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1.
《海洋气象学报》2014,(4)
选取1951—2008年山东121个站日最高气温观测资料和高空、地面常规观测资料做统计分析。结果表明:山东的高温具有明显的时空分布特征。山东≥35℃炎热日年际变化总趋势是两多一少,1951—1971年为第一多值阶段,1991—2005年为第二多值年1972—1990年为少值阶段。山东≥40℃酷热日出现在5月下旬—7月中旬,主要集中在6月和7月上、中旬,其中6月中旬最多;山东各地≥35℃炎热日以鲁西北西部、鲁西南西部和鲁中北部出现较多,其中淄博最多;山东日最高气温≥40℃的酷热日主要出现在鲁西北西部、荷泽和鲁中北部,最多出现在聊城的夏津,山东酷热天气虽多出现在内陆,但1980年以后山东半岛沿海部分站点也出现了酷热天气。山东的高温天气分为干热型和湿热型两类。干热型高温的天气形势为:850h Pa图上有≥20℃的暖区控制山东,地面图上山东处在东高西低的气压场内;当850h Pa在河套存在中心温度≥24℃的暖中心,24℃等温线延伸到济南东部,20℃等温线穿过山东半岛,山东就会出现酷热天气。湿热型高温的天气形势为:山东从低空到高空都受副高控制,且850h Pa≥20℃的暖区控制山东内陆地区。 相似文献
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《海洋气象学报》2017,(1)
采用高空和地面观测资料,对山东1999—2013年24次有相态逆转降雪过程的影响系统、出现时间、逆转前后的温度变化及各类系统逆转的天气形势特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)低槽冷锋、江淮气旋、黄河气旋和暖切变线可在山东产生降水相态逆转,而回流形势降雪不会产生逆转。2)山东降水相态逆转发生在11月—次年4月,以12月和1月居多,12月频率最高;有明显的日变化,14时前后最容易发生逆转,而23时—次日05时最少。3)雪转雨时最显著的特征为地面2 m气温升高,升温幅度多在1~2℃;850 h Pa以下至地面的温度至少有1~2个层次升温。4)地面2 m气温对逆转的指示性最好,降雪时在0℃左右,略高于通常降雪阈值,最低为-1℃;其次为1 000 h Pa,降雪时接近于0℃。5)对流层低层暖平流升温或温度日变化升温导致雪转雨,温度平流弱时温度日变化起主要作用。各类天气系统的逆转范围、时段等有明显差异。因此,对于降雪阈值附近的相态预报,需综合考虑低层温度平流和日变化两个因素,重点关注地面2 m气温能否升温,午后为关键时段。 相似文献
3.
利用山东威海CINRDA/SA多普勒雷达探测资料,结合常规天气图资料、地面自动气象观测站资料等,对2018年9月8日发生在威海文登机场附近的一次下击暴流天气特征进行分析。结果表明:1)此次下击暴流天气发生在高低空一致的西北气流背景下,午后太阳辐射使得低空大气加热显著,形成了强烈的不稳定层结。2)大气层结特征呈喇叭状温湿分布,850 h Pa以下接近干绝热的温度直减率,为下击暴流的发生提供了有利环境条件。3)地面辐合线为风暴单体的产生提供了动力抬升条件。4)从多普勒雷达产品上看,风暴初始回波发生在午后海风锋触发的晴空窄带回波上,通过单体间的合并加强,发展成为多单体风暴;下击暴流出现前,对流风暴回波强度及高度明显发展,成熟阶段的对流风暴伴有回波悬垂结构和三体散射特征,伴随着强反射率因子核心的持续下降,下击暴流迅速到达地面,径向速度图上存在明显的中层辐合、旋转、低层辐散的现象; 5 km以上60 dBZ强反射率因子核心的下降,结合径向速度中层辐合、低层辐散特征可提前3～9 min预警下击暴流的发生。 相似文献
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以地面影响系统为主要依据 ,使用天气动力学和统计学相结合的方法 ,将1 983～ 2 0 0 0年 6～ 8月青岛地区的 4 0次暴雨分为气旋、台风和冷锋 3种类型。根据预报经验 ,选取相应的预报因子 ,建立 0 -1权重回归方程 ,用于预报青岛地区未来 2 4 h的暴雨。对于台风暴雨 ,认为来自低纬度洋面的东南 (或西南 )低空急流是水汽、涡度的输送通道 ,它向台风提供了形成暴雨所需的水汽和能量 ,因此把它列为起始场条件。因子选取了代表水汽、位势不稳定、能量及冷空气活动的物理因子。统计得出 :台风类暴雨方程的预报准确率为 96%。用该方程对1 975年 6～ 8月进行试报 ,没有出现空漏报现象 ,效果较好 相似文献
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针对渤海区域冬季较为常见的海效应事件,利用2000——2012年的GMS5、GOES9和MTSAT等卫星遥感数据及NCEP FNL再分析数据、海面温度SST、地面降水观测数据等资料,系统研究了渤海海效应事件的季节变化和日变化特征。研究结果表明:渤海海效应事件一般持续时间不长,但在11月——次年1月,有持续时间较长的个例,这段时间也是发生次数最多的时期;海效应事件的发生有较明显的日变化特征,清晨和上午出现的频次明显大于下午和前半夜,且不同季节也不尽相同;海效应事件中有约一半会造成山东半岛降水,其中在冬半年主要造成降雪,但个别情况下也有可能形成降雨;另外,造成海效应事件的天气学环境指标也具有很强的季节变化特征,其中850 hPa温度、海面温度、地面2 m温度和比湿均有较明显的月变化,而风速、海面和850 hPa温差则相对稳定,季节变化不大。这些研究结果将进一步加深对渤海海效应事件的认识,为预报思路凝练和研究的开展提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
6.
