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1.
The Sea Prince accident was the first VLCC accident in Korea and a shock to the general public and government. Before the accident, any oil-spill management plan, such as National contingency plan (NCP) and regional contingency plans (RCPs), was not available and the resources for oil spills were lacking for the Sea Prince accident. About 5000 tons of oil spilled, polluting large areas of southern coastal waters, damaging the fisheries, including aquaculture. After the Sea Prince accident, Korea's government established various alternatives for dealing with oil spills, such as the NCP, RCPs, Typhoon Refuge Management Plan, and resources for oil-spill response. However, port safety management in emergency situations such as typhoons has not been solved. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2015
The international compensation regime for tanker oil pollution has been successful in providing adequate and prompt compensation to pollution victims in its member states. Nevertheless, the attitudes of different countries toward acceptance of this regime have varied considerably. This paper aims to explain three main factors in the acceptance of the regime, including: (1) The level of economic development; (2) the risk of exposure to tanker oil spills; and (3) the financial burden associated with adherence to the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC). Using both fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis and an Ordered Probit model, this study found two patterns causing upper-middle and high income countries to have a high acceptance level: (a) Those facing a medium risk of oil spills and having a low financial burden; and (b) those facing a high risk of oil spills. The study reveals that, for a country with a high risk of exposure to tanker oil spills, such as China, with its improvement in economic status it is far better for it to join the IOPC Fund, so as to provide better protection both for potential pollution victims and for the marine environment. The results of this study can also be applied to other countries that are considering whether or not to accept the international compensation regime for tanker oil pollution. 相似文献
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NOAA的GNOME溢油模型在湄洲湾的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在湄洲湾试用GNOME溢油模型模拟溢油扩散．先用EFDC建立潮流场,并选用主导风形成常风场,一并输入GNOME建立起溢油模型,模拟涨、落潮过程叠加不同风况下敏感海域的溢油扩散．模拟结果：初始溢油量为100t,扩散到第6小时,8种不同条件下挥发油量都为7．7t,附岸和漂浮油量和为92．3t,其中漂浮油量为6．4～92．0t,相应附岸油量为85．9～0．3t;溢油扩散最大范围为1．3～30．0km。,90％置信区间为2．0～56．0km。,最大距离为1．2～14．6km;与前人模拟溢油扩散结果相比基本一致．经分析,溢油扩散主要受3个方面影响：（1）岸线走向：当岸线靠近油膜漂移的路线时,大量油膜附着在岸上,扩散范围较小;（2）风况与流场关系：如果两者方向一致,油膜会扩散较远;（3）风区长度：风区越长,油膜扩散范围越大．总之,建立GNOME溢油模型较好地模拟了溢油扩散趋势,对溢油应急响应具有参考作用． 相似文献
4.
《Marine Policy》2017
Cooperation is one of the cornerstones of the international fisheries regime. It requires States to work together for the conservation and management of the fisheries resources. This applies even stronger with respect to shared fisheries resources. However, negotiating a cooperative solution is not always easily achievable for the parties involved and the international regime does not provide for consequences in such cases. Faced with such a problem and seeking a new solution to it, the EU adopted Regulation 1026/2012, equipping itself with a framework for adopting measures against third countries. This innovative solution challenges certain aspects of the international duty to cooperate and its negotiations aspect. The EU's innovation has so far failed because it lacks clear international support and basis in the international regime. This failure exemplifies one of the limits of unilateralism for generating developments in international fisheries law. 相似文献
5.
