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1.
采用Cornell方法研究了初始重为(2.0±0.1)g的重口裂腹鱼幼鱼日粮中常量营养物质的适宜需求量。日粮中蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物梯度变化范围分别为33%—51%、3%—18%和24%—33%,试验周期为60d。试验结果表明,除日粮蛋白质33%组鱼成活率明显下降外(P<0.05),其它试验日粮中3种常量营养物质含量对重口裂腹鱼幼鱼成活率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当日粮蛋白质水平≤45%时,其特定生长率随着日粮蛋白质水平上升而明显增加;当日粮蛋白质水平在33%—36%时,重口裂腹鱼的特定生长率显著降低(P<0.05)。除12%日粮脂肪组试验鱼外,9%日粮脂肪组试验鱼的特定生长率显著性高于其它脂肪水平日粮组(P<0.05),但当日粮中脂肪含量≥15%后,重口裂腹鱼鱼体脂肪含量显著上升(P<0.05),肝细胞脂肪变性明显。日粮中不同的碳水化合物水平对重口裂腹鱼特定生长率没有显著影响(P>0.05),但当日粮中碳水化合物为33%时,鱼体糖原含量显著增加(P<0.05)。试验表明,重口裂腹鱼幼鱼日粮蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物3种常量营养物质的适宜需求量分别为45%、9%和≤30%。日粮总能为19.0MJ/kg,蛋白质能量比(P/E)为23mg/J。 相似文献
2.
采用混合试验中的Cornell均匀设计法研究了初始重为(2.0±0.0)g的南方鲇(Silurus meri dionalis)幼鱼日粮中常量营养素(蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物)的适宜需求量。日粮中蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物梯度变化范围分别为33%—51%、3%—18%和24%—33%, 试验周期为40d。试验结果表明, 试验日粮中3种常量营养素含量对南方鲇幼鱼成活率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当日粮蛋白质水平≤45%时, 其特定生长率随着日粮蛋白质水平上升而增加。当日粮脂肪水平≤9%时, 其特定生长率随着日粮脂肪水平上升而增加; 但当日粮中脂肪含量≥12%时, 鱼体和肝脏脂肪含量显著上升, 肝细胞脂肪变性明显。33%碳水化合物日粮组鱼特定生长率较24%、27%和30%组鱼显著降低, 同时鱼体和肝脏糖原含量显著增加(P<0.05)。试验表明, 南方鲇幼鱼日粮蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物3种常量营养素的适宜需求量分别为45%、9%和≤30%。日粮总能约为19.0kJ/g。 相似文献
3.
盐度和pH值对鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率和氨氮排泄率的影响 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
利用实验生态学的方法研究了不同盐度及pH值对鮸鱼幼鱼的呼吸、排泄的影响．结果表明，不同盐度对鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率、氨氮排泄率有显著影响（P〈0．05），盐度11～26，鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率逐步上升，26时达到峰值后呈下降趋势；pH值对耗氧率无显著影响（P〉0．05），pH6．5～9．0鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率变化幅度很小，在此范围内pH值的变化对鮸鱼幼鱼氨氮排泄率有显著影响（P〈0．05）．O：N比值也随着盐度升高而升高，26时达到峰值，随后下降；pH8．0时，O：N比值最低；不同盐度和pH下鮸鱼幼鱼平均O：N分别为24．258，22．378．鮸鱼幼鱼主要以蛋白质为能源，脂肪和碳水化合物其次． 相似文献
4.
采用"金字塔"法对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼日粮中主要营养素的需要量进行了研究.试验共持续了60天.实验日粮中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物设定的范围分别为30%-48%、3%-18%和26%-35%.结果表明,当日粮碳水化合物在26%-32%,脂肪6%-12%,蛋白质39%-48%,能量在15.63-16.95MJ/kg和能量蛋白比为364-435J/mg时,瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼均获得较好的生长率;日粮脂肪水平为12%以上时肝组织有不同程度的脂肪变性和坏死;肌肉蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的沉积受日粮中的蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的影响,存在显著性差异(P<0.05);肝体指数和肠脂比随日粮中脂肪含量升高而增大,肝脏中的糖原含量受到日粮中添加碳水化合物水平的影响,且有显著差异(P<0.05);日粮中可消化能显著影响肌肉中脂肪的沉积,肠脂比、肝体指数和内脏比都随日粮中可消化能水平提高而呈上升趋势.本实验结果表明,瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼日粮中主要营养素的适宜需要量为蛋白质39%-42%、脂肪6%-9%、碳水化合物26%-29%、能量15.63-16.95MJ/kg、能量蛋白比364-435J/mg. 相似文献
5.
