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1.
光照强度对孔石莼生长和藻体化学组成的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究了光照强度2 500～20 000 lx对孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)生长和藻体生化组成的影响。研究结果表明,光照强度对孔石莼的生长率具有明显的影响(P0.05),孔石莼在光照强度为12 500 lx时有最大的生物量积累。光照强度低于12 500 lx时,孔石莼的生长率有随着光照强度的降低而减小的趋势;光照强度高于12 500 lx时,孔石莼的生长率随着光照强度的升高而降低(P0.05)。不同光照强度对孔石莼的叶绿素、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸的含量具有明显的影响(P0.05)。随着光照强度的增加,孔石莼的叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量逐渐变小;低光照条件也促进了孔石莼蛋白质的积累;当光照强度超过17 500 lx时,游离脯氨酸的含量明显增加。光照强度对孔石莼化学组成也具有明显的影响(P0.05)。随着光照强度的升高,藻体的N元素含量有所升高,但光强达到17 500 lx后,随着光强的增加,N元素含量反而降低;C元素的含量在光照强度达到17 500 lx后,含量也明显升高;H元素的含量在光照强度2 500~20 000 lx范围内,具有随着光照强度增加而增加的趋势。 相似文献
2.
Small macro‐benthic invertebrates influence the survival,growth and behaviour of juvenile green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in the laboratory 
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下载免费PDF全文 Recent settlers of many marine benthic invertebrates are cryptic, which exposes them to a suite of animals that differs from those they may experience as adults, potentially resulting in interactions causing mortality and/or reducing growth. Previous field experiments have indicated that such is the case with small juvenile green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis but which taxa are responsible for the mortality and reduced growth was not determined. A laboratory study was conducted to examine the effects of small macro‐benthic invertebrates, specifically chitons, scaleworms and larger juvenile conspecifics, as well as the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms, on the mortality, growth and behaviour of small (<3 mm) juvenile sea urchins. The likelihood of survival of small juvenile sea urchins was lower in the presence of larger juvenile sea urchins or with the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms than in the absence of animals. The small juvenile sea urchins survived and grew the best when they were with chitons and scaleworms. The behaviour of small sea urchins with the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms was more cryptic than the behaviour of urchins with scaleworms. This study indicates that interactions with the suite of small organisms living amongst cobbles can affect survival, growth and behaviour of small juvenile sea urchins, and that larger juvenile sea urchins can be a source of mortality for smaller conspecifics. 相似文献
3.
Fitness‐related consequences shed light on the mechanisms of covering and sheltering behaviors in the sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 We know of no comparative assessment on the benefits and costs of long‐term covering and sheltering behaviors in sea urchins. The present study investigated the long‐term effects of conditions suitable for sheltering and covering behaviors on fitness‐related traits of sea urchins Glyptocidaris crenularis. In general, conditions suitable for covering and sheltering behaviors significantly affected the fitness‐related traits of G. crenularis in a long‐term laboratory study of 31 months. Glyptocidaris crenularis kept in conditions suitable for sheltering behavior (bricks with openings) showed significantly lower test size, body weight, organ (test, lantern, gonad and gut) weights, gonad index and slower gonad development than those kept in conditions suitable for covering behavior (presence of shells) and the control conditions (without conditions for covering and sheltering). However, the index of maximum pressure resistance of the test was significantly higher in G. crenularis kept in the sheltering conditions than those in the covering and control conditions. The present study provides new insight into the mechanisms of covering and sheltering behaviors and has implications for the conservation and aquaculture of sea urchins. 相似文献
4.
采用控制光照强度的方法,研究了不同光照强度对白色霞水母无性繁殖的影响。结果表明,400lx组螅状体的相对增长率、特定生长率和螅状体足囊、囊胞繁殖率均显著高于其它各试验组(P<0.05),呈现出400lx>800lx>1200lx>0lx的趋势。在设定的光照强度范围内,螅状体足囊、囊胞繁殖出现的时间随光照强度的减少而延迟。800lx组的足囊萌发率最高,但各试验组足囊萌发率之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。试验期间始终是400lx组螅状体的横裂率最高,试验结束时,0lx组螅状体的横裂率最低。试验结果说明,适当的光照度对白色霞水母螅状体生长、螅状体足囊、囊胞繁殖和横裂生殖均有促进作用,强光条件或完全无光照条件不适宜白色霞水母螅状体的生长并可使横裂生殖延迟或受到抑制。 相似文献
5.
