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1.
This study examined monthly feeding rates and grazing impact on phytoplankton biomass, as well as diel feeding rhythms of four key copepod species in a tidally well mixed estuary (Asan Bay, Korean Peninsula). Monthly ingestion rates estimated based on gut pigment analysis were closely associated with their peak densities, but not with phytoplankton biomass, implying high ingestion may be related to reproductive output for population growth. The three smaller copepods, Acartia hongi, Acartia pacifica and Paracalanus parvus, showed feeding preference for smaller phytoplankton (<20 μm) with higher clearance rates, whereas the larger Calanus sinicus preferred larger phytoplankton. Acartia pacifica and P. parvus showed distinct increased nocturnal feeding rates as measured with gut fluorescence, whereas A. hongi showed no significant day–night differences. Copepod diel feeding patterns were not associated with food quantity, and endogenous physiological rhythm might be hypothesized as responsible for the observed diel feeding patterns. Grazing impact on phytoplankton biomass by the four copepods in the estuary was on average 8% (range 0.2–29.8%) of the phytoplankton standing stock, similar to values reported in other coastal waters. Very high copepod abundances but low daily carbon ration (<20% for all copepods) provided by feeding on phytoplankton indicate that copepods also grazed on other non‐phytoplankton foods in Asan Bay.  相似文献   

2.
毛颚类是热带近岸海域中上层鱼类的食物来源, 同时又是重要的肉食性浮游动物, 数量丰富, 然而其维持种群结构的生存策略尚不清晰。本文运用分子生物学技术, 分析了三亚湾海域毛颚类优势种肥胖软箭虫(Flaccisagitta enflata)成体与幼体的肠道食物组成, 以期从食物资源利用的角度揭示其维持种群结构的营养策略。研究结果显示, 幼体和成体摄食的浮游生物种类分别为21种和19种, 共同的食物类群有桡足类、小型水母类、硅藻和多毛类。成体与幼体食物偏好差异显著, 成体主要的食物来源是小型水母类(59%), 而幼体主要的食物来源是桡足类(60%); 幼体营养生态位(5.16)高于成体(2.89), 且二者食物重叠度低(0.21), 表明成体与幼体食物分化明显。研究结果揭示, 即使成体与幼体大量共存, 它们也可以通过摄食分化避免食物资源竞争, 这种分配策略对毛颚类保证足够幼体存活率和维持种群数量具有重要意义。  相似文献   

3.
Resource partioning among the planktivorous stages of eight fish species occurring in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon was studied. Five species were migratory mullets that spawned in the sea (Liza ramada, L. aurata, L. saliens, Chelon labrosusandMugil cephalus), while the other three species were resident and spawned in the lagoon (Atherina boyeri, Cyprinus carpioandGambusia holbrooki).Mullet fry exhibited similar diets, based on the consumption of zooplanktonic Crustacea such as copepods and cladocerans, although adult chironomids were also important.Gambusia holbrookiandA. boyerifed on small prey such as copepod nauplii, copepodites and rotifers, whileC. carpioconsumed larger prey preferentially (cladocerans and copepods).According to the trophic overlap and niche width results, seven species pairs could be competing in the estuary, although further experimental evidence is still required.  相似文献   

4.
The feeding ofSagitta nagae was analyzed in connection with food chains in the pelagic and near-bottom communities of Suruga Bay. The following results are obtained: (1)S. nagae feeds on dominant copepod species both in the free water (upper water layers) and the near-bottom habitats; (2)S. nagae did not show any food-size selection in the range of 0.2 to 1.2 mm in cephalothorax width and height of copepods; (3) Feeding activity ofS. nagae in the free water is highest at night, while in the near-bottom habitat the species feeds more actively during the day than at night; and (4)S. nagae migrates between the bottom and free water and plays an important role in shallow water by connecting the near-bottom community with the pelagic community.  相似文献   

