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1.
于2013年10~11月现场测定了东海中二甲基硫(DMS)及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP,分为溶解态DMSPd和颗粒态DMSPp)的含量,研究其水平分布特征、DMSPp的粒径分布及DMSPd的降解速率,并对DMS的海-气交换通量进行了探讨。研究结果表明,表层海水中DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp的浓度平均值分别为(4.84±0.40)、(5.84±0.93)和(13.01±0.52)nmol·L-1。海水中DMSPd的降解速率在2.59~16.36nmol·L-1·d-1之间,平均值为(6.78±0.84)nmol·L-1·d-1。调查海域范围内,小型浮游植物(20μm)是DMSPp和叶绿素a(Chl a)重要贡献者。此外,秋季东海表层海水DMS的海-气交换通量为0.66~31.73μmol·m-2·d-1,平均值为(11.63±0.71)μmol·m-2·d-1。  相似文献   

2.
黄、渤海二甲基硫化物的浓度分布与迁移转化速率研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
于2015年8-9月对黄、渤海海域进行现场调查,研究了海水中二甲基硫(DMS)、β-二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)、二甲亚砜(DMSO)的浓度分布、相互关系及影响因素,测定了DMS的生物生产与消耗、光化学氧化和海-气扩散速率,对DMS的迁移转化速率进行综合评价。结果表明:表层海水中DMS、溶解态DMSP(DMSPd)、颗粒态DMSP(DMSPp)、溶解态DMSO(DMSOd)和颗粒态DMSO(DMSOp)浓度的平均值分别为(6.12±3.01)nmol/L、(6.03±3.45)nmol/L、(19.47±9.15)nmol/L、(16.85±8.34)nmol/L和(14.37±7.47)nmol/L,整体呈现近岸高远海低,表层高底层低的趋势。DMS、DMSPd和DMSOp浓度与叶绿素(Chl a)浓度存在显著的相关性。表层海水中DMS光氧化速率顺序为:kUVA > kUVB > k可见,其中UVA波段占光氧化的70.8%。夏季黄、渤海微生物消耗、光氧化及海-气扩散对DMS去除的贡献率分别为32.4%、34.5%和33.1%,表明3种去除途径作用相当。黄、渤海DMS海-气通量变化范围为0.79~48.45 μmol/(m2·d),平均值为(11.87±11.35)μmol/(m2·d)。  相似文献   

3.
基于2012年和2014年中国北极科学考察航次白令海现场调查数据,分析白令海东陆架区二甲基硫(DMS)及其前体物质β-二甲基硫巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)的空间分布特征和年际变化。结果显示,白令海东部陆架区DMS浓度呈自西向东递减的趋势,浓度平均值由2012年0.80 nmol·L~(-1)(范围为0.11~2.27 nmol·L~(-1))增加至2014年1.33 nmol·L~(-1)(范围为0.07~4.49 nmol·L~(-1))。DMSP浓度的空间变化与DMS不一致,高值区位于断面东部,主要受近岸阿拉斯加沿岸流以及育空河淡水输入的影响。2012—2014年,溶解态DMSP(DMSPd)和颗粒态DMSP(DMSPp)浓度平均值分别从4.21 nmol·L~(-1)、16.83 nmol·L~(-1)提高至14.94 nmol·L~(-1)、49.77 nmol·L~(-1),应是冷水团范围缩减以及浮游植物群落变化所引起的。DMS浓度同温度、c_(PO~(3-)_4)、c_(SiO~(2-)_3)显著相关,而DMS和DMSP浓度同无机氮浓度、盐度均存在显著相关性。表层海水DMS和DMSPd的生物生产速率均高于消费速率,且呈现出东高西低的趋势,原因是温度影响了微生物代谢活动。2014年的生产和消费速率均高于2012年的,主要由于表层海水DMS和DMSPd浓度升高和水团的年际变化。2012年和2014年表层海水中DMS微生物消耗速率平均值分别为13.66 nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1)和33.87 nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1),海-气通量平均值分别为3.66μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和5.33μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),表层海水DMS通过海气扩散去除的周转时间分别是微生物消费的7.4和5.7倍。白令海东部陆架区表层水体中微生物消费是比海气释放更重要的DMS去除途径。  相似文献   

4.
胶州湾海水中DMS和DMSP的分布及其影响因素   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了解人为活动对二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸(DMSP)生物生产的干扰,分别于2005年8月、11月对胶州湾海域进行采样。测定结果表明:胶州湾海水中8月DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp在次表层的平均含量分别为4.89,17.9和23.93nmol·L-1,在微表层中的平均含量分别为4.58,19.98和21.49nmol·L-1,11月DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp在次表层的平均含量分别为2.07,12.99和16.74nmol·L-1,在微表层中的平均含量分别为1.44,16.13和19.62nmol·L-1。DMS和DMSP的水平分布由于受到陆源输入的影响,呈现出自湾内向湾外递降的趋势。DMS和DMSP的含量夏季高于秋季。DMS和Chl-a在每个季节具有一定的相关性。DMS浓度的增加导致DMS通量增加。对海水微表层和次表层的研究表明,DMS和DMSPp并未在微表层中富集,而DMSPd有一定程度的富集。DMS,DMSP,Chl-a在海水微表层和次表层之间浓度分布的相关性体现了2层水体之间存在强烈的交换作用。  相似文献   