2003年夏季华南持续高温天气过程及热力诊断 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用华南观测的逐日最高气温资料和NCEP逐日再分析资料,对2003年6月29日—8月15日华南持续高温过程的大气环流背景、动力和热力条件进行了诊断分析。结果表明,2003年6月29日—8月15日华南大范围持续高温的前2段高温峰期与副高有关,第3段高温期大陆高压有关,而且3次高温过程都与热带气旋外围下沉气流有密切联系,而前2次持续高温的缓解都与热带气旋登陆和影响华南地区有密切联系。热力诊断发现,3段持续高温期间,近地层大气的局地增温主要是由非绝热加热作用(白天地表感热通量和地面长波辐射加热)造成的,水平温度平流对局地增温作用有负贡献。高温天气过程的晴空少云天气背景有利于白天太阳辐射加热地面,并可造成明显的地面感热通量和地面长波辐射加热近地面层大气,从而导致了持续高温天气过程。 相似文献
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利用鲁中地区2001—2016年伴随瞬时风力不低于8级的所有强对流天气个例共106次进行分析,总结其气候特征,并通过箱须图的形式研究了分类强对流天气相关环境参数的分布特征和预报阈值。结果表明:2001—2016年强对流天气分布呈山区多、平原少、中部多、北部和西南部少的特点; 6月和6月中旬是主要月份和旬份;地面辐合线是最主要触发机制类型;雷暴大风型、冰雹雷暴大风型和强降水混合型对应的地面和850 hPa的平均温度露点差,0～1 km和0～3 km垂直风切变,SWEAT指数、LI指数、K指数、风暴相对螺旋度、高度指数等环境参数各有不同的最低阈值;鲁中地区易发生强对流天气的0℃层高度为4. 1 km左右;对于伴随冰雹的强对流天气,其融化层高度比0℃层高度低0. 6 km左右。根据以上环境参数的分布特征、高低空垂直风切变的强弱变化可对3类强对流天气进行一定程度的区分。 相似文献
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利用雷雨、大风等灾害天气资料和电力事故历史数据资料,分析了电力事故发生的时空分布特征及其与雷雨、大风、日平均气温等天气要素之间的关系。进而利用事件概率回归(regression estimation of event probability,REEP)和Logistic回归分析方法,得到了日照市电力事故发生概率与雷雨、大风和日平均气温之间关系的预警模型。研究结果表明:1)雷雨、大风是造成日照市电力事故的重要气象因素。2)雷雨、大风和高温等灾害天气对电力事故的发生虽都有促成作用,但影响能力存在较大差距。3)两种回归分析模型对因子和变量之间关系均有较好的拟合效果,相较而言,REEP模型更为直观,Logistic回归分析方法更为客观,适用性更强。4)回归分析结果建立在客观资料基础上,回归模型具有准确性、实用性,可为电力事故预警发布系统提供理论和技术支持。 相似文献
11.
Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
12.
Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
13.
The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献
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《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,(9):F0003-F0003
<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology, 相似文献
16.
The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance. 相似文献
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Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding. 相似文献
19.
Rahul Sharma 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):237-250
Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions. 相似文献
20.
Vance P. Vicente 《Marine Ecology》1989,10(2):179-191
Abstract. Long-term changes in the distributional patterns of commercial sponges ( Spongia spp. and Hippospongia spp.) within the West Indian Region indicates that: 1) commercial sponges had a widespread distribution throughout the whole West Indian Region and were ubiquitous in very shallow water until about the first half of the present century; 2) they were fished commercially not only in the traditional northern Caribbean sites (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas) but also in the Greater ( e. g. , Hispaniola, Jamaica) and Lesser Antilles; and 3) they became extinct throughout most of the Lesser Antilles ( e. g. , Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas) sometime during the first half of this century. Mortalities of spongiids within the Antilles were found to differ from other marine mortalities in that: 1) species disappeared from a large region; 2) species vanished from different habitats and depths; and 3) natural populations never recovered. Species richness patterns suggest that commercial sponge genera ( Spongia and Hippospongia ) evolved under slightly cooler elimatic conditions than those found at present, and that these extinctions occurred as a direct or indirect effect of positive thermal anomalies in sea surface and atmospheric temperatures between 1900–1950. The concept that species diversity is stable on a regional scale is questioned. 相似文献