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1.
Water quality of a lowland stream in a New Zealand dairy farming catchment   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
A small stream in a predominantly dairying catchment in the Waikato region of New Zealand was monitored for 2 years at three sites. Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were up to 7.09 g m‐3 in winter, with the bulk comprising nitrate nitrogen (NO‐ 3‐N). During summer NO‐ 3‐N was near zero and TN mostly comprised organic nitrogen. Maximum concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) were 1.64 and 0.555 g m‐3, respectively, and peaks coincided with spring and autumn applications of phosphorus fertiliser. Ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations exceeded 1 g m‐3 on several occasions and mean concentrations at the three sites were 0.165–0.272 g m‐3. Faecal coliform and enterococci bacteria concentrations were 64–26000 and 7–23000 cfu per 100 ml, respectively. Specific yields of TN and NO‐ 3‐N (35.3 and 30.7 kg ha yr‐1, respectively) were much greater than any previously reported for New Zealand pasture catchments, whereas TP and DRP yields (1.16 and 0.54 kg ha yr‐1, respectively) were more in accord with other studies. Greater use of land treatment of liquid wastes will reduce stream inputs of faecal organisms, NH4‐N and P.  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT

There is concern about the deteriorating nutrient status of aquatic receiving environments in New Zealand. We estimated the amount by which current nitrogen (N) concentrations and loads exceed criteria in rivers, lakes and estuaries nationally. Criteria corresponded to national ‘bottom-line’ (i.e. minimal) environmental objectives set by government policy. Three metrics were evaluated: (1) degree of compliance describes the current TN loads in receiving environments relative to criteria; (2) catchment N status describes the acceptability of catchment N loads compared to criteria; and (3) excess load indicates the amount by which the N load exceeds the maximum allowable load (kg yr?1). Non-compliance with N criteria was broadly distributed nationally particularly in low-elevation catchments. Catchments with unacceptable N status constituted at least 31% of New Zealand’s land area, which corresponds to at least 43% of the country’s agricultural land. The national excess load was estimated to be at least 19.1 Gg yr?1. We are 97.5% confident that estimated excess loads exceed zero for nine of 15 regions and for the nation as a whole. The analyses provide a strategic assessment of where reductions in N emissions are required to achieve the minimal national objectives.  相似文献   

3.
Nutrient fluxes were measured between Fourleague Bay, a shallow Louisiana estuary, and the Gulf of Mexico every 3 h between February 1 and April 30, 1994 to determine how high velocity winds associated with cold fronts and peak Atchafalaya River discharge influenced transport. Net water fluxes were ebb-dominated throughout the study because of wind forcing and high volumes of water entering the northern Bay from the Atchafalaya River. Flushing time of the Bay averaged <8 days; however, more rapid flushing occurred in response to northerly winds with approximately 56% of the volume of the Bay exported to the Gulf in 1 day during the strongest flushing event. Higher nitrate+nitrite (NO2+NO3), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were indicative of Atchafalaya River input and fluxes were greater when influenced by high velocity northerly winds associated with frontal passage. Net exports of NO2+NO3, TN, and TP were 43.5, 98.5, and 13.6 g s−1, respectively, for the 89-day study. An average of 10.6 g s−1 of ammonium (NH4) was exported to the Gulf over the study; however, concentrations were lower when associated with riverine influence and wind-driven exports suggesting the importance of biological processes. Phosphate (PO4) fluxes were nearly balanced over the study with fairly stable concentrations indicating a well-buffered system. The results indicate that the high energy subsidy provided by natural pulsing events such as atmospheric cold fronts and seasonal river discharge are efficient mechanisms of nutrient delivery to adjacent wetlands and nearshore coastal ecosystems and are important in maintaining coastal sustainability.  相似文献   

4.
长江水体溶解态无机氮和磷现状及长期变化特点   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
于2006年2、5、8和11月对长江从攀枝花至河口和上游的两条支流雅砻江和嘉陵江的溶解态无机氮(NO-3-N、NO-2-N和NH+4-N)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)进行了取样调查,同时结合长江营养盐的历史数据,分析了长江水体中溶解态无机氮、磷的长期变化特点。结果表明,长江NO-3-N、NH+4-N、DIN(包括NO-3-N、NO-2-N和NH+4-N)和PO3-4-P浓度从上游到下游显示出增加趋势,但存在季节差异;NO2-N浓度总体较低,在长江中下游(武汉—南京)浓度较高。长江从上游到下游DIN通量的变化主要受径流量的影响,从上游到下游单位面积年产N量逐渐升高;PO3-4-P输送通量从上游往下游呈增加趋势,也主要受径流量控制,但从季节变化来讲,PO3-4-P的月输送通量受其浓度的控制更加明显。自20世纪60年代来,长江水体中NO3--N、NO2--N、DIN和PO3-4-P的浓度都处于缓慢上升趋势,但到80年代上升速度明显加快;不同阶段DIN和34PO-P的季节变化特点也不尽相同,反映了其来源的差异。目前,长江水体中溶解态无机氮、磷浓度与国内及国际河流相比处于中等水平。  相似文献   