为了解不同环境因素对水库内直链藻(Melosira)垂向分布的影响程度, 作者利用自制沉降柱实验模拟不同光照、水动力以及降雨条件对水中直链藻垂向分布的影响。通过单因素方差分析实验数据表明光照和降雨条件的改变对上浮区内直链藻的垂向分布具有显著影响, 底部出流流量的改变对下沉区内直链藻的垂向分布具有显著影响。随着水深的增加, 光照和降雨对水中直链藻垂向分布的影响减弱而水动力则对其影响增强。同时还验证了直链藻具有较强的趋光性, 宜在低光强环境内生长, 模拟测得其最适光强在3 000 lx 左右; 降雨对水中直链藻的垂向分布起到抑制作用, 降雨强度越大水中直链藻就越偏离水体表面; 在底部出流流量影响范围内, 随着出流流量的增大水中直链藻就越向水动力改变处聚集且稳定时间越短。 相似文献
6.
J. Aguzzi J. Sanchez-Pardo J.A. García F. Sard 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(10):1894-1905
Few studies have been conducted to quantify and understand the role of melatonin in invertebrates, and particularly in crustaceans and in deep-sea animals. In this study, we examined day–night differences in haemolymph melatonin of the burrowing decapod crustacean Nephrops norvegicus (L.) during exposure to cycles of monochromatic blue light (480 nm) and darkness cycles of 10 and 0.1 lx. These differential intensity conditions simulate illumination at the depth of the shelf (80–100 m) and of the slope (300–400 m), where these lobster populations are chiefly found in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Our objectives were: (a) to verify the presence of melatonin in the haemolymph of this species using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and fluorescence HPLC (HPLC); and (b) to study the relationship between diel variations in melatonin concentration and locomotor rhythms, in order to examine whether the former influences behaviour. Melatonin was identified in LC–MS/MS by Q1 and Q3 mass peaks at an elution time of 3.7 min, and it was also detected by HPLC. Melatonin concentration was found to be two orders of magnitude higher at 10 lx (4.8±5.3 ng ml−1) than at 0.1 lx (0.06±0.03 ng ml−1). Also, the increase at daytime in 10 lx was absent in 0.1 lx. When the locomotor rhythm of animals exposed to both photoperiod regimes was compared, the diel periodicity was found to be preserved, but the timing of activity shifted from night to day. Extrapolating these data to the field, we interpret our results to mean that locomotor activity preserves its diel character, but not its phase and amplitude, in a bathymetric range where haemolymph melatonin reduces its concentration and rhythmic fluctuation. 相似文献
7.
以蓝色、棕黄色和绿色三种不同外套膜颜色的番红砗磲(Tridacna crocea)为实验对象,设置5000 lx、10000 lx和15000 lx三组光照强度,探究了番红砗磲外套膜颜色变化与光照强度的相关性。结果表明:(1)在不同光照强度下,蓝色个体外套膜颜色加深,棕黄色个体颜色变化不大,而绿色个体外套膜颜色变浅。(2)蓝色个体在光照刺激2周后外套膜颜色即出现显著变化,0~2周色差为13.81~21.59;在不同光照强度刺激下,棕黄色和绿色个体的外套膜颜色的色差随时间延长而逐渐增强,4~6周外套膜颜色色差最大。(3)番红砗磲原外套膜颜色类别对其外套膜颜色红绿特征数值(a)和黄蓝特征数值(b)影响显著(P<0.05);光照强度对番红砗磲外套膜颜色黄蓝特征数值(b)影响显著(P<0.05);光照强度和番红砗磲原外套膜颜色类别的交互作用对红绿特征数值(a)的影响显著。上述结果可为定向培育外套膜颜色鲜艳的番红砗磲以及解析砗磲环境适应机制提供参考。 相似文献
8.