温度及体重对娩鱼幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用实验生态学方法研究了不同温度及体重对鲵鱼Miichthys miiuy幼鱼的呼吸、排泄的影响。结果表明，不同温度和体重对鲵鱼幼鱼耗氧率、排氨率有显著影响（P〈0．05），耗氧率随温度的升高而增大并呈指数相关，相关方程为：Ro=0．168e^0.035 5T （R^2=0．96071）；鲵鱼幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率随体重的增加而下降并呈幂函数相关，相关方程分别为：Ro=0．613 9W^-0.403 1（R^2=0．994 3），RN=25．055W^-0.287 7（R^2=0．9978）。O／N比也随着温度升高和体重增加而升高，不同温度下鲵鱼幼鱼平均O／N比值为21．963，呼吸Q10平均是1．415，排泄Q10平均是1．419；不同规格鲵鱼幼鱼平均O／N比值为21．855。10—30℃鲵鱼幼鱼主要以蛋白质为能源，脂肪和碳水化合物其次。随着温度的升高，鲵鱼幼鱼的蛋白质代谢比率降低，而脂肪和碳水化合物的代谢比率增大。 相似文献
6.
采用6种等蛋白质(34.4%)、等能量(16.10MJ/kg)试验日粮,研究了尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼实用日粮中蔗糖糖蜜替代小麦次粉的养殖效果与血糖代谢变化。结果表明,56d试验期间各试验组鱼均无死亡;蔗糖糖蜜替代小麦次粉40%—100%日粮组鱼的摄食量、特定生长率、饲料效益和蛋白效益均高于小麦次粉组鱼,当蔗糖糖蜜100%替代小麦次粉时,其摄食量、特定生长率和饲料效益蛋白效益比均显著性上升(P<0.05)。各试验组鱼鱼体营养成分(蛋白质、脂肪、灰分和水分)和肝体指数无显著性差异(P>0.05),肝脏结构正常。蔗糖糖蜜组鱼血浆中血糖、总蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯含量明显高于小麦次粉组鱼(P<0.05)。本试验结果认为,蔗糖糖蜜在尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼实用日粮中可以完全替代小麦次粉,蔗糖糖蜜对尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼具有较好的生长效益、节约日粮蛋白质效益和适口性,其主要原因与摄食蔗糖糖蜜后尼罗系罗非鱼幼鱼产生的较长时间高血糖现象有关。 相似文献
7.
采用3×3因子方法,进行了饲料中不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对克氏螯虾f均重（7．03±0．05）g]生长性能、体组成和消化酶活性的影响研究。试验设3个蛋白质水平（24％、27％和30％1和3个脂肪水平（4％、7％和10％）,共9组,每组4个重复,每个重复10尾虾,为期8周。结果表明,蛋白质和脂肪水平对成活率无显著影响（P〉0... 相似文献
8.
采用饲养对比试验方法，研究了谷氨酰胺二肽（Gin二肽）对日本对虾血清生化指标、肝胰腺细胞凋亡和肠绒毛的影响及对虾体健康的作用。结果表明，饲喂Gin二肽各组的PO、LSZ、ACP含量均显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组，添加0.5％和1．0％Gin二肽组的SOD和ALP含量也显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组：添加1．0％Gin二肽的TP含量显著（P〈0．05）高于其它各组。血清TP、PA、UN、CHO、PO、LSZ、SOD、ALP、ACP和LDH等各项指标均随Gin二肽添加量的提高而呈现增加趋势。试验建立了流式细胞术检测对虾肝胰腺细胞凋亡率的方法；肝胰腺细胞凋亡率随着日粮Gin二肽添加量的增加而显著降低（P〈0．05）。肠道切片显微观测结果表明，添加1．0％的Gin二肽能显著增加日本对虾肠绒毛高度（P〈0．05）。饲料中添加Gin二肽可显著提高日本对虾血清中的溶菌酶、抗氧化酶及磷酸酶活性，降低肝胰腺细胞凋亡率，增加肠绒毛高度，改善虾体健康状况。 相似文献
9.