5.
The photolysis of nitrate in seawater by sunlight has been re-examined using abiotic seawater and naturally occurring concentrations. Photochemical formation of nitrite from nitrate was observed. First-order nitrate photolysis rate coefficients calculated from nitrite appearance (corrected for concomitant nitrite photolysis) ranged from 0 to 2.3 yr?1, median 0.7 yr?1. The coefficients did not correlate well with water chemistry, but decreased with increasing light dose. A first-order rate coefficient of 0.4 yr?1 was calculated for the primary photochemical process NO3? + hυ = NO2? + O(3P) under sea surface equatorial insolation and cloudiness conditions. However, no significant nitrate concentration decreases could be detected, suggesting an upper limit for the net first-order nitrate loss rate coefficient of 0.3 yr?1. The data thus imply some conversion in the reverse sense: NO2? + hυ →→ NO3?.If our median rate estimate applies to surface oceanic conditions, nitrate photolysis proceeds at roughly 0.02–0.5% of the rate of N incorporation during primary production. It is thus not a significant NO3-N sink. Since such reactive species as oxygen atoms, nitrogen dioxide, and hydroxyl radicals are produced, the reaction may have significant consequences in seawater. However, nitrite photolysis is almost certainly a more significant process.The results show internal inconsistencies and our rates are markedly different from those calculated using data from other studies. Nitrate photolysis rates are theoretically concentration- and light dose-dependent. Whether these dependencies explain the apparent discrepancies is unclear, as methodological effects may also be involved. The system requires further study.  相似文献   

6.
The variability in water quality of urban runoff was assessed by comparing the concentration distributions and variations of various parameters over storm events in three catchments. The parameters chosen assessed nutrient, total oxygen demand, sediment, and toxic metal levels. Two catchments were located in Wairau Valley, Takapuna, Auckland. The smaller (1.49 km2), with residential/commercial landuse, formed part of the larger (11 km2) with predominantly residential/industrial/developing land. The third was a 1.14 km2 residential catchment in Hillcrest, Hamilton. The greatest dissimilarity occurred between the Hillcrest and the two Auckland catchments. Concentrations of suspended solids, total phosphorus, dissolved reactive phosphorus, Cr, Ni, and Zn were significantly higher in the Auckland catchments, whereas chemical oxygen demand, organic nitrogen, Pb, and volatile suspended solids were not significantly different from Hillcrest. NH4 + levels were higher in Hillcrest. Storm flows diluted NO3 ‐ concentrations in Hillcrest but increased NO3 ‐ concentrations in the Auckland catchments, resulting in comparable levels in all three catchments. It is proposed that most of the differences are attributable to higher specific flows and subsoil erosion in the Auckland catchments coupled with dissimilarities in soil concentrations and characteristics. The differences in the variation of NO3 ‐ concentrations were probably because of septic tank seepage in the Hillcrest catchment. The largest catchment differed from the two smaller catchments in having higher Cu and slightly lower TN and NO3 ‐ levels. All three catchments showed some similarities: Pb, Zn, and probably Cu and Cd were clearly enriched in the suspended sediment over background soil levels, and P, organic matter (COD, ON, VSS), Cr, and Ni were not enriched. It was concluded that geographical differences were more important in determining stormwater quality than urban infrastructure.  相似文献   

7.
为了阐释鱼、蚌生态混养的可行性,通过建立微型生态系统,探索不同养殖密度和处理时间的背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对池塘底泥释放营养盐的净化效果。结果表明:背角无齿蚌对pH、DO和总固溶物的影响总体不明显,但能够显著降低浊度和Chl-a含量(P0.05),最大去除率分别为79.2%和83.4%;背角无齿蚌对营养盐的净化效果受到处理时间、养殖密度的显著影响(P0.05);TN、NO_3~–-N和NO_2~–-N呈现升高的趋势,而能够显著降低NH_4~+-N、TP和PO_4~(3–)的含量(P0.05),最大去除率分别为90.9%、55.6%和52.9%。响应面优化分析显示蚌养殖密度和处理时间的配比分别为27个/m~3和22.63 d、25个/m~3和23.69 d时,对TP和PO_4~(3–)的去除率可进一步提升至68.9%和58.1%。本研究表明背角无齿蚌有潜力用于养殖池塘底泥富营养化的防控。  相似文献   