5.
Centropages tenuiremis is a species with a wide distribution range in disturbed coastal waters.However,due to a lack of dietary information,it remains unclear as to how they maintain such dominance in fluctuating conditions.In this study,C.tenuiremis was collected from the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant both in inlet and outfall regions at 06:00,12:00 and 18:00 on April 27,2011 and their in situ diet was analyzed using a PCR protocol targeting 18S ribosomal genes.Thirty-four species of prey organisms were identified totally,including Dinophyta,Baciliariophyta,Viridiplantae,Rhizaria,Apicomplexa,Chordata,Mollusca,Arthropoda and Fungi,indicating an obvious omnivorous feeding habit of C.tenuiremis.Centropages tenuiremis obviously exhibited spatial and temporal variations in diet composition.More plant prey(land plants and phytoplankton)were consumed in the morning(~50%),while more animal prey(metazoans and protozoans)were ingested at midday and night(60%–70%).Furthermore,a more diverse diet was detected in the outfall region(10–11 taxa),where the temperatures were relatively higher and more fluctuating,than in the control region(5–10 taxa).This finding indicated that C.tenuiremis could potentially expand its food spectrum under stressful condition.Specifically,C.tenuiremis exhibited phytoplankton preference(58.62%–67.64%)in the outfall region with a lower omnivory index(0.27–0.35)than in the control region(0.51–0.95).However,phytoplankton density was lower than that in the control region,suggesting a possible herbivorous tendency of C.tenuiremis under elevated temperatures to balance the energy acquirement and feeding effort.The flexible food choices of C.tenuiremis observed here could effectively buffer environmental fluctuations and might be an important survival strategy in coastal ecosystems.  相似文献   

6.
As part of a broader field study examining the potentially deleterious effects of diatoms on planktonic food webs, we examined the abundance, stage composition, diet, and feeding success of the chaetognath, Sagitta elegans, and the abundance and morphometric condition of larval Pacific hake, Merluccius productus. Our objective was to look for a relationship between spring phytoplankton blooms and planktonic predators, as mediated by their copepod prey, with special reference to possible deleterious effects of diatoms. Zooplankton were collected weekly during February–May and in mid-summer of 2002 and 2003 in Dabob Bay, Washington State, USA. S. elegans abundance was high in summer of both years and was higher in spring 2003 than spring 2002. Larval chaetognaths dominated the population in early spring and remained present throughout sampling. S. elegans consumed mostly copepods. The abundance of larval S. elegans was correlated with the abundance of copepodites, although no relationship between chaetognath feeding success and prey abundance was found. Larval Pacific hake abundance was high (1200 larvae per square meter) in late February and early March of 2002 and 2003 and decreased rapidly in late spring. The morphometric condition of M. productus was not significantly related to copepod abundance. These results indicate that any deleterious effects of diatoms on copepod abundance, at the scale seen during spring 2002 and 2003 in Dabob Bay, did not greatly affect the next higher trophic level.  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT

Recruiting King George whiting Sillaginodes punctatus were studied to assess the potential for food competition with permanent resident fish species in a nursery habitat. Marine migrant post larval S. punctatus (<60?mm TL) consumed primarily harpacticoid copepods and had high (>0.6) diet overlap with permanent resident fish species Favonigobius leteralis and Stigmatopora nigra. Food electivity index indicated that S. punctatus juveniles preferred harpacticoid copepods and amphipods, while juvenile Heteroclinus adelaide and Gymnapistes marmoratus migrating to the nursery habitat targeted larger prey such as amphipods. Preference for larger prey by H. adelaide and G. marmoratus species coupled with differences in prey composition in the stomach was due to mouth size and feeding habits, resulting in different food preferences to S. punctatus. The whiting showed an ontogenetic shift in diet with early settlers (>60?mm TL) consuming less copepods and more amphipods, while previous year recruits (>120?mm TL) consumed polychaete worms. This study indicates that competition for food resources between the new recruiting S. punctatus juveniles and permanent resident juveniles is reduced through differences in temporal and spatial feeding behaviours, mouth morphology, and ontogenetic shift in prey consumption.  相似文献   