利用静水密闭式呼吸仪,测定了不同温度（10、12、……、30℃）条件下褐菖鼬（Sebastiscus marmoratus）幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率变化．结果表明,温度对幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率均有显著影响（P〈0．05）．温度10～30℃,幼鱼耗氧率、排氨率变化范围分别为0．02～0．30mg／（g·h）和2．64～10．01ug／（g·h）,温度26、16℃时耗氧率和排氨率分别上升至峰值,分别为最小值10℃组的15．00、3．79倍;温度（F）对幼鱼耗氧率R0[mg／（g·h）]和排氨率RN[ug／（g·h）]的影响可分别用多项式表示：R0=-2．00×10^-5 T4＋1．50×10^-3 T3-3．69×10^-2 T2＋0．3978T-1．5376,R2=0．988和RN=3．00×10^-5 T6 -4．00×10^-3 T5＋0．1996 T4-5．1111T3＋70．817T2-501．10T＋1415．80,R2=0．964;幼鱼的氨熵变化范围为0．02～0．19,其蛋白质供能比变化范围为5．64％～56．65％,平均蛋白质供能比为22．56％;各温度跨度代谢率Q10值均值为4．02,18～28℃代谢率Q10值为2．81±0．09与鱼类平均Q10值较接近;各温度跨度组排泄率Q10均值为0．93,对比同一温度跨度组代谢率和排泄率Q10值,代谢率Q10值均大于排泄率Q10值两倍以上,最大组间相差达7倍．因此,幼鱼能量消耗的供能物质以脂肪和碳水化合物为主,蛋白质为辅．此外,温度变化对幼鱼代谢的影响程度明显大于对排泄的影响,且其适宜生长温度为18～28℃． 相似文献
10.
军曹鱼人工育苗饵料投喂技术的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了军曹鱼Rachycentron canadum幼鱼(初始体重10g左右)的日摄食节律及不同摄食水平条件下鱼体的化学组成、特定生长率和食物转换率,以此确立人工育苗过程中军曹鱼幼鱼的适宜投饵时间和和投饵水平。研究结果表明,军曹鱼幼鱼具有明显的昼夜摄食节律,摄食主要在白天进行,以早晨(06:00—08:00)和傍晚(18:00—20:00)最为活跃,形成一天中的2个摄食高峰,夜间基本不摄食。由此可见军曹鱼幼鱼的摄食节律属白天摄食偏晨昏性类型。在饥饿、3%、6%、9%和饱食(指日投饵干重占试验鱼初始体重的百分比)摄食水平条件下,军曹鱼幼鱼鱼体蛋白质和脂肪含量随摄食水平的增加呈增长趋势,在6%摄食水平组脂肪含量出现大幅下降,在3%—饱食摄食水平时蛋白质含量变化不明显。军曹鱼幼鱼的湿重、干重和蛋白质特定生长率均随摄食水平的增加呈减速增长趋势,两者间的关系表现为对数函数形式:SGRw=3.876 ln(RL 1)-3.716,SGRd=5.107 ln(RL 1)-5.24,SGRp=5.561 ln(RL 1)-5.609,9%和饱食摄食水平组特定生长率无显著差异;脂肪特定生长率随摄食水平的增加而线性增长:SGRL=1.731RL-7.702。食物湿重、干重、蛋白质和脂肪转换率随摄食水平的增加均呈先升后降的变化趋势,9%摄食水平组有最大值,约为最大摄食水平的70%。因此,军曹鱼幼鱼投饵应在白天进行,适宜投饵时间为早晨和傍晚2个摄食高峰期,这个生长阶段的军曹鱼幼鱼当投喂鳗鱼配合饲料时其适宜投饵水平约为最大摄食水平的70%。 相似文献
11.
Abstract. Ingestion rates and absorption efficiencies in Gibbula umbilicaris and Jujubinus striatus feeding on green algal films, diatoms, macro-epiphytes, and dead Posidonia ocean/'ca-Ieaves have been investigated in laboratory experiments.
For both gastropod species, ingestion rates were highest in diatoms and thin green algal films as food source. G. umbilicaris exhibited significant lower consumption rates when feeding on seagrass debris or macro-epiphytes, J. striatus consumed neither Posidonia-debris nor macro-epiphytes.
Highest carbon absorption efficiencies were found in both gastropod species when feeding on diatoms and green algal films. Significantly lower efficiencies were found in G. umbilicaris when consuming seagrass debris or macro-epiphytes.