《Marine Policy》2013
The risks of oil pollution in the Barents Sea have grown substantially in recent years, triggered by ongoing and projected petroleum developments and increased oil transportation. This study examines the bilateral oil-spill response (OSR) regime established by Norway and Russia to provide mutual assistance in combating accidents caused by oil pollution. The article examines the structure and functioning of the regime, discussing its effectiveness analytically in terms of regime outputs, outcomes, and impacts, and the interplay between the political and profession-based aspects of the regime. This Norwegian-Russian OSR cooperation in the Barents Sea has developed into an effective bilateral regime. The general framework for cooperation, the roles and functions of the cooperating parties, and the operative coordination procedures in an emergency situation have been established through a set of formal institutional procedures. These procedures have been followed up by the parties and practiced regularly through bilateral and multilateral training exercises. Although the regime has not had to be activated, the results of the exercises and interview data indicate mutual satisfaction with the practical aspects of the cooperation and shared confidence in successful joint OSR operation. This article further explains the evolution of this effectiveness through analysis of the political and profession-based constituents of the regime. The limited political dynamic of the regime has ensured stability as well as facilitating the development of professional relations between representatives of the agencies dealing with operational issues. Therefore, the effectiveness of the Norwegian–Russian OSR regime has been a function of both political stability and professional-level achievements contingent on developments in the political processes. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2017
The enforcement of institutional rules requires the judicial system to perform well. In the case of oil spills, courts are key actors in determining the allocation of liabilities according to international and national norms. In 2002, the Prestige oil spill led to a major environmental disaster on the coasts of Spain, France and Portugal. The limitations of liability provided by the International Regime of Civil Liability and Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage have prevented the polluters from fully compensating injured parties for the damage the spill produced. In 2013, the Spanish Provincial Court of A Coruña condemned the captain of the tanker for disobedience, but no environmental crime was found; therefore, no further civil liabilities were incurred. Nevertheless, in 2016, the Spanish Supreme Court overruled the ruling of the provincial court and proclaimed the existence of an environmental crime. This judicial rectification changed the allocation of liabilities, extended the application of the polluter-pays principle, and opened a different stage for estimating and covering the costs of the damage. This paper presents a highly relevant case study that analyses the new situation involving oil spills and the distribution of liabilities within the current international regime. 相似文献
9.
海洋溢油对海洋生态和人类生活带来严重的影响。由于合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)具有全天时全天候的工作能力,在海洋溢油检测中发挥重要作用。目前,极化SAR是SAR探测技术的先进手段。本文利用6个极化特征进行溢油检测,通过对比分析这些特征对不同溢油的检测能力,得出单一极化特征在溢油检测中存在不足。通过J-M特征优选方法,提取出溢油检测识别度较高的特征影像,并利用遗传算法优化的小波神经网络(Genetic Algorithm-Wavelet Neural Network,GA-WNN)进行溢油检测。利用2套Radarsat-2全极化数据进行了方法验证,结果表明,该方法优于其他检测方法,溢油检测精度分别达到90.31%和95.42%。 相似文献
10.
The use of trade measures to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing in the Northeast Atlantic has evolved from unilateral denial of the landing of fish taken outside international quota arrangements to a multilateral Scheme of Control and Enforcement under the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC). International trade rules have not constrained this development, mostly due to successful management of the interplay between international resource management and trade regimes. States protect resource management objectives from such constraint by inserting clauses that establish a normative hierarchy, or they employ various means for adapting IUU measures to the ‘environmental window’ of the global trade regime. The fact that regional states have introduced trade restrictions only when non-restrictive or less restrictive measures have failed enhances such compatibility, as do the gradual shift from unilateral to multilateral measures and the rise in transparency, openness and target-state involvement. None of those features reduces the effectiveness of regional trade measures; they minimize tension with trade commitments and largely strengthen their clout in the struggle to combat IUU fishing in the Northeast Atlantic. 相似文献
11.