8.
大亚湾核电站邻近水域桡足幼体现场摄食研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
桡足类种类多、数量大、分布广, 在食物链中处于中间环节, 对海洋生态系统的结构稳定起着重要作用。桡足类幼体获取的营养直接影响其发育, 进而影响桡足类成体补充乃至种群的稳定。本研究于2015年夏季分别在大亚湾核电站邻近海域S1 (进水口水域)和S2 (排水口水域)站进行了调查采样, 应用分子生物学方法检测了桡足幼体现场摄食食物组成。结果显示: 1)两个站的桡足幼体内共检测到16种不同食物, 包括浮游植物(硅藻)11种, 后生动物2种、真菌、Ichthyosporea 和卵菌类各1种共5大类, 其中硅藻(47.30%, 克隆数百分比, 下同)和被囊动物类后生动物(41.89%)是其主要的食物类群; 2)在S1和S2站桡足幼体内分别检测到9种和10种食物, 但主要食物类型有差异, S1站较多后生动物(61.54%), 而S2站较多硅藻(68.57%); 3) S2站的桡足幼体杂食偏植食程度更高, 其杂食性系数(0.31)低于S1站(0.72)。结果表明, 桡足幼体能根据食物环境有选择地摄食植物饵料和动物饵料, 调节食物营养结构; 温排水影响水域桡足幼体更偏向植食性, 尤其是硅藻, 暗示全球变暖可能导致桡足幼体食性偏移。  相似文献   

9.
Larval feeding and survival strategies are described on a Japanese sand lance, Ammodytes personatus Girard, collected in the vicinity of a thermohaline front in the Ise Bay, in comparison with those of other predominant larvae, Hexagrammos spp. and Sebastiscus marmoratus (Cuvier). First-feeding A. personatus larvae (3.1–3.9 mm NL) fed primarily on tintinnid ciliates, subsequently switching to copepod nauplii (4.0–7.9 mm NL larvae) and post-naupliar copepods (8.0–11.3 mm NL larvae). First-feeding Hexagrammos spp. larvae (6.5–6.9 mm NL) fed primarily on post-naupliar copepods, and first-feeding S. marmoratus larvae (<4.0 mm NL), mostly on copepod nauplii. The different food preferences of these species at first-feeding were related to their different mouth widths (0.15–0.19, 0.52–0.56 and 0.32–0.40 mm, respectively) and/or body size (3.1–3.9, 6.5–6.9 and 3.2–3.9 mm NL, respectively). Ciliate-feeding by first-feeding A. personatus larvae was strongly related to the convergence of the larvae and their prey near the thermohaline front, densities of both being greater on the inshore side of the frontal zone. In conclusion, the aggregation of ciliates near the thermohaline front may have improved feeding conditions and survival of first-feeding A. personatus larvae.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract. The waters surrounding the Pribilof Islands are an important nursery ground for juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), an important forage fish in the pelagic food web of the productive Bering Sea shelf region. The diet of juvenile pollock was studied in two consecutive years along a transect line crossing from a well‐mixed coastal domain, through a frontal region to stratified water farther offshore. Variability in stomach fullness was high and evidence for increased feeding intensity in the front was weak. Prey diversity and prey size generally increased with increasing fish size, shifting from predominantly small copepods to larger, more evasive prey items such as euphausiids, crab megalopae and fish. The diet of the fish reflected changes in the relative abundance of copepods and euphausiids in the prey fields between years. Juvenile pollock showed increased feeding rates at dusk, and stomach fullness as well as prey condition were generally lowest just before sunrise; however, the proportion of euphausiids increased in the diet of pollock caught at night, suggesting that some food was also ingested during darkness. Juvenile pollock and their euphausiid prey both vertically migrated above the thermocline at night, although each had a different daytime depth.  相似文献   