Analyses of fecal material confirmed these findings. Highest organic carbon contents were measured in fecal pellets produced after consumption of seagrass debris or macro-epiphytes reflecting the presence of structural carbohydrates. SEM examinations of feces revealed mainly diatom frustules, refractory parts of macroalgal and other plant material. Analyses of gut contents gave similar results suggesting a basically microphagous herbivory for both gastropod species.
Since seagrass debris and macro-epiphytes are not used very effectively, the high absorption efficiencies when animals feed on the microfloral component of the periphyton are discussed as possible adaptation to limited food availability. 相似文献
For both gastropod species, ingestion rates were highest in diatoms and thin green algal films as food source. G. umbilicaris exhibited significant lower consumption rates when feeding on seagrass debris or macro-epiphytes, J. striatus consumed neither Posidonia-debris nor macro-epiphytes.
Highest carbon absorption efficiencies were found in both gastropod species when feeding on diatoms and green algal films. Significantly lower efficiencies were found in G. umbilicaris when consuming seagrass debris or macro-epiphytes.
Analyses of fecal material confirmed these findings. Highest organic carbon contents were measured in fecal pellets produced after consumption of seagrass debris or macro-epiphytes reflecting the presence of structural carbohydrates. SEM examinations of feces revealed mainly diatom frustules, refractory parts of macroalgal and other plant material. Analyses of gut contents gave similar results suggesting a basically microphagous herbivory for both gastropod species.
Since seagrass debris and macro-epiphytes are not used very effectively, the high absorption efficiencies when animals feed on the microfloral component of the periphyton are discussed as possible adaptation to limited food availability. 相似文献
12.
The ability of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) to elevate vitellogenin levels were investigated in male flounder Platichthys flesus and vitellogenin concentrations in flounders from the Danish coastal environment were determined. Male flounders were exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) via food or water. Average vitellogenin concentrations in the control fish ranged between 25 and 100 ng mL−1. Exposure to 5.1, 8.1 and 16.8 ng EE2 L−1 in water and 500 and 5000 ng EE2 kg−1 body weight (bw) every second day in the food increased the plasma vitellogenin concentration in a concentration and time dependent manner, whereas exposure to 2.7 ng EE2 L−1 in water for 21 d and 5 and 50 ng EE2 kg−1 bw for 12 days in the food did not. EE2 could be detected in liver and testes (but not in muscle) after exposure to 8.1 and 16.8 ng EE2 L−1 in the water and 5000 ng EE2 kg−1 bw in the food; the highest concentration was 6 ng g−1 wet weight in liver. The majority of the male flounders collected from nine coastal Danish sites from 1999 to 2004 had vitellogenin concentrations below 100 ng mL−1, and only at two sites moderate estrogenic inputs were indicated. 相似文献
13.
The striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, is an oceanic species that occasionally occurs in neritic habitats; in the Bay of Biscay it is abundant offshore and erratic in occurrence over the shelf. Given that prey assemblages differ widely among these habitats both in terms of taxonomic composition and of ecology, this would suggest that striped dolphins are able to shift from vertically migrating meso-pelagic prey to neritic or coastal prey types. We investigated the striped dolphin's dietary plasticity by examining the stomach contents of individuals stranded along the French Atlantic coast. 1109 prey items were identified belonging to 30 distinct taxa and their biomass was calculated. Fish accounted for 91% of the diet by number and 61% by mass; the rest was mostly cephalopods, crustaceans being present as trace. Specific composition included both oceanic (myctophid and sternoptychid fish; histioteuthid, gonatid and brachioteuthid cephalopods), neritic (gadids and anchovy; loliginid, sepiolid and sepiid cephalopods) and even coastal (atherinid fish) prey types, showing that these animals had changed their diet as they moved over the shelf. 相似文献
14.