Habitat modification in tidepools by bioeroding sea urchins and implications for fine‐scale community structure 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 By creating novel habitats, habitat‐modifying species can alter patterns of diversity and abundance in marine communities. Many sea urchins are important habitat modifiers in tropical and temperate systems. By eroding rocky substrata, urchins can create a mosaic of urchin‐sized cavities or pits separated by exposed, often flat surfaces. These microhabitats appear to harbor distinct assemblages of species. We investigated how a temperate rocky intertidal community uses three small‐scale (<100 cm2) microhabitats created by or adjacent to populations of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus): pits occupied by urchins, unoccupied pits, and adjacent flat spaces. In tidepools, flat spaces harbored the highest percent cover of algae and sessile fauna, followed by empty pits and then occupied pits. The Shannon diversity and richness of these sessile taxa were significantly higher in flat spaces and empty pits than in occupied pits. The composition of these primary space holders in the microhabitats also varied. Unlike primary space holders, mobile fauna exhibited higher diversity and richness in empty pits than in flat spaces and occupied pits, although results were not significant. The protective empty pit microhabitat harbored the highest densities of most trophic functional groups. Herbivores, however, were densest in flat spaces, concordant with high algal coverage. These results suggest the habitats created by S. purpuratus in addition to its biological activities alter community structure at spatial scales finer than those typically considered for sea urchins. 相似文献
9.
Cruz Palacín Gonzalo Giribet Susanna Carner Luis Dantart Xavier Turon 《Journal of Sea Research》1998,39(3-4)
Numerous studies of interactions between urchins and algae in temperate areas have shown an important structuring effect of sea urchin populations. These studies focused almost wholly on the effect of high urchin densities on laminarian forests. In contrast, algal communities below 5–6 m depth in the northwestern Mediterranean are characterised by low sea urchin densities (<5 ind m−2) and the absence of laminarian forests. No previous research has addressed sea urchin/algal interactions in this type of community. To determine the effect of the most abundant echinoid species, Paracentrotus lividus, on well-established algal communities in this area, we performed a removal–reintroduction experiment in rocky patches located between 13 and 16 m depth in the northwestern Mediterranean, where sea urchin densities ranged between 0.9 and 3.4 ind m−2. After 6 months, the cover of non-crustose algae was significantly higher in the plots from which sea urchins had been removed than in control plots (84 vs 67% cover). These removal plots reverted to their original state upon reintroduction of sea urchins. The non-crustose algae consisted of turfing and frondose forms, with the former representing some 70% of the non-crustose algal cover. Change in the cover of turfing algae was responsible for the significant increase in algal development in the sea urchin removal plots. The response of frondose algae to the treatment varied between algal species. It is concluded that grazing by P. lividus exerts a significant effect on habitat structure, even in communities with low sea urchin densities, such as those found in vast areas of the Mediterranean sublittoral. 相似文献
10.
Juan José Alvarado Jorge Cortés Hector Guzman Héctor Reyes‐Bonilla 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(5):1088-1102
Bioerosion is a natural process in coral reefs. It is fundamental to the health of these ecosystems. In the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) coral reefs, the most important bioeroders are sponges, bivalves, sea urchins and the fish Arothron meleagris. In the 1980s, El Niño caused high coral mortality and an increase in macroalgal growth. As a result, greater sea urchin bioerosion occurred. This weakened the reef framework. Considering the high vulnerability of the ETP coral reefs, the goal of this study was to determine the current bioerosion impact of the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum along the western coasts of Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panamá. The balance between coral bioaccretion and sea urchin bioerosion was also calculated. Between 2009 and 2010, in 12 coral reefs localities, D. mexicanum density, bottom cover and rugosity were quantified along band transects. The daily bioerosion rate was obtained from the amount of carbonates evacuated by sea urchins per unit time. The rate of coral accretion was calculated by multiplying the coral growth rate of the dominant genus by the density of their skeleton and by their specific coral cover. The localities were dissimilar (R = 0.765, P < 0.001) in terms of live coral cover, crustose calcareous algae, turf cover, rugosity index, and density and size of D. mexicanum. At all sites, with the exception of Bahía Culebra (Costa Rica), coral bioerosion was less than coral bioaccretion. Diadema mexicanum plays a dominant role in the balance of carbonates in the ETP, but this depends on reef condition (protection, overfishing, eutrophication) and so the impacts can be either positive or negative. 相似文献
11.