11.
To improve our understanding of the trophic link between micro-zooplankton and copepods in Gyeonggi Bay, Yellow Sea, the diet composition, ingestion rates, and prey selectivity of Acartia hongi, known as the most abundant and widespread copepod species, was estimated by conducting in situ bottle incubation throughout the different seasons. The results showed that A. hongi preferentially grazed on ciliate and heterotrophic dinoflagellate of a size ranging from 20 to 100 μm rather than phytoplankton. Although micro-zooplankton comprised only an average 13.7% of the total carbon available in the natural prey pool, micro-zooplankton accounted for >70% of the total carbon ration ingested by A. hongi throughout the year, except for winter diatom blooming periods when A. hongi obtained about 60% of its carbon ration from phytoplankton. Our results demonstrated that A. hongi modified their diet composition and feeding rates in response to change in composition and size of prey available to them, and that A. hongi preferentially ingested micro-zooplankton over phytoplankton. Feeding activity of A. hongi could therefore affect the species composition and size structure of natural plankton communities in this study area, particularly the micro-zooplankton. Strongly selective feeding and high grazing pressure by A. hongi on micro-zooplankton shows the role of trophic coupling between copepods and the microbial food web in the pelagic ecosystem of Gyeonggi Bay.  相似文献   

12.
The feeding ofSagitta nagae, the most predominant chaetognath species in Suruga Bay, was studied. Specimens were collected with ORI-100 net (1.0 mm in mesh aperture) and MTD net (0.35 mm in mesh aperture) and were fixed with neutralized formalin. The main food organisms ofSagitta nagae were the copepods,Candacia bipinnata, Calanus pacificus andPareuchaeta russelli. The food-containing ratio (P/T, %) was higher at night and lower in the daytime. Here, P is the number ofSagitta containing food organisms in the gut and T is the total number ofSagitta examined. P/T was almost constant vertically in the upper 100 m layer. P/T was generally influenced neither by food density nor by the copepod numbers perSagitta in this study.Sagitta nagae took food throughout life. Food ingested bySagitta per day was calculated as 37.6% ofSagitta in dry weight.  相似文献   

13.
During late winter and spring of 2002 and 2003, 24, 2–3 day cruises were conducted to Dabob Bay, Washington State, USA, to examine the grazing, egg production, and hatching success rates of adult female Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus newmani. The results of the copepod grazing experiments for C. pacificus are discussed here. Each week, copepod grazing incubation experiments from two different depth layers were conducted. Grazing was measured by both changes in chlorophyll concentration and cell counts. In 2002, there was one moderate bloom consisting mainly of Thalassiosira spp. in early February, and a larger bloom in April comprised of two Chaetoceros species and Phaeocystis sp. Similarly, in 2003, there were two blooms, an early one dominated by Thalassiosira spp., and a later one consisting of Chaetoceros spp. and Thalassiosira spp. Clearance rates on individual prey species, as calculated by cell counts, showed that C. pacificus are highly selective in their feeding, and may have much higher clearance rates on individual taxa than rates calculated from bulk chlorophyll disappearance. During weeks of high phytoplankton concentration, the copepods generally ate phytoplankton. However, they often rejected the most abundant phytoplankton species, particularly certain Thalassiosira spp., even though the rejected prey were often of the same genus and similar size to the preferred prey. It is speculated that this avoidance may be related to the possible deleterious effects that certain of these diatom species have on the reproductive success of these copepods. During weeks of medium to low phytoplankton concentration, the copepods selectively ate certain species of phytoplankton, and often had high electivity for microzooplankton. The selection mechanism must consist of active particle rejection most likely based on detection of surface chemical properties, since the diatoms that were selected were of the same genus, nearly the same size, and at lower numerical abundance than those cells that were avoided. The grazing choices made by these copepods may have important consequences for the overall ecosystem function within coastal and estuarine systems through changes in the transfer efficiency of energy to higher trophic levels.  相似文献   