根据2009-04—2010-02隔月6个航次桑沟湾9个调查站位贝类养殖区有机氯(OCPs)、有机磷(OPPs)农药残留和麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的调查资料,分析了它们在该海域海水中、表层沉积物中和主要贝类(栉孔扇贝、太平洋牡蛎和菲律滨蛤仔)体内的含量水平,就农药残留及贝毒污染对海洋环境质量的影响进行综合评价和类别划分,并对主要食用贝类中农药残留和贝毒的暴露水平进行健康风险评估。结果表明,桑沟湾贝类养殖区海水质量、沉积物质量和养殖贝类质量水平范围为1~2级,平均分别为2级、1级和1级,养殖生态环境综合质量水平为2级;总体上,该海域海洋环境综合质量处于良好水平,贝类产区生态环境质量为1类区(清洁区)。即该海域农药残留及贝毒污染对海洋环境质量影响较小或无明显影响。另外,针对食用桑沟湾贝类水产品的消费人群进行了农药残留及贝毒污染的健康风险评估,结果表明调查人群食用贝类中OCPs中的HCHs和DDTs、OPPs中的马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷、PSP的日摄入量分别为0.75,2.11,0.19,0.09和1.22μg/(人·d),其摄入量低于ADI的推荐限值,因此桑沟湾主要食用贝类中农药残留及贝毒污染的健康风险处于安全范围。 相似文献
15.
16.
The chronic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on ovary development, total hepatic lipids and plasma sex- and corticosteroid levels in female flounder (Platichthys flesus) were examined. Sexually mature feral female flounder were exposed via the diet to phenanthrene (0.5, 2.5 or 12.5 nmol/g food) or chrysene (0.4 nmol/g food) for 12 weeks, during the previtellogenic phase of the annual reproductive cycle. PAH exposure did not directly affect germ cell development since no structural and/or developmental differences were observed between control and exposed fish. On the contrary, all treatments resulted in altered plasma steroid levels. The most pronounced effect was the significant decrease in plasma 17β-estradiol to 19±11%, 27±7%, 63±20% and 61±12% in relation to control fish, respectively, in flounders exposed to 12.5, 2.5 or 0.5 nmol phenanthrene/g food and 0.4 nmol chrysene/g food. Impaired ovarian growth was not observed, most likely because experiments were ended before the period of vitellogenesis, even though a non-significant general decline in total hepatic lipids could be observed. Moreover, all exposed flounders, except fish fed with the highest amount of phenanthrene, showed a negative correlation between plasma 17β-estradiol and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone levels (r=−0.46). One possible explanation is that PAH action may be mediated by a specific inhibition of steroidogenic enzymes. These findings provide evidence that selected PAHs are antiestrogenic xenobiotics with the capability to impair female teleost reproductive function. 相似文献
17.
脂肪和蛋白质营养对封闭循环水养殖大西洋鲑生长和肌肉品质的效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探讨饲料脂肪和蛋白质营养对工业化养殖大西洋鲑(Salmon salar L.)生长性能和肌肉品质的影响, 采用3×2双因素试验设计(3脂肪水平: 18%、21%、24%, 即F18、F21、F24; 2蛋白质水平: 38%、48%,即P38、P48),形成6种试验处理膨化颗粒配合饲料,每处理3重复, 通过在工业化封闭循环海水养殖条件下,选用初质量(650.0±45.50)g大西洋鲑720尾,进行动物饲喂试验、肌肉脂肪酸、氨基酸测试等,试验期56d。结果表明: (1)中脂肪水平(F21)和高蛋白水平(P48)饲料的生长性能较佳。增质量率随脂肪水平提高先增加后降低,中高脂肪组比低脂肪组极显著提高43.5%(P＜0.01);高蛋白组极显著提高44.99%(P<0.01);中脂肪高蛋白组合(P48F21)效应最佳;(2)脂肪水平对肌肉氨基酸含量影响不显著。蛋白水平与肌肉9种必需、4种风味氨基酸含量呈正相关,高蛋白组显著提高3.60%～17.00%(P<0.05/0.01);(3)脂肪水平与肌肉不饱和脂肪酸含量呈正相关,而蛋白水平与其呈负相关,高脂肪(P24)和低蛋白(P38)有利于提高肌肉不饱和脂肪酸含量。高脂肪组肌肉Σω-3PUFA、ΣHUFA、DHA、EPA含量比低脂肪组分别极显著或显著提高15.74%、26.60%、15.41%、7.67%(P<0.01/0.05);低蛋白组极显著提高肌肉DHA含量11.91%(P＜0.01)、EPA 10.02%(P＜0.05);低蛋白中高脂肪组合(P38F21、P38F24)效应佳。本试验研究证明,工业化工业化封闭循环水养殖大西洋鲑对脂肪营养需求有一定程度降低,本试验条件下中高脂肪与中低蛋白组合既利于提高生长性能,又增加肌肉ω-3HUFA和主要氨基酸沉积,为工业化养殖大西洋鲑的肉质改善型配合饲料研制提供了重要依据。 相似文献
18.
Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding. 相似文献