Ocean temperatures are rising throughout the world, making it necessary to evaluate the impact of these temperature changes on sea urchins, which are well-known bioindicators. This study evaluated the effect of an increase in temperature on the immune response of the subtidal Lytechinus variegatus and the intertidal Echinometra lucunter sea urchins. Both species were exposed to 20 (control), 25 and 30 °C temperatures for 24 h, 2, 7 and 14 days. Counting of coelomocytes and assays on the phagocytic response, adhesion and spreading of coelomocytes were performed. Red and colorless sphere cells were considered biomarkers for heat stress. Moreover, a significant decrease in the phagocytic indices and a decrease in both cell adhesion and cell spreading were observed at 25 and 30 °C for L. variegatus. For E. lucunter, the only alteration observed was for the cell proportions. This report shows how different species of sea urchins respond immunologically to rising temperatures. 相似文献
12.
The effect of harvesting on the diversity and structure of benthic assemblages is nowadays a relevant component of fishery management. Invertebrate harvesting is increasing worldwide and sea urchins are one of the main invertebrate target species. However, current knowledge about the effects of sea urchin harvesting on benthic assemblages is still poor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamark, 1816) harvesting on tide pool assemblages from intertidal rocky shores. To achieve this objective, a field removal experiment was done for 10 months. Results of univariate and multivariate analyses showed that P. lividus harvesting had a significant effect on the number of taxa and structure of the benthic assemblage. Assemblages from pools where P. lividus were removed showed significant differences against controls; namely, where P. lividus were eliminated, pools showed higher number of taxa than control pools. This result contrasts with previous studies assessing effects of invertebrate harvesting that generally have found a biodiversity reduction in the exploited habitat. Despite this apparently positive effect of P. lividus harvesting, we should be cautious because effects of P. lividus harvesting on higher trophic levels or during long periods of time remain unexplored. 相似文献
13.
Bathymetric segregation of sea urchins on reefs of the Canarian Archipelago: Role of flow-induced forces 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
F. Tuya J. Cisneros-Aguirre L. Ortega-Borges R.J. Haroun 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,73(3-4):481-488
We examined whether adults of three species of sea urchins species (Diadema antillarum, Arbacia lixula, and Paracentrotus lividus) exhibit a consistent depth-dependent partitioning pattern on rocky reefs of the Canarian Archipelago (eastern Atlantic). Hydrodynamic experiments were carried out to quantify the resistance to flow-induced dislodgement in these three species. We tested the model that different morphology can result in habitat partitioning among these sea urchins. Abundances of D. antillarum increased with depth. In contrast, A. lixula and P. lividus showed the opposite zonation pattern, coexisting in high abundances in the shallowest depths (<5 m), and occurring in low densities in the deepest part of reefs (>7 m). Both A. lixula and P. lividus had greater adhesion-surface to body-height ratios than D. antillarum. Similarly, A. lixula and P. lividus showed a greater ability to resist flow-induced dislodgement compared with D. antillarum. The mean “velocity of dislodgement” was 300% and 50% greater for A. lixula and P. lividus, respectively, relative to D. antillarum, for any particular size. As a result, A. lixula and P. lividus are better fitted to life in high-flow environments than D. antillarum. We conclude that the risk of dislodgement by water motion likely play a relevant role in the vertical distribution patterns of these sea urchins in the eastern Atlantic. 相似文献
14.
