物搬运及近海底化学物质输运有重要影响,不同的水动力（潮流、波浪及浪流共同作用）形成完全不同的边界层。边界层厚度与水流周期有关,但目前对其理解及计算公式并不统一,边界层内的流带分布与摩阻流速的床底糙率有关,目前已经发展了多种估算这两个参数的方法,对于边界层内的沉积物搬运率的计算,关键在于弄清沉积物在边界层内的沉降、起动 相似文献
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《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2017,(9)
基于多相流体动力学的贝赛特(Basset)-鲍瑟内斯克(Boussinesq)-奥森(Ossen)方程(BBO方程)研究滑移条件下颗粒在两相流中的运动情况。针对小型浮游生物表面微结构特征建立固-气-液三相双滑移模型,运用Karman边界层动量定理推导出以气相衔接的固-气相和气-液相层流边界层速度分布表达式。通过参数分析法确定Basset力、颗粒所受阻力及附加质量力对颗粒运动的影响,对BBO方程进行简化求解,得到颗粒在流场中的轨迹方程。将本文提出的滑移速度分布代入轨迹方程得到有滑移边界条件下颗粒在流场中的运动速度随时间的变化。通过分析可以得到,颗粒表面的驻泡结构使得颗粒与流场接触界面处出现速度滑移,从而提高了颗粒的运动速度。 相似文献
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为了得到一种有效的计算海水涡动黏性的途径,本文基于伴随同化方法,研究了Ekman模型中垂向涡动黏性系数(verticaleddyviscositycoefficient,VEVC)的时间变化。本文推导了时间变化VEVC的优化关系式,并利用理想实验对三个影响因素进行了探究,包括优化算法、初始猜测、观测深度,其主要结论是:(1)梯度下降法的优化效果优于共轭梯度法和有限记忆BFGS(limited-memoryBroyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno)法;(2)初始猜测值与实际值接近时,收敛速度更快,反演误差更小;(3)反演结果对表层和次表层的流速更为敏感。本文从百慕大试验站锚泊系统(Bermuda Testbed Mooring, BTM)的数据中提取了Ekman流速,并反演了VEVC的时间变化,实际实验结果表明:(1)对于实测数据而言,仍是梯度下降法优化效果最好;(2)将VEVC设置为时间变化型的反演策略,反演效果优于常数型和深度变化型;(3)该地区VEVC在0.01m~2/s左右。该研究为Ekman流的数值模拟提供了一种确定VEVC时间变化的有效方法,对于其他动力机制的研究具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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渤海海峡沉积物输运的参数化计算 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文以2018年冬季渤海海峡两个站位的定点连续观测数据为基础，使用一维参数化方案，计算了观测站位底边界层内的水平悬浮物输运通量以及推移质输运量。在参数化方案中，简化的一维对流扩散方程被用于计算底边界层内的垂向悬浮物浓度。为了验证参数化方案的可靠性，本文基于观测数据对比了两种底剪切应力计算模型、四种临界起动剪切应力计算方法和两种一维对流扩散方程解法。对比结果表明:(1)不同模型计算的底剪切应力结果相近；(2)临界起动剪切应力受到颗粒间黏性作用的影响；(3)一维对流扩散方程的求解过程需要考虑沉积物浓度的分层效应和不同粒级颗粒临界起动剪切应力的差异。基于上述对比结果确定的最优参数化方案，进一步计算了观测站位的沉积物输运量:(1)在有再悬浮的时段，距底5 m内的水平悬浮物通量占全水深悬浮物通量的比例(T01站约为21%，T02站约为17%)显著高于相同层位水通量的占比；(2)依据参数化方案估算的冬季平均的悬浮物通量比忽略底边界层悬浮物浓度垂向变化的传统方法结果高约16%；(3)推移质输运量比悬移质输运量约低两个数量级。 相似文献
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基于南海东北部1998~2019年的多源卫星遥感数据和风场再分析数据, 较系统地分析了南海东北部涡旋内部叶绿素a浓度的分布特征, 通过量化统计和涡心坐标系参数合成等方法探究了中尺度涡对叶绿素a浓度变化的影响规律及潜在机制。结果表明: (1)南海东北部约有60%的中尺度涡旋内部存在叶绿素a浓度增加和减少的现象。(2)南海东北部中尺度涡内部叶绿素a扰动受到涡旋抽吸和涡致Ekman抽吸机制的共同调控, 其中约有38% (39%)的暖(冷)涡内涡旋抽吸的贡献更大, 21% (24%)的暖(冷)涡内涡致Ekman抽吸的贡献更大。(3)南海东北部中尺度涡生命周期内的海表叶绿素a浓度变化存在显著的阶段性差异, 在冷暖涡的生成期, 涡旋抽吸的作用更为显著, 而在冷暖涡的顶峰和消亡期, 涡致Ekman抽吸的作用更为明显。上述研究结果有助于理解南海东北部初级生产力对中尺度涡的响应过程与机理, 对认识海洋物理-生物耦合过程具有一定的参考价值和研究意义。 相似文献
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A mooring observation of current velocity, temperature and bottom pressure was carried out approximately 30 km off the coast
of Monbetsu, between August 7 and September 2, 2005, to investigate the characteristics of bottom boundary layer (BBL) off
the Soya Warm Current (SWC). We succeeded in measuring the Ekman veering and bottom Ekman transport in the BBL. On comparing
the observed current velocity with that represented by the classical theoretical equation, the observed alongshore current
velocity in BBL disagreed with that represented by the classical theoretical equation, but the cross-shore one agreed well.