《Marine Policy》2003,27(3):265-279
Despite its search for a universal oil spill liability and compensation regime, the maritime community continues to face the dichotomy between the US approach and that adopted by the rest of the world. Both regimes have a two-tier structure that is composed of a liability scheme and a fund scheme. However, the significant differences between the two regimes can be found in the liability limit of a responsible party and the scope of recoverable damages. This explains the reasons why the US took a unilateral approach instead of participating in the international one. In the short term, it seems that the current dual system will continue. In the long term, however, it would be desirable to establish a unified international regime which would enable all actors to direct their energies toward handling oil spills rather than grappling with unilateral legislation in individual jurisdictions of the world. Even before an establishment of a unified international regime, harmonization between the two regimes would not only be helpful for the ultimate unification, but also desirable for transactions of the industries concerned under the current dual system. 相似文献
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全极化合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)数据具有丰富的极化信息,能够提取出大量异构性特征。核学习方法在解决小样本、高维特征分类问题上具有优势,但异构特征对不同核函数具有响应差异。本文利用一种引入先验标签的多核学习方法进行全极化SAR的溢油信息提取,即基于分析结果对特征集进行遴选与组合,分别在每个特征组合中训练得到一个预备层核函数,以新获取的预备层核函数作为新的底层核函数,对全部特征进行学习分类。通过提取与分析溢油和海水的统计特征、物理散射特征和纹理特征,建立溢油全极化SAR特征谱,并利用引入先验标签的多核学习分类器进行溢油提取实验。结果表明,该方法能够利用全极化SAR多维异构特征的互补特性有效提高溢油分类提取精度。 相似文献
13.
智利竹筴鱼(Trachurus murphyi)是东南太平洋重要的经济鱼类之一,其资源量受补充量影响明显,了解补充量状况对智利竹筴鱼资源可持续利用和科学管理具有重要意义。本文基于模态分析将1971?2017年间智利竹筴鱼补充量划分不同模态,运用贝叶斯模型平均法,分析海表面温度、海表面盐度、海表面高度、厄尔尼诺和太平洋年代际振荡5个环境因子在不同模态中对补充量的解释能力,并探讨模态变动对补充量预测的影响。结果表明,第1模态(1971?1980年)更多的受捕捞因素的干扰;第2模态(1981?1990年)厄尔尼诺对补充量变动的解释概率最高;第3模态(1991?2001年)解释概率最高的环境因子为太平洋年代际振荡;第4模态(2002?2015年)厄尔尼诺为解释概率最高的环境因子。对比不考虑模态变动的分析结果,两者存在明显差异,基于不同模态的分析结果对智利竹筴鱼补充量变动的解释更为合理。研究认为,智利竹筴鱼补充量变动受到多个环境因子的影响,在不同模态时期起主导作用的环境因子也不同,推测年代际太平洋年代际振荡冷暖期交替与厄尔尼诺现象可能是诱发智利竹筴鱼补充量发生模态转变的重要因素。建议在未来智利竹筴鱼资源评估与管理中,应该考虑不同的模态变化及其影响因子。 相似文献
14.
The current rate of shark global exploitation and mortality is arguably so high under current management regimes that unless a renewed initiative is undertaken some species of shark will become effectively extinct. Current efforts to sustainably manage shark mortality are driven primarily by domestic laws in a few countries, big international non-governmental organizations (BINGOs) promoting environmental laws in the countries or regions where they exist, a handful of regional fisheries management organizations (e.g., IATTC and ICCAT), and inter-governmental organizations such as CITES. The absence of enforcement capability is often argued as the critical component in the failure to protect sharks from overexploitation. The remedy advanced here goes far beyond the need for stepped up enforcement, and calls for the creation of an entirely new international management regime, the International Commission for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (ICCMS). Such an agency could learn from the experiences of management bodies tasked with conservation of species biologically similar to sharks, such as the International Whaling Commission (IWC), to improve its efficacy. Critics have identified many organizational flaws that reduced the IWC’s effectiveness during its earliest years. Some of those flaws are examined here and remedies are suggested that an ICCMS could use to create a more effective management regime. The life histories of elasmobranches and large whales are compared to illustrate their similarities as a biological foundation for the selection of the IWC as a model. 相似文献
15.