海洋亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)在光照生长后,经过暗培养诱导其可逆产氢酶,然后转移到光照下可产生氢气。在300 mL产氢反应器中对海洋亚心形扁藻产氢情况的考察表明,不同的光强条件可导致扁藻产生不同的生长曲线,而在不同的培养阶段,扁藻的产氢能力也有很大的差别。其他培养条件相同,高光照强度(E=13000 lx)条件下,扁藻生长较快,而且可以获得更大的产氢能力,300 mL密度为3×106个/mL、叶绿素质量浓度为5.8 mg/L的藻液最大产氢浓度可达17.5%,比低光照强度(E=5000 lx)时提高了32%,叶绿素含量降低了61%。根据产氢前后以及暗诱导后扁藻生理状态的考察结果,可以推测出是不同生长阶段扁藻的生理状态差异导致了其产氢能力的变化。 相似文献
15.
Persistent alternate abundance states in the coral reef sea urchin Diadema savignyi: evidence of alternate attractors 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Xueying Han 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(6):1179-1189
Alternate attractors have been shown to exist in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic systems, e.g. temperate forests, savannas, shallow lakes, wetlands, coral reefs, kelp forests. The shift from one attractor to another, also referred to as a regime shift, is thought to occur when a system passes some critical threshold such that the trajectory of the system changes direction. Alternate attractors in population dynamics can also exist, leading to alternate stable states in the population abundance of a species. This study explored alternate attractors in the population dynamics of the Indo‐Pacific sea urchin Diadema savignyi and the potential underlying mechanisms that promote its bi‐stability. In Moorea, French Polynesia, the local abundance of D. savignyi, a functionally important herbivore in lagoon habitats, occurs in two states: (i) solitary individuals that occupy crevices in low densities and (ii) aggregations of tens to hundreds of individuals. These different states are temporally stable and are not explained by spatial differences in recruitment rates of juveniles. A field experiment revealed that the per capita mortality rate of adult D. savignyi was substantially lower at sites where urchins occurred in aggregations compared with sites at which they were solitary individuals. An additional experiment showed that per capita mortality decreased with increasing aggregation size. Individuals in high‐density aggregations, however, had significantly smaller test diameters than solitary individuals, indicating that individuals in aggregations may be food limited. Collectively, the evidence suggests that the two different local abundance states of D. savignyi result from negative feedback loops where high local density can be maintained by aggregative behavior that greatly reduces per capita risk of predation when the local number of adult sea urchins is sufficiently large; sites with few sea urchins remain at low density because individuals are more susceptible to predation when crevices are occupied but there are not enough individuals to form large aggregations. Thus, there may be alternate attractors in the population dynamics of D. savignyi that can produce either persistently low or high local population densities. 相似文献
16.
17.
Suhas S. Shetye Hema Naik Siby Kurian Damodar Shenoy Nandakumar Kuniyil Michelle Fernandes Afreen Hussain 《Marine Ecology》2020,41(5):e12614
The increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration in the last few decades has resulted in a decrease in oceanic pH. In this study, we assessed the natural variability of pH in coastal waters off Goa, eastern Arabian Sea. pHT showed large variability (7.6–8.1) with low pH conditions during south-west monsoon (SWM), and the variability is found to be associated with upwelling rather than freshwater runoff. Considering that marine biota inhabiting dynamic coastal waters off Goa are exposed to such wide range of natural fluctuations of pH, an acidification experiment was carried out. We studied the impact of low pH on the local population of sea urchin Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816). Sea urchins were exposed for 210 days to three treatments of pHT: 7.96, 7.76 and 7.46. Our results showed that S. variolaris at pHT 7.96 and 7.76 were not affected, whereas the ones at pHT 7.46 showed adverse effects after 120 days and 50% mortality by 210 days. However, even after exposure to low pH for 210 days, 50% organisms survived. Under low pH conditions (pHT 7.46), the elemental composition of sea urchin spines exhibited deposition of excess Sr2+ as compared to Mg2+ ions. We conclude that although the sea urchins would be affected in future high CO2 waters, at present they are not at risk even during the south-west monsoon when low pH waters reside on the shelf. 相似文献
18.
