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1.
在海底地形陡变、垂向密度分层明显的水域,三维σ坐标模式中会出现一种"伪"水平斜压梯度力,并会引起"伪"密度流,以至于影响模拟的精度。垂向上引入双σ坐标变换,建立河口海岸水域三维斜压水流数值模型。数值试验结果表明,在海底地形陡变水域,双σ坐标模式可以减小水平斜压梯度力处理引起的误差。 相似文献
2.
港湾三维水动力和污染物扩散数值模型 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本文提出一种浅海三维污染物扩散数值模拟的方法。首先建立σ坐标系下的Navier-Stoker方程及物质扩散方程。基于过程分裂法将前者分解为外模式（二维方程组）及内模式（三维方程组）；并且引入窄缝法对变边界进行模拟，由此建立三维σ坐标潮流模型；并找到σ坐标系下三维污染物扩散方程的差分方法，最后建立三维σ坐标污染物扩散模型。本模型已被应用于厦门海域，并对其2002年海水水质（CODCr值增量)进行了预测。应用结果表明，这种三维可变边界污染物扩散数值模型能够较好地对具有较大面积浅海滩涂的海区进行水质模拟和预测。 相似文献
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通过比较常用地形σ坐标的流体静力中尺度大气控制方程的一般导出与利用张量分析法的导出,分析了前者只限用于很小地形坡度的原因。根据后者对前者作了修正,给出适用于较陡地形坡度的流体静力控制方程。并借助修正了的Ｐｉｅｌｋｅ数值模式模拟气流过山的流场特征,说明修正的作用与意义。 相似文献
4.
基于ECOMSED 模型的湛江湾水道三维潮流数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用半隐式的ECOMSED(Estuarine,Coastal and Ocean Modeling System with Sediments)三维海洋紊流模式,建立湛江湾湾顶水道的三维潮流数值模型。模型的水平方向采用加密的正交网格以贴合岸线边界,垂向上采用σ坐标以更好地拟合海底地形。通过验证,模拟结果与实测数据符合良好,表明运用该模型可以较好地预报湛江湾的潮流动力特性。为进一步研究湛江湾水道附近水域的温盐变化、泥沙输运提供技术支持。 相似文献
5.
降低水平压力梯度误差的方法比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于坐标变换的关系,σ坐标海洋模式在处理陡峭地形时会产生较大的水平压力梯度误差.为减少水平压力梯度误差,前人提出了一系列改进的方法,这些方法可分为减去平均密度法、平滑地形法、网格变换法和水平压力梯度计算方程变换法4类.水平压力梯度计算方程变换法又可分为密度雅克比法、高阶精度法、有限体积法和转换到z坐标下计算水平压力梯度法.利用POM模式模拟理想海山来比较标准密度雅克比法、线性插值到z坐标法、四阶精度插值法、三次方多项式拟合法和权重密度雅克比法在计算水平压力梯度中出现的误差.模式初始时垂向分成,水平均匀,外模时间步长为12 s,内模时间步长为360 s,计算时间为360 d.从最大流速误差的结果可以看出,标准密度雅克比法得到的最大流速误差为0.45 m/s左右;线性插值到z坐标法得到的最大流速误差达到0.7 m/s;四阶精度方法计算得到的最大流速误差为0.3 m/s;权重密度雅克比方法和三次方多项式拟合法计算得到的最大流速误差相差不大,都只有0.2 m/s左右.标准密度雅克比法计算得到的单位质量平均动能最大,为9×10-4 m2/s2;四阶精度方法和线性插值到z坐标方法计算得到的单位质量平均动能差不多,为3×10-4 m2/s2;三次方多项式拟合法计算得到的单位质量平均动能为1.9×10-4 m2/s2;权重密度雅克比方法计算得到的单位质量平均动能最小,仅为1×10-4 m2/s2.标准密度雅克比法的计算耗时最短,为294 min;与其相比,三次方多项式拟合法的计算耗时增加了5.9%;权重密度雅克比法的计算耗时增加了8.8%;四阶精度插值法的计算耗时增加了23.6%.线性插值到z坐标法的计算耗时最长,需要384.5 min,相对于标准密度雅克比法的计算耗时增加了30.6%.因此,综合最大流速误差、平均动能和计算耗时的结果可知,线性插值到z坐标法的计算结果相对较差,采用权重密度雅克比法能较好地降低水平压力梯度误差. 相似文献
6.