8.
The seasonal and interannual changes in surface nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) were recorded in the North Pacific (30–54°N) from 1995 to 2001. This study focuses on the region north of the subarctic boundary (∼40°N) where there was extensive monthly coverage of surface properties. The nutrient cycles showed large interannual variations in the eastern and western subarctic gyres. In the Alaska Gyre the seasonal depletion of nitrate (ΔNO3) increased from 8–14 μmol kg−1 in 1995–1999 to 21.5 μmol kg−1 in 2000. In the western subarctic the shifts were similar in amplitude but more frequent. The large ΔNO3 levels were associated with high silicate depletions, indicating enhanced diatom production. The seasonal DIC:NO3 drawdown ratios were elevated in the eastern and central subarctic due to calcification. In the western subarctic and the central Bering Sea calcification was significant only during 1997 and/or 1998, two El Ni?o years. Regional C/N stoichiometric molar ratios of 5.7 to 7.0 (>40°N) were determined based on the years with negligible or no calcification. The annual new production (NPa) based on ΔNO3 and these C/N ratios showed large interannual variations. NPa was usually higher in the western than in the eastern subarctic. However, values of 84 gC m−2yr−1 were found in the Alaska Gyre in 2000 which is similar to that in the most productive provinces of the northern North Pacific. There were also large increases in NPa around the Alaska Peninsula in 1997 and 1998. Finally, the net removal of carbon by the biological pump was estimated as 0.72 Gt C yr−1 in the North Pacific (>30°N). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

9.
养殖水体水质的优劣直接影响养殖对象的成长,准确、快速、全面地掌控养殖水环境的水质参数变化情况具有重要意义。传统的水质指标监测方法都通过人工采样的方式,不仅耗费时间长,且只能体现局部水体情况。针对这些问题,提出了一种乌鸦搜索算法(CSA)结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)的高光谱特征波段筛选方法,快速构建回归模型,实现光谱数据的精准预测反演。以连片的养殖小区为研究对象,采集养殖水体样本并拍摄同时期的高光谱影像数据。首先对提取的采样点光谱数据利用多种数据变换方法分别预处理;其次利用这些数据,对水质指标总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)和化学需氧量(COD)分别构建全波段的SVR和AdaBoost回归模型,同时与提出的CSA-PLS自动筛选波段方法和传统的连续投影算法(SPA)筛选波段后构建的模型进行比较分析;最后根据决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(REMS)选出适合各水质指标的最优模型。从实验结果可以看出,所提波段筛选方法的AdaBoost模型预测结果优于SVR和传统SPA方法提取特征波段后构建的模型,与全波段最优模...  相似文献   

10.
A sampling and computational approach for estimating nutrient fluxes from a salt marsh ecosystem is presented. Extensive and intensive sampling of tidal velocities, water depths, and nutrient concentrations was made synoptically across three tidal creeks, connecting a 34 km2 South Carolina salt marsh with surrounding coastal waters. An estimate of nutrient exchange over each sampling period is based on measurements over four tidal cycles during a neap and spring tidal regime. The computation of instantaneous fluxes of NO3?NO2?, NH4+, and o-PO24? was based on the cross-multiplication of concentration, velocity, and integrated over the cross-sectional area of each tidal creek. The net flux of nutrients was estimated using a least-squares regression model which included periodic functions simulating tidal and diurnal cycles. This computational approach allows for a rigorous test of the statistical significance of the measured nutrient fluxes and a basis on which interpretations of the ecological significance of the exchange can be made.Tidal patterns in inorganic nutrient concentrations and the corresponding exchanges are presented for a spring time sampling. Nitrate-nitrite was exported consistently from the marsh to the coastal ocean with a mean value of 8.0 kg per tidal cycle for the neap sampling set and 15.6 kg per tidal cycle for the spring set. This corresponded to high concentrations of nitrate-nitrite (0.6 μM) on the ebb tide with low concentrations (0.1 μM) on the flood tide. Ammonia flux was variable and did not portray a consistent tidal concentration pattern. Concentrations ranged from 1 to 6 μM. Ammonia flux was exported to the coastal ocean only during the spring tidal set with a mean value of 114 kg per tidal cycle. Ortho-phosphate was also exported only on the spring tidal set with a mean flux of 40.0 kg per tidal cycle. A tidal concentration pattern of high concentrations (0.6 μM) on the ebb tide and low concentrations (0.05 μM) on the flood was consistent for ortho-phosphate during both neap and spring tidal sets.  相似文献   

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