14.
Laboratory experiments were performed on the food ecology of four congeneric species of free-living plathelminths, Promesostoma caligulatum, P. marmoratum, P. rostratum, and P. meixneri, all inhabiting an intertidal sandflat near the island of Sylt (North Sea). Their prey spectrum is within the microcrustaceans: P. caligulatum preferred ostracods, while the other three species favoured copepods, with species-specific differences for copepod species and size classes. Daily consumption of prey species varied with the size of both the predator and the prey. On average, P. marmoratum consumed 0.76 Harpacticus flexus per day while this rate decreased to 0.06 in P. meixneri, the smallest predator. When these Promesostoma species were fed with Tachidius discipes, a smaller prey species, their predation rates were about 25% higher. While the larger predators preferred the larger harpacticoids as prey, the small P. meixneri preferred small cyclopoids over larger harpacticoids. In terms of biomass, P. marmoratum's mean consumption of T. discipes per day was about half the predator's own weight. This average varied with prey density and temperature. A comparison of these consumption rates with the field densities of the predators and their prey shows that the plathelminth predators may consume as much as 10% per day of their copepod prey populations, thus strongly influencing these prey populations on these sandflats. The predation pressure of P. caligulatum on ostracods was about 1% per day of the prey population. Since ostracods usually have fewer generations per year, the total effect on the population dynamics may be similar to that on copepods. Therefore, nocturnal swimming of copepods in the water column may be interpreted as an attempt to escape plathelminth predators.  相似文献   

15.
The feeding biology and the vertical migration of Sagitta friderici were examined over 24 h at two stations in the southern Benguela during spring (October) 1987. Together with studies conducted during summer (February 1991) and winter (May 1984), they serve to allow valuable generalizations of the biology and ecology of this abundant chaetognath. Populations migrate vertically and feed nocturnally, although the timing and the extent of migration vary between studies. S. friderici exhibits ontogenetic layering and the cross-shelf distribution of maturity stages differs, suggesting that it is able to take advantage of cross-shelf water movement in order to maintain populations in the nearshore waters of the West Coast. S. friderici prey almost exclusively on copepods (cannibalism is rare), and there is a positive relationship between the lengths of predator and prey that is influenced by the size structure of the prey environment. This casts doubt on the validity of a chaetognath species-specific relationship between predator and prey size. S. friderici selects its prey on the basis of size, and not species. Daily ration is related linearly to prey density, so reflecting the low density of prey and providing support for theoretical predictions regarding ingestion rates under oceanic conditions. The impact of S. friderici predation on the copepod assemblage is generally less than 3% of the standing stock, although it could be much higher under conditions of low copepod biomass and poor secondary production.  相似文献   

16.
Food and feeding of small fish in the Rakaia River,New Zealand   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish species were collected at monthly intervals during a 12‐month period, from 3 areas of the lower Rakaia River. The composition and abundance of the benthos and stomach contents of the fish were analysed for seasonal trends, food niche breadth and overlap between pairs of fish species, and overlap between the benthos and the diet of each fish species. The diets of bluegilled bully (Gobiomorphus hubbsi), upland bully (G. breviceps), juvenile longfinned eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii), Galaxias brevipinnis, G. paucispondylus, and juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) were similar to the proportions of prey species in the benthos. Deleatidium and chironomid larvae dominated the benthos in all seasons and formed the majority of food items in the diet of these species. Food niche overlap between these species was high, indicating potential competition, but preferred habitat and feeding habit differences plus low fish population density and abundance of main prey items probably eliminate the occurrence of any serious competition. The diet of the other fish species differed from this pattern. The common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) ate proportionally more chironomid larvae and fish eggs than occurred in the benthos; torrentfish (Cheimarrichthys fosteri) ate proportionally more chironomid larvae than occurred in the benthos; and quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) depended largely upon prey species of terrestial origin, such as adult Deleatidium and dipterans.  相似文献   

17.
The food selectivity of tethered females of the copepodCalanus helgolandicus was examined by using the colorimetric approach. First, feeding behavior of the copepod did not show any differences between the red-color stained with neutral red and non-stained diets using the diatomCoscinodiscus curvatulus. Then, the copepods were fed a mixtures of two diets, the diatomC. curvatulus, stained with neutral red, and the dinoflagellateGymnodinium sanguineum for 14~60 minutes of feeding duration. The foregut colors of females were examined using a stereo-microscope and a video monitor. The foreguts of animals fed with a high density of diatoms in mixed diets showed a dark red color, whereas those fed with a high density of dinoflagellate in mixed diets were a dark yellow. The results suggest that this species of copepod may not selectively feed either one of the diets used for this study. Their feeding activity may be more likely related to the density of available prey in their environment. Therefore, this quick and easy colorimetric approach could provide very useful information, like the pre-screening procedure before designing and conducting the time-consuming and complex feeding experiments to understand the feeding ecology of copepods.  相似文献   