综合考虑侧边界水通量、海表面风应力、热通量、蒸发和降水等,建立了一个采用垂向S坐标的西北太平洋海洋模式,模拟和分析西北太平洋环流和海温。S坐标具有使海洋上层趋于同一水深的物理平面和同时底层拟合海底变化的优点。与日本2008年西北太平洋实测温度断面资料比较,模式计算的海温在分布势态和量值上较为一致,模式能较好地验证海洋温度分布情况。与σ坐标相比,S坐标能更好地验证海温的变化。模式较好地模拟出了西北太平洋气候态环流和海温变化。由于在σ坐标系下水深的水平变化体现在σ层上,海洋表层的分辨率比S坐标系下低,以及初始海温的水平分布含有水深水平变化的信息,S坐标海洋模式能更好地模拟环流和海温的变化。 相似文献
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杭州湾的三维水流数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
建立了一个基于σ变换和内外模式分裂技术三维水流数学模型，采用有限节点法（平面）和变步长差分法（σ向）对方程进行了离散；通过风生流和环岛水流两个理论模式对所建模型进行了校验，并将该模型应用到杭州湾的三维水流数值模拟中，效果良好，所建模型垂向分辨率高，简单实用，可应用于河口，海岸，湖泊等大范围水域的水流数值计算。 相似文献
9.
基于2000年8月在南海调查航次得到的水文资料,首次采用广义随底坐标形式的改进POM模式对南海夏季环流进行了数值研究.用正交曲线性水平网格覆盖观测区域,在垂向上对近表海面层次采用近似z坐标,而近底层则为随底坐标.在计算海区实际地形及假设的水平均匀而垂直层化的密度分布下,实施的两个数值计算试验表明,本模式采用的垂直坐标方案比传统的σ坐标方案优越,随底坐标模式因压力梯度项在起伏地形下产生的系统计算误差将变得十分的微小.在南海2000年夏季环流的实际计算中,首先对观测资料进行了60d的诊断计算,然后在诊断已得到的动力场结果基础上,又进行了10d左右的预报运行得到半诊断结果.从计算结果来看,它依赖于参数Cvis与Cdif的选择,特别是参数Cvis,文中取值为Cvis=Cdif=008.比较诊断与半诊断两个计算过程的结果,它们在定性上较为一致,在定量上有些差别.这是因为半诊断计算的方法对密度场作适当的动力调整,使其与地形、风场等更加匹配.在大尺度环流结构不受影响的情况下,尽可能地消除了小尺度噪声,可使计算得到的流场更为清晰.2000年8月南海计算区域环流的最大特点是多涡结构,其中有些反气旋暖涡和气旋式冷涡相间分布.在越南东南海域自表层至1000m水层稳定存在着一个显著的反气旋暖涡,其中心位置在11°51'N,112°07'E(诊断计算),水平尺度约为300km.此暖涡以东存在一个气旋式冷涡,这两个冷、暖涡是研究海区夏季环流的重要环流特征之一.在计算区域东北部夏季环流以反气旋环流系统为主;在计算区域东南部夏季环流以气旋系统为主;南海夏季环流分布,明显出现西部强化特征. 相似文献
10.
在地形变化剧烈的海域, 由于?坐标在垂向离散出现了较大的压强梯度力误差, 导致盐度模拟误差较大。本文在EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code)模型的基础上, 以美国莫比尔湾(Mobile Bay)为例, 比较了在水深变化剧烈的区域?坐标和LCL ?坐标下盐度数值模拟结果的差异。研究结果表明, 采用LCL ?坐标能使得压强梯度力所产生的截断误差降到最低; 在LCL ?坐标下, 模拟的趋势和模拟数值都能够真实地反应实际的物理情况, 为今后解决此类问题提供了一种新方法。 相似文献
11.
For classical Hamiltonian with general form we find a new convenient way to obtain its normal coordinates, namely, let H be quantised and then employ the invariant eigen-operator (IEO) method (Fan et al. 2004 Phys. Lett. A 321 75) to derive them. The general matrix equation, which relies on M and L, for obtaining the normal coordinates of H is derived. 相似文献
12.