However after applying a linear extrapolation for the alongshore current velocity to estimate the alongshore geostrophic current
velocity above the bottom, we could explain the alongshore current velocity by that represented in the classical theoretical
equation. Consequently, our observations strongly support one of the proposed formation mechanisms of the cold-water belt
observed off the SWC, that is, the convergence of bottom Ekman transport. The volume transport of vertical pumping velocity
was estimated to be (0.12–0.25) Sv. In addition, the vertical profile of average temperature in all observation periods shows
that slightly warmer water lies beneath the homogenous temperature layer, in the BBL. The result is considered to imply that
the down-slope advection due to bottom Ekman transport supplies the SWC water in BBL and the eddy diffusivity of order of
10−3 m2s−1 maintains the oceanic structure in the bottom mixed layer. 相似文献
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Dag Myrhaug 《Ocean Engineering》1982,9(6):547-565
An analytical theory which describes the motion in a turbulent wave boundary layer near a rough sea bottom by using a two-layer time invariant eddy viscosity model is presented. The eddy viscosity in the inner layer increases quadratically with the height above the sea bottom. In the outer layer the eddy viscosity is taken as a constant. The mean velocity and shear stress profiles, the bottom shear stress and the bottom friction coefficient are presented, and comparisons are made with experimental results. 相似文献
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A random-walk model for a nonuniform diffusivity media coupled with an ocean circulation model has been applied to describe
the pathways of suspended particles transport in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) of the southern Baltic Sea. The circulation
model is based on the Princeton Ocean Model, in which the vertical grid size is logarithmically refined towards the bottom
in order to resolve the BBL. Fields of the flow velocity and eddy diffusivities simulated by the POM, along with the settling
velocity of the suspended particles, are used as an input for the random-walk model. A number of numerical experiments were
performed to study the pathways of suspended particles in the southern Baltic BBL depending on the wind conditions. In particular,
the suspended particles introduced into the BBL in the center of the Bornholm Basin at westerly and southerly winds are found
to be trapped in the basin provided that the particles’ settling velocity is equal or greater than 2 m/day. The trapping phenomenon
is explained by the combined effect of the Ekman transport convergence in the BBL due to the cyclonic gyre and the gravitational
settling of the particles. 相似文献
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A new set of Boussinesq-type equations describing the free surface evolution and the corresponding depth-integrated horizontal velocity is derived with the bottom boundary layer effects included. Inside the boundary layer the eddy viscosity gradient model is employed to characterize Reynolds stresses and the eddy viscosity is further approximated as a linear function of the distance measured from the seafloor. Boundary-layer velocities are coupled with the irrotational velocity in the core region through boundary conditions. The leading order boundary layer effects on wave propagation appear in the depth-integrated continuity equation to account for the velocity deficit inside the boundary layer. This formulation is different from the conventional approach in which a bottom stress term is inserted in the momentum equation. An iterative scheme is developed to solve the new model equations for the free surface elevation, depth-integrated velocity, the bottom stress, the boundary layer thickness and the magnitude of the turbulent eddy viscosity. A numerical example for the evolution of periodic waves propagating in one-dimensional channel is discussed to illustrate the numerical procedure and physics involved. The differences between the conventional approach and the present formulation are discussed in terms of the bottom frictional stress and the free surface profiles. 相似文献
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In order to study the mechanism of flow-sediment movement, it is essential to obtain measured data of water hydrodynamic and sediment concentration process with high spatial and temporal resolution in the bottom boundary layer (BBL). Field observations were carried out in the northwest Caofeidian sea area in the Bohai Bay. Near 2 m isobath (under the lowest tidal level), a tripod system was installed with AWAC (Acoustic Wave And Current), ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers), OBS-3A (Optical Backscatter Point Sensor), ADV (Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters), etc. The accurate measurement of the bottom boundary layer during a single tidal period was carried out, together with a