The aim was to determine the effects of alien algae feeding on biomarkers of oxidative stress in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Sea urchins were fed during three months with the native seagrass Posidonia oceanica, and the alien macroalgae Caulerpa racemosa and Lophocladia lallemandii and biochemical analysis were performed in the gonads. A control group was immediately processed after sampling from the sea. Antioxidant enzyme and glutathione S-transferase activities and GSH concentration were significantly higher in sea urchins fed with alien algae when compared with the control group and the one fed with P. oceanica group. This response was more intense in the group fed with L. lallemandii respect to the C. racemosa group. The concentration of MDA, protein carbonyl derivates and 8-OHdG reported no significant differences between treatments. In conclusion, the invasive algae C. racemosa and L. lallemandii induced an antioxidant response in P. lividus without evident oxidative damage. 相似文献
19.
M. M. Walker 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):393-397
Development, settlement, and subsequent metamorphosis on several substrata were observed in cultures of Evechinus chloroticus larvae. The period from fertilisation to metamorphosis ranged between 30 and 63 days for larvae collected from spawnings induced at 3 different times. Newly settled sea urchins collected from the field grew about 1 mm per month in aquaria. Correlation of the larval life span with the growth rate of newly settled sea urchins suggested that the earliest spawning could occur was mid‐November. This finding corroborates the results of previous histo‐logical studies of the gonads of adult sea urchins in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. 相似文献
20.
Abstract. The population densities, spatial distributions, size frequencies, growth rates, longevity and reproductive activities of sub‐populations of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus were investigated over a two‐year period. Sea urchins were examined in three habitats in Saint Joseph Bay, Florida, which is within the northern limits of their distribution. Densities of sea urchins, which ranged as high as 35 individuals ·?2, fluctuated seasonally at all sites and were higher in seagrass beds comprised of Thalassia testudinum than Syringodium filiforme or on a sand flat. A cold front caused large‐scale, catastrophic mortality among adult, and especially juvenile, sea urchins in nearshore habitats of the Bay in the spring of 1993, leading to a dramatic decline in sea urchin densities at the Thalassia seagrass site. The population recovered over 6 months at this site and was attributable to immigration of new adults. Juvenile recruitment displayed both interannual and site‐specific variability, with recruitment being highest in seagrass habitats in fall and spring. The most pronounced recruitment event occurred in fall 1993 at the Thalassia site. Spatial distributions of adult individuals ascertained monthly never varied from random in the seagrass beds (T. testudinum and S. filiforme) or during spring, summer or fall months on the sand flat. Nonetheless, aggregations of adult sea urchins were observed on the sand flat in the winter months and were associated with patchy distributions of plant food resources. Juvenile sea urchins (< 25 mm test diameter) exhibited aggregations at all sites and 67 % of all juveniles under 10 mm test diameter (91 of 165 individuals observed) were found under the spine canopies of adults. Measurements of the inducibility of spawning indicated peak gametic maturity in all three sub‐populations in spring and summer. Gonad indices varied between habitats and years, but distinct maxima were detected, particularly in spring 1993 and late summer 1994. The mean gonad index of individuals at the Syringodium seagrass site was 2‐ to 4‐fold higher than the other sites in spring 1993 and gonad indices were much higher at all sites in spring of 1993 than 1994. Estimates of growth based on changes in size frequency cohorts coupled with measurements of growth bands on lantern demipyramids indicated that L. variegatus in three habitats of Saint Joseph Bay have similar growth rates and attain a mean test diameter of approximately 35 mm in one year. In contrast to populations within the central biogeographical range of the species, which may attain test diameters up to 90 mm, the largest individuals recorded in Saint Joseph Bay were 60 mm in test diameter, and almost all individuals were no more than 45 mm in test diameter or two years of age. The demographics of L. variegatus in the northern limits of their distribution appear to be strongly influenced by latitudinally driven, low‐temperature events and secondarily by local abiotic factors, especially springtime low salinities, which may negatively impact larval development and recruitment. 相似文献