Spurious diapycnal mixing in terrain-following coordinate models: The problem and a solution 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
In this paper, we identify a crucial numerical problem in sigma coordinate models, leading to unacceptable spurious diapycnal mixing. This error is a by-product of recent advances in numerical methods, namely the implementation of high-order diffusive advection schemes. In the case of ROMS, spurious mixing is produced by its third-order upwind advection scheme, but our analysis suggests that all diffusive advection schemes would behave similarly in all sigma models. We show that the common idea that spurious mixing decreases with resolution is generally false. In a coarse-resolution regime, spurious mixing increases as resolution is refined, and may reach its peak value when eddy-driven lateral mixing becomes explicitly resolved. At finer resolution, diffusivities are expected to decrease but with values that only become acceptable at resolutions finer than the kilometer. The solution to this problem requires a specifically designed advection scheme. We propose and validate the RSUP3 scheme, where diffusion is split from advection and is represented by a rotated biharmonic diffusion scheme with flow-dependent hyperdiffusivity satisfying the Peclet constraint. The rotated diffusion operator is designed for numerical stability, which includes improvements of linear stability limits and a clipping method adapted to the sigma-coordinate. Realistic model experiments in a southwest Pacific configuration show that RSUP3 is able to preserve low dispersion and diffusion capabilities of the original third-order upwind scheme, while preserving water mass characteristics. There are residual errors from the rotated diffusion operator, but they remain acceptable. The use of a constant diffusivity rather than the Peclet hyperdiffusivity tends to increase these residual errors which become unacceptable with Laplacian diffusion. Finally, we have left some options open concerning the use of time filters as an alternative to spatial diffusion. A temporal discretization approach to the present problem (including implicit discretization) will be reported in a following paper. 相似文献
13.
Sensitivity studies with a new generalized coordinate ocean model are performed in order to compare the behavior of bottom boundary layers (BBLs) when terrain-following (sigma or combined sigma and z-level) or z-level vertical grids are used, but most other numerical aspects remain unchanged. The model uses a second-order turbulence closure scheme that provides surface and BBL mixing and results in a quite realistic climatology and deep water masses after 100 year simulations with a coarse resolution (1° × 1°) basin-scale terrain-following grid. However, with the same turbulence scheme but using a z-level grid, the model was unable to produce dense water masses in the deep ocean. The latter is a known problem for coarse resolution z-level models, unless they include highly empirical BBL schemes.A set of dense water overflow experiments with high-resolution grids (10 and 2.5 km) are used to investigate the influence of model parameters such as horizontal diffusivity, vertical mixing, horizontal resolution, and vertical resolution on the simulation of bottom layers for the different coordinate systems. Increasing horizontal diffusivity causes a thinner BBL and a bottom plume that extends further downslope in a sigma grid, but causes a thicker BBL and limited downslope plume extension in a z-level grid. A major difference in the behavior of the BBL in the two grids is due to the larger vertical mixing generated by the turbulence scheme over the step-like topography in the z-level grid, compared to a smaller vertical mixing and a more stably stratified BBL in the sigma grid. Therefore, the dense plume is able to maintain its water mass better and penetrates farther downslope in the sigma grid than in the z-level grid. Increasing horizontal and vertical resolution in the z-level grid converges the results toward those obtained by a much coarser resolution sigma coordinate grid, but some differences remain due to the basic differences in the mixing process in the BBL. 相似文献
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15.
In the present study, a Fourier analysis is used to develop expressions for phase and group speeds for both continuous and discretized, linearized two-dimensional shallow water equations, in Cartesian coordinates. The phase and group speeds of the discrete equations, discretized using a three-point scheme of second order, five-point scheme of fourth order and a three-point compact scheme of fourth order in an Arakawa C grid, are calculated and compared with the corresponding values obtained for the continuous system. The three-point second-order scheme is found to be non-dispersive with grid resolutions greater than 30 grids per wavelength, while both the fourth-order schemes are non-dispersive with grid resolutions greater than six grids per wavelength. A von Neumann stability analysis of the two- and three-time-level temporal schemes showed that both schemes are stable. A wave deformation analysis of the two-time-level Crank–Nicolson scheme for one-dimensional and two-dimensional systems of shallow water equations shows that the scheme is non- dispersive, independent of the Courant number and grid resolution used. The phase error or the dispersion of the scheme decreases with a decrease in the time step or an increase in grid resolution. 相似文献
16.