long-term sediment concentration measurement under different hydrological conditions. All the measured data were used to analyze the characteristics of wave-current-sediment movement and the BBL. Analysis was performed on flow structure, shear stress, roughness, eddy viscosity and other parameters of the BBL. Two major findings were made. Firstly, from the measured data, the three-layer distribution model of the velocity profiles and eddy viscosities in the wave-current BBL are proposed in the observed sea area; secondly, the sediment movement is related closely to wind-waves in the muddy coast area where sediment is clayey silt: 1) The observed suspended sediment concentration under light wind conditions is very low, with the peak value generally smaller than 0.1 kg/m3 and the average value being 0.03 kg/m3; 2) The sediment concentration increases continuously under the gales over 6-7 in Beaufort scale, under a sustained wind action. The measured peak sediment concentration at 0.4 m above the seabed is 0.15-0.32 kg/m3, and the average sediment concentration during wind-wave action is 0.08-0.18 kg/m3, which is about 3-6 times the value under light wind conditions. The critical wave height signaling remarkable changes of sediment concentration is 0.5 m. The results show that the suspended load sediment concentration is mainly influenced by wave-induced sediment suspension. 相似文献
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A high-quality experimental study including a large number of tests which correspond to full-scale coastal boundary layer flows is conducted using an oscillating water tunnel for flow generations and a Particle Image Velocimetry system for velocity measurements. Tests are performed for sinusoidal, Stokes and forward-leaning waves over three fixed bottom roughness configurations, i.e. smooth, “sandpaper” and ceramic-marble bottoms. The experimental results suggest that the logarithmic profile can accurately represent the boundary layer flows in the very near-bottom region, so the log-profile fitting analysis can give highly accurate determinations of the theoretical bottom location and the bottom roughness. The first-harmonic velocities of both sinusoidal and nonlinear waves, as well as the second-harmonic velocities of nonlinear waves, exhibit similar patterns of vertical variation. Two dimensionless characteristic boundary layer thicknesses, the elevation of 1% velocity deficit and the elevation of maximum amplitude, are found to have power-law dependencies on the relative roughness for rough bottom tests. A weak boundary layer streaming embedded in nonlinear waves and a small but meaningful third-harmonic velocity embedded in sinusoidal waves are observed. They can be only explained by the effect of a time-varying turbulent eddy viscosity. The measured period-averaged vertical velocities suggest the presence of Prandtl's secondary flows of the second kind in the test channel. Among the three methods to infer bottom shear stress from velocity measurements, the Reynolds stress method underestimates shear stress due to missed turbulent eddies, and the momentum integral method also significantly underestimates bottom shear stress for rough bottom tests due to secondary flows, so only the log-profile fitting method is considered to yield the correct estimate. The obtained bottom shear stresses are analyzed to give the maximum and the first three harmonics, and the results are used to validate some existing theoretical models. 相似文献
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底边界层中沉积物的再悬浮和沉降是控制陆架海悬浮沉积物的输运的关键过程。沉积物输运过程的数值*模拟也依赖于沉积物侵蚀和沉降的关键参数的研究。本文根据济州岛西南泥质区的坐底观测估算了此处临界应力。通过底边界层声学仪器ADV和PC-ADP的流速和悬浮物浓度同步观测,基于湍生成与耗散平衡假设,使用惯性耗散法计算沉降速度。这种方法得到的沉降速度ws平均值为0.91 mm s-1,标准差为0.20 mm s-1,此结果远大于Soulbsy（1997）和LISST-ST现场观测粒径分析仪等经验方法的结果。这主要是由于两种方法的本质不同,惯性耗散法形象的刻画了底边界层的水动力,并且更加合理的现场估计沉降速度ws,然而Soulsby的方法通常适用于静水环境。我们提出了一种估计临界应力的新方法,根据悬浮颗粒物浓度时空变化的统计分析（深度平均的悬浮颗粒物浓度对时间求导数）和对应的底应力估算侵蚀临界应力τce和沉降临界应力τcd。侵蚀临界应力τce和沉降临界应力τce的变化范围为0.11-0.25 Pa,对应的中值分别为0.20 Pa和0.16 Pa,这也证实了侵蚀临界应力略大于沉降临界应力。除此之外,我们还使用了另一种方法估算临界应力,通过沉降速度间接估算的临界应力范围为0.06-0.17 Pa。 相似文献
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In order to study the mechanism of flow-sediment movement, it is essential to obtain measured data of water hydrodynamic and sediment concentration process with high spatial and temporal resolution in the bottom boundary layer （BBL）. Field observations were carried out in the northwest Caofeidian sea area in the Bohai Bay. Near 2 m isobath （under the lowest tidal level）, a tripod system was installed with AWAC （Acoustic Wave And Current）, ADCP （Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers）, OBS-3A （Optical Backscatter Point Sensor）, ADV （Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters）, etc. The accurate measurement of the bottom boundary layer during a single tidal period was carried out, together with a long-term sediment concentration measurement under different hydrological conditions. All the measured data were used to analyze the