18.
European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) are two species of economical and ecological significance in the Bay of Biscay (north-east Atlantic). However, the trophic ecology of both species is still poorly known in the area, and more generally, few studies have considered the potential trophic overlap between sardines and anchovies worldwide. This study aims to highlight the trophic links between the mesozooplankton and adults of these two pelagic fish in the Bay of Biscay, through carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis (SIA). Mesozooplankton and individuals of sardines and anchovies were collected during one season (spring 2010), over spatially contrasted stations within the study area. First, the potential effect of preservation (ethanol vs. freezing) and of delipidation (by cyclohexane) on mesozooplankton δ13C and δ15N values was assessed. Results demonstrated the necessity to correct for the preservation effect and for lipid contents in mesozooplankton for further analyses of sardines' and anchovies' diet through SIA. Next, this study highlighted the interest of working on identified mesozooplanktonic organisms instead of undetermined assemblages when unravelling food sources of planktivorous fish using stable isotopes. The inter-specific variability of isotope values within a planktonic assemblage was effectively high, probably depending on the various feeding behaviours that can occur among mesozooplankton species. Intra-specific variability was also significant and related to the spatial variations of baseline signatures in the area. To investigate the foraging areas and potential diet overlap of S. pilchardus and E. encrasicolus, mixing models (SIAR) were applied. Both fish species appeared to feed mainly in the neritic waters of the Bay of Biscay in spring and to select mainly small- to medium-sized copepods (e.g. Acartia sp., Temora sp.). However, E. encrasicolus showed a greater trophic plasticity by foraging more offshore and on a wider range of prey sizes, while S. pilchardus seemed more limited to coastal areas and the mesozooplanktonic species of these waters for feeding.  相似文献   

19.
《Progress in Oceanography》2007,72(2-3):137-150
Here we report on the current knowledge on the feeding ecology of the planktonic copepod Centropages typicus. We describe the foraging process of C. typicus from the detection of prey to their digestion, considering also the effects of several physical variables on the feeding activity of the species. C. typicus is an omnivorous copepod that feeds on a wide spectrum of prey, from small algae (3–4 μm equivalent spherical diameter, ESD) to yolk-sac fish larvae (3.2–3.6 mm length). It uses both suspensivorous and ambush feeding strategies, depending on the characteristics of the prey. In general, C. typicus exhibits selection for large motile prey, such as ciliates or dinoflagellates, both in nature and laboratory, and this selective pattern is enhanced under moderate intensities of turbulence. Daily rations in the field are somewhat lower than those found in the laboratory, which indicates food limitation. This fact, together with the relatively modest capacity of the species to adapt to fluctuations in food availability may explain the geographical distribution of C. typicus, being restricted to near-shelf waters. In general, it does not seem that C. typicus feeding severely impacts planktonic populations. However, the occasional importance of the species in certain ecosystems is also apparent.  相似文献   

20.
海洋桡足类氨基酸组成及与饵料和光照的关系   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
桡足类氨基酸含量受其饵料浮游植物的影响。同一种桡足类因采集地不同，氨基酸的总量也不相同；19种氨基酸重量百分比随不同桡足类而异，但是不同桡足类各种氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例除胱氨酸和牛磺酸的变化比较大以外，其它都基本相同；胱氨酸和牛磺酸的变化与总氨基酸不成正比。各海区不同植食性桡足类的氨基酸组成和海区浮游植物氨基酸的组成有着很好的相关性，相关系数R^2在0．85以上。桡足类胱氨酸占总氨基酸的比例与采样站海水1％光衰减深度有很好的相关关系，其回归方程为y=0．28091nx 0．131，R^2=0．6427，n=13；随海水1％光衰减深度的增加，胱氨酸的含量以对数形式递增。桡足类氨基酸与UV的关系有待进一步研究。  相似文献   

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