5.
以胶州湾及青岛近海为研究区域,利用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法研究了二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸(DMSP,分为溶解态DMSPd和颗粒态DMSPp)在微表层与次表层中的浓度以及它们在微表层中的富集行为。结果表明,DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp在微表层中的浓度高于次表层,它们在微表层中的富集因子分别为1.17、1.84和1.51。研究发现,DMS及DMSPp浓度与叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度有很好的相关性,但它们的周日变化与Chl-a并不完全同步。DMS/Chl-a和DMSPp/Chl-a的比值在次表层和微表层分别为4.35、13.47mmol/g和3.99、15.88mmol/g。胶州湾及青岛近海生态环境受人为活动干扰严重,使本海域DMS含量较高,从而贡献出较大的DMS海-气通量。  相似文献   

6.
本研究首次探究了西太平洋雅浦海沟北段从表层到超深渊海水中甲烷(CH4)及二甲基硫(DMS)的前体物质二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)的浓度变化情况。结果表明:雅浦海沟海水甲烷浓度变化范围为1.49~3.87 nmol/L。其上层海水甲烷平均浓度最高,有明显的次表层极大现象。雅浦海沟氧最小层海水的甲烷平均浓度最低;在500~1 000 m中层水中甲烷浓度有一定程度的增大,1 000 m以下至底层甲烷浓度继续升高。研究海区溶解态DMSP(DMSPd)和总DMSP(DMSPt)平均浓度的垂直变化随深度呈先增大后减小趋势,颗粒态DMSP(DMSPp)的平均浓度随深度呈波动式变化,在中层达到最大。雅浦海沟CH4和DMSP浓度垂直变化受浮游生物、微生物、光照、温度、压力、大洋环流等的复杂影响。在真光层海水中,CH4浓度与DMSPd、DMSPp和DMSPt浓度表现为负相关关系,在200 m至底层海水中,CH4浓度与DMSPd、DMSPp和DMSPt浓度表现为正相关关系,显示光照条件是造成雅浦海沟不同深度海水CH4和DMSP浓度相关性差异的关键因素。  相似文献   

7.
秋季东海二甲基亚砜的分布与影响因素研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
高楠  张洪海  杨桂朋 《海洋学报》2014,36(4):110-117
2010年11月对东海进行了大面调查,研究了秋季东海表层水中颗粒态和溶解态二甲基亚砜(DMSOp和DMSOd)的水平分布和PN断面的垂直分布特征及其影响因素。结果显示,表层海水中DMSOp和DMSOd的浓度范围分别为2.49~85.5nmol/L和2.27~86.6nmol/L,平均值分别为(17.2±1.40)nmol/L和(15.3±1.29)nmol/L。DMSOp水平分布与叶绿素a(Chl a)相类似,呈现近岸高、远海低的趋势,而DMSOd浓度高值区主要集中在东海西南部上升流区域。分析PN断面的垂直分布可见,DMSOp在近岸底层水中浓度较高,而DMSOd浓度在表层出现高值。相关性分析的结果表明,DMSOp与颗粒态二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSPp)以及DMSOp/Chl a比值与盐度分别存在一定的相关性,说明DMSOp与DMSPp具有相似的来源及生理功能。此外,DMSOd与二甲基硫(DMS)浓度具有正相关关系,说明DMS的氧化是东海DMSOd的一个重要来源途径。  相似文献   

8.
2009年12月对黄海进行了大面调查,研究了冬季黄海二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)的浓度分布、DMS海-气通量及其影响因素。调查结果表明,DMS、溶解态DMSP(DMSPd)和颗粒态DMSP(DMSPp)的浓度分别为0.95(0.07~3.30)、1.18(0.22~3.54)和5.01(1.63~12.33)nmol·L-1。总体上DMS和DMSP的水平分布与叶绿素a(Chl-a)相类似,呈现近岸高、远海低的趋势。35°N断面的垂直调查结果显示,在水深小于50m的水体中Chl-a、DMS和DMSP浓度较高且分布相对均匀。相关性分析发现,仅DMSPp与Chl-a之间存在一定的相关性。利用Nightingale公式(N2000)估算了冬季黄海DMS的海-气通量,其平均值为2.16μmol·m-2·d-1。此外,根据大气气溶胶中甲基磺酸盐(MSA)和非海盐硫酸盐(nss-SO2-4)的浓度和比例,估算出生源硫释放对气溶胶中nss-SO2-4的贡献比例仅为2.85%,表明冬季黄海大气nss-SO2-4主要受人为活动排放控制。  相似文献   