characteristics of wave-current-sediment movement and the BBL. Analysis was performed on flow structure, shear stress, roughness, eddy viscosity and other parameters of the BBL. Two major findings were made. Firstly, from the measured data, the three-layer distribution model of the velocity profiles and eddy viscosities in the wave-current BBL are proposed in the observed sea area; secondly, the sediment movement is related closely to wind-waves in the muddy coast area where sediment is clayey silt： 1） The observed suspended sediment concentration under light wind conditions is very low, with the peak value generally smaller than 0.1 kg/m^3 and the average value being 0.03 kg/m^3; 2） The sediment concentration increases continuously under the gales over 6-7 in Beaufort scale, under a sustained wind action. The measured peak sediment concentration at 0.4 m above the seabed is 0.15-0.32 kg/m^3, and the average sediment concentration during wind-wave action is 0.08-0.18 kg/m^3, which is about 3-6 times the value under light wind conditions. The critical wave height signaling remarkable changes of sediment concentration is 0.5 m. The results show that the suspended load sediment concentration is mainly influenced by wave-induced sediment suspension. 相似文献
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Takashi Ichiye 《Journal of Oceanography》1970,26(6):340-353
Scaling of the equations of motion of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current indicates that the Rossby number and the Ekman number
are 10−4 to 10−5 but the vertical Ekman number may reach unity in the bottom boundary layer. The equations of motion are integrated vertically
from the surface to the bottom and averaged over a latitude circle. The resulting equation in the meridional direction is
predominantly geostrophic, whereas the main terms of the equation in the zonal direction are the wind stress and the bottom
stress. When the vertical eddy viscosity near the bottom is of the order of 102cm2/sec, the total zonal transport through the Drake Passage computed from the balance of the wind stress and the bottom stress
equals 260×106m3/sec, the amount determined byReid andNowlin (1970) from observations.
The northward transport reduces the eastward transport corresponding to the wind stress of the westerlies in the A. C. C.
through the Coriolis' term in the vertically integrated equation of motion of the zonal direction. South of the Drake Passage,
such reduction reaches about ten percent of the wind-driven transport mainly due to the peripheral water discharge. North
of the Drake Passage, the northward transport may be generated by the effect of the South American coast which prevents free
eastward movement of the A. C. C., causing a wake to the east. This transport may contribute to a part of the northward transport
of the bottom water postulated byMunk (1966). The effect of the horizontal eddy viscosity in the zonal transport equation is negligible except near the Antarctic
coast, if the eddy viscosity is less than 109cm2/sec. 相似文献
20.
Existing models of the wave bottom boundary layer have focused on the vertical and temporal dynamics associated with monochromatic forcing. While these models have made significant advances, they do not address the more complicated dynamics of random wave forcing, commonly found in natural environments such as the surf zone. In the closed form solution presented here, the eddy viscosity is assumed to vary temporally with the bed shear velocity and linearly with depth, however, the solution technique is valid for any eddy viscosity which is separable in time and space. A transformation of the cross-shore velocity to a distorted spatial domain leads to time-independent boundary conditions, allowing for the derivation of an analytic expression for the temporal and vertical structure of the cross-shore velocity under an arbitrary wave field. The model is compared with two independent laboratory observations. Model calculations of the bed shear velocity are in good agreement with laboratory measurements made by Jonsson and Carlsen (1976, J. Hydraul. Res., 14, 45–60). A variety of monochromatic, skewed, and asymmetric wave forcing conditions, characteristic of those found in the surf zone, are used to evaluate the relative effects on the bed shear. Because the temporal variation of the eddy viscosity is assumed proportional to the bottom shear, a weakly nonlinear interaction is created, and a fraction of the input monochromatic wave energy is transferred to the odd harmonics. For a monochromatic input wave, the ratio of the third harmonic of velocity at the bed to the first is <10%. However, for a skewed and asymmetric input wave, this ratio can be as large as 30% and is shown to increase with increasing root-mean-square input wave acceleration. The work done by the fluid on the bed is shown to be a maximum under purely skewed waves and is directed onshore. Under purely asymmetric waves, the work done is significantly smaller and directed offshore. 相似文献