The limitation of liability (known as financial caps) of the ship owner has a long tradition in maritime law in general and in the marine oil pollution compensation regime in particular. This paper uses the economic instrument to critically analyze such a mechanism, in order to answer the question if the financial caps are indeed a historical mistake. 相似文献
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This article examines the federal legislative regime for governing offshore oil development in Australia. Adopting an evolutionary perspective, the article considers how the Australian petroleum regime has been able to avoid the ‘asymmetry of costs and benefits’ which have shut down the offshore oil leasing program on the US west coast. To this end, it is shown that the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act has overcome jurisdictional issues by creating a partnership between the federal and state governments, enabling both to share in the benefits of policy making. This joint decision-making structure is narrowly focused upon exploitation, though, and does not deal with environmental issues outside of its original scope. The absence of a complementary regime to fill this policy gap permits environmental costs to go unaccounted in petroleum development. This shortcoming notwithstanding, the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act provides a useful model by which federal/state jurisdictional limitations can be overcome. Ocean and coastal issues are currently receiving political attention in Australia, and it is timely for the cooperative governance model to be revisited and also extended to other marine policy sectors. Moreover, joint authority approaches could be considered by other federations struggling with offshore jurisdiction issues. 相似文献
18.
海洋溢油模型及其应用研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据滥油模型的数学计算理论不同,溢油模型主要有两个类型,欧拉-拉格朗日理论模型和蒙持卡罗方法模型。欧拉-拉格朗日理论模型主要包括:全动力轨迹模型和溢油归宿模型。溢油归宿模型又包括溢油扩展、扩散模型和风化模型。风化模型包括蒸发、溶解、乳化、光氧化、生物降解等过程。蒙持卡罗方法模型在欧拉-拉格朗日理论模型基础上增加了溢油扩散随机数的计算,应用随机数来计算油膜三维扩展尺度。该模型是对欧拉-拉格朗日理论模型的补充和完善。目前国内以及日本、美国、新加坡等国学者们分别在海湾,海峡等(?)了溢油组合模型。但由于他们的研究重点不同,模型没有得到全面的应用。溢油模型的前景相对可观,其与溢油应急反应专家系统的结合使得我们可以根据应急系统做出相应的应急计划,并通过模拟来对溢油损害索赔进行定量。 相似文献
19.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2000,43(2-3):163-203
This study surveys the international regime governing the use of ocean space by examining various agreements that have come to comprise it. While the regime for the oceans is commonly viewed within the context of a general, universal convention for the law of the sea, the contemporary scope of global oceans law extends far beyond that single instrument. Indeed, the law of the sea is broad, far-reaching and reflective of the increasingly complex, interdependent nature of contemporary international relations. In this regard, by end of the 20th century there has emerged a pronounced trend toward worldwide participation in and adherence to the multifaceted legal regime established to manage the oceans. This panorama of legal instruments focuses both on international instruments and regional accords. The study's premise is this: Since 1958 several multilateral agreements have been negotiated and implemented specifically to regulate various uses of ocean space. Viewed as an integrated whole, these agreements comprise at the beginning of the 21st century an intertwined, sophisticated international legal regime for managing ocean activities. The range of agreements discussed here, however, is neither exhaustive nor meant to suggest that sufficient law is available for regulating all activities affecting the oceans now or in the future. Rather, the survey furnishes a starting point for appreciating just how far the international community has come in establishing a legal regime for managing people and their technological activities that impact on ocean space. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》1999,23(2):131-145
The regime of innocent passage was developed to accommodate conflicting State interests in the territorial sea. Security and, more recently, environmental interests of coastal States, are opposed to the interests of maritime States in minimizing interference with navigation. This article discusses the regime of innocent passage in international law through the analysis of relevant treaty rules, including recent developments at IMO, and state practice. Specific attention is given to passage by warships and to coastal state jurisdiction over pollution by vessels in general and over ships carrying hazardous cargoes in particular. 相似文献