9.
研究了夏季东海海水中和大气中一氧化碳(CO)的浓度分布、海-气通量和表层海水中CO的微生物消耗。夏季东海大气中CO的体积分数范围为63×10-9~120×10-9,平均值为87×10-9(SD=18×10-9,n=37),呈现出近岸高,远海低和北高南低的特点。夏季东海表层海水中CO的浓度范围为0.24~5.51nmol/L,平均值为1.48nmol/L(SD=1.46,n=37),CO的浓度受太阳辐射影响明显;CO在垂直分布上表现出浓度随深度增加迅速减小的特征,浓度最大值出现在表层。调查期间表层海水中CO相比大气处于过饱和状态,过饱和系数变化范围为3.65~113.55,平均值为23.63(SD=24.56,n=37),这表明调查海域是大气中CO的源。CO的海-气通量变化范围为0.25~78.50μmol/(m2·d),平均值为9.97μmol/(m2·d)(SD=14.92,n=37)。在CO的微生物消耗培养实验中,CO的浓度随时间增长呈指数降低,消耗过程表现出一级反应的特点,速率常数KCO范围为0.043~0.32/h,平均值为0.18/h(SD=0.088,n=9),KCO与盐度之间存在负相关关系。  相似文献   

10.
基于中国第7次北极科学考察白令海现场调查资料与数据,分析了2016年夏季白令海海水颗粒态(DMSOp)和溶解态二甲亚砜(DMSOd)浓度的空间变化特征及其影响因素。研究表明,夏季白令海二甲亚砜(DMSO)浓度高于全球多数大洋和近岸海域。夏季白令海DMSOd和DMSOp浓度空间变化相似。表层海水DMSOp浓度为6.47~169.40 nmol/L,平均值为(79.62±56.10) nmol/L;DMSOd浓度的变化范围是20.07~153.70 nmol/L,平均值为(72.67±39.20) nmol/L。平面分布上,白令海表层DMSO浓度由海盆区、中外陆架区至内陆架区依次降低;垂直分布上由表至底随深度增加而降低,表层DMSOd和DMSOp浓度高于55 nmol/L,底层低于25 nmol/L。海盆区DMSOd主要源于DMS氧化和浮游生物直接合成的DMSOp,海盆区深层水团DMSOd浓度主要受控于温度和盐度。中外陆架区表层暖水团DMSO浓度主要受控于温度,陆架冷水团DMSO浓度则受盐度影响较大。内陆架区陆架水团DMSOp浓度和阿拉斯加沿岸水团DMSOd浓度分别受温度和DMS光化学氧化影响。  相似文献   

11.
Spatial variations in dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) were surveyed in the surface microlayer and in the subsurface waters of the low productivity South China Sea in May 2005. Overall, average subsurface water concentrations of DMS and DMSP of dissolved (DMSPd) and particulate (DMSPp) fractions were 1.74 (1.00-2.50), 3.92 (2.21-6.54) and 6.06 (3.40-8.68) nM, respectively. No enrichment in DMS and DMSPp was observed in the microlayer. In contrast, the microlayer showed a DMSPd enrichment, with an average enrichment factor (EF, defined as the ratio of the microlayer concentration to subsurface water concentration) of 1.40. In the study area, none of the sulfur components were correlated with chlorophyll a. An important finding in this study was that DMS, DMSP and chlorophyll a concentrations in the surface microlayer were respectively correlated with those in the subsurface water, suggesting a close linkage between these two water bodies. The ratios of DMS:Chl-a and DMSPp:Chl-a showed a gradually increasing trend from North to South. This might be due to changes in the proportion of DMSP producers in the phytoplankton community with the increased surface seawater temperature. A clear diurnal variation in the DMS and DMSP concentrations was observed at an anchor station with the highest concentrations appearing during the day and the lowest concentrations during the night. The higher DMS and DMSP concentrations during daytime might be attributed to the light-induced increase in both algal synthesis and exudation of DMSP and biological production of DMS. The mean flux of DMS from the investigated area to the atmosphere was estimated to be 2.06 micromo lm(-2)d(-1). This low DMS emission flux, together with the low DMS surface concentrations was attributed to the low productivity in this sea.  相似文献   

12.
Sixteen surface microlayer samples and corresponding subsurface water samples were collected in the western North Atlantic during April–May 2003 to study the distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and the factors influencing them. In the surface microlayer, high concentrations of DMS appeared mostly in the samples containing high levels of chlorophyll a, and a significant correlation was found between DMS and chlorophyll a concentrations. In addition, microlayer DMS concentrations were correlated with microlayer DMSPd (dissolved) concentrations. DMSPd was found to be enriched in the microlayer with an average enrichment factor (EF) of 5.19. However, no microlayer enrichment of DMS was found for most samples collected. Interestingly, the DMS production rates in the microlayer were much higher than those in the subsurface water. Enhanced DMS production in the microlayer was likely due to the higher concentrations of DMSPd in the microlayer. A consistent pattern was observed in this study in which the concentrations of DMS, DMSPd, DMSPp (particulate) and chlorophyll a in the microlayer were closely related to their corresponding subsurface water concentrations, suggesting that these constituents in the microlayer were directly dependent on the transport from the bulk liquid below. Enhanced DMS production in the microlayer further reinforces the conclusion that the surface microlayer has greater biological activity relative to the underlying water.  相似文献   

13.
Temporal distributions of dimethylsulfide(DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) were studied in the southern Yellow Sea(SYS) during April and September 2010. The mean concentrations(range) of DMS, dissolved and particulate DMSP(DMSPd and DMSPp) in the surface waters in spring are 1.69(0.48–4.92), 3.18(0.68–6.75)and 15.81(2.82–52.33) nmol/L, respectively, and those in autumn are 2.80(1.33–5.10), 5.45(2.19–11.30) and 30.63(6.24–137.87) nmol/L. On the whole, the distributions of DMS and DMSP in spring are completely different from those in autumn. In the central part of the SYS, the concentrations of DMS and DMSP in spring are obviously higher than those in autumn, but the opposite situation is found on the south of 34°N, which can be attributed to the differences in nutrients and phytoplankton biomass and composition between spring and autumn. Besides,the seasonal variations of water column stability and the Changjiang diluted water also have significant impact on the distributions of DMS and DMSP in spring and autumn on the south of 34°N. DMS and DMSPp concentrations coincide well with chlorophyll a(Chl a) levels in the spring cruise, suggesting that phytoplankton biomass may play an important role in controlling the distributions of DMS and DMSPp in the study area. Annual DMS emission rates range from 0.015 to 0.033 Tg/a(calculated by S), respectively, using the equations of Liss and Merlivat(1986) and Wanninkhof(1992). This result implies a significant relative contribution of the SYS to the global oceanic DMS fluxes.  相似文献   

14.
The distributions of DMS and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate, in both dissolved (DMSPd) and particulate fractions (DMSPp) were determined in the seasurface microlayer and corresponding subsurface water of the Jiaozhou Bay, China and its adjacent area in May and August 2006. The concentrations of all these components showed a clear seasonal variation, with higher concentrations occurring in summer. This can be mainly attributed to the higher phytoplankton biomass observed in summer. Simultaneously, the enrichment extents of DMSPd and DMSPp in the microlayer also exhibited seasonal changes, with higher values in spring and lower ones in summer. Higher water temperature and stronger radiant intensity in summer can enhance their solubility and photochemical reaction in the microlayer water, reducing their enrichment factors (the ratio of concentration in the microlayer to that in the corresponding subsurface water). A statistically significant relationship was found between the microlayer and subsurface water concentrations of DMS, DMSP and chlorophyll a, demonstrating that the biogenic materials in the microlayer come primarily from the underlying water. Moreover, our data show that the concentrations of DMSPp and DMS were significantly correlated with the levels of chlorophyll a, indicating that phytoplankton biomass might play an important role in controlling the distributions of biogenic sulfurs in the study area. The ratios of DMS/chlorophyll a and DMSPp/chlorophyll a varied little from spring to summer, suggesting that there was no obvious change in the proportion of DMSP producers in the phytoplankton community. The mean sea-to-air flux of DMS from the study area was estimated to be 5.70 μmol/(m2·d), which highlights the effects of human impacts on DMS emission.  相似文献   

15.
The production of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) by marine microalgae was investigated to elucidate more on the role of marine phytoplankton in ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle.Axenic laboratory cultures of four marine microalgae–Isochrysis galbana 8701,Pavlova viridis,Platymonas sp.and Chlorella were tested for DMSP production and conversion into DMS.Among these four microalgae,Isochrysis galbana 8701 and Pavlova viridis are two species of Haptophyta,while Chlorella and Platymonas sp.belong to Chlorophyta.The results demonstrate that the four algae can produce various amounts of DMS(P),and their DMS(P) production was species specific.With similar cell size,more DMS was released by Haptophyta than that by Chlorophyta.DMS and dissolved DMSP (DMSPd) concentrations in algal cultures varied significantly during their life cycles.The highest release of DMS appeared in the senescent period for all the four algae.Variations in DMSP concentrations were in strong compliance with variations in algal cell densities during the growing period.A highly significant correlation was observed between the DMS