New Eulerian-Lagrangian Method for Salinity Calculation 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A difference scheme in curvilinear coordinates is put forward for calculation of salinity in estuaries and coastal waters, which is based on Eulerian-Lagrangian method. It combines first-order and second-order Lagrangian interpolation to reduce numerical dispersion and oscillation. And the length of the curvilinear grid is also considered in the interpolation. Then the scheme is used in estuary, coast and ocean model, and several numerical experiments for the Yangtze Estuary and the Hangzhou Bay are conducted to test it. These experiments show that it is suitable for simulations of salinity in estuaries and coastal waters with the models using curvilinear coordinates. 相似文献
17.
基于挪威南森环境遥感中心改进的NERSC-HYCOM 模式, 利用单向嵌套技术与欧洲中心提供的2008 年ERA-I 高分辨率强迫场针对东中国海及其邻近海区进行了不同垂向坐标配置的四个敏感性试验。通过分析东中国海区域的温度、盐度, 流速的分布和变化, 探讨了HYCOM 模式中不同垂向坐标设置对东中国海近岸区域的影响以及黑潮流速及路径对不同坐标设置的响应, 期望对HYCOM 模式更深入的研究提供参考。结果表明: (1)在东中国海区上层并不适于采用等密度坐标方案, 也就是说应该采用z坐标或σ坐标用以表征此处混合层的季节性变化特征; (2)针对东海大陆架区给出了10 个位置上的模式与浮标观测资料的温、盐平均误差(ME)、均方根差(RMS)及相关系数(R)指标, 发现对于不同区域, 每种试验的适用性都不同; (3)使用高频资料时, 模拟的流速普遍偏高, 东海黑潮冬夏路径的异同指出了σ-z-iso 与z-iso 试验模拟效果较好, 但模拟的日本岛南岸的弯曲流场位置偏南; 而z-only 试验模拟的日本岛以南的黑潮路径是有所改观的, z坐标的分辨率对表层的黑潮路径影响很大; σ-only 试验模拟的整个黑潮路径的效果最差。 相似文献
18.
Much has been written of the error in computing the baroclinic pressure gradient (BPG) with sigma coordinates in ocean or atmos- pheric numerical models. The usual way to reduce the error is to subtract area-averaged density stratification of the whole computa- tion region. But if there is great difference between the area-averaged and the local averaged density stratification, the error will be obvious. An example is given to show that the error from this method may be larger than that from no correction sometimes. The definition of local area is put forward. Then, four improved BPG difference schemes of subtracting the local averaged density strat- ification are designed to reduce the error. Two of them are for diagnostic calculation (density field is fixed), and the others are for prognostic calculation (density field is not fixed). The results show that the errors from these schemes all significantly decrease. 相似文献
19.
确定网络节点位置是互联网中一种重要的应用服务。目前主流的确定网络节点位置的系统都不易获取且不具有实时性,给出的节点位置不够准确。提出1种基于网络坐标的节点地理位置预测系统,利用少数地标节点的位置信息,并结合相应的网络坐标,对网络当中任意节点的地理位置进行实时地预测。通过在Internet网络当中开展实验,进一步验证了该系统的可行性和准确性。结果表明,在实验开展的范围内,系统能够准确的预测节点的地理位置。 相似文献
20.
Fengyan Shi Robert A. Dalrymple James T. Kirby Qin Chen Andrew Kennedy 《Coastal Engineering》2001,42(4):258
Based on the fully nonlinear Boussinesq equations in Cartesian coordinates, the equations in generalized coordinates are derived to adapt computations to irregularly shaped shorelines, such as harbors, bays and tidal inlets, and to make computations more efficient in large near-shore regions. Contravariant components of velocity vectors are employed in the derivation instead of the normal components in curvilinear coordinates or original components in Cartesian coordinates, which greatly simplifies the equations in generalized curvilinear coordinates. A high-order finite difference scheme with staggered grids in the image domain is adopted in the numerical model. The model is applied to five examples involving curvilinear coordinate systems. The results of these cases are in good agreement with analytical results, experimental data, and the results from the uniform grid model, which shows that the model has good accuracy and efficiency in dealing with the computations of nonlinear surface gravity waves in domains with complicated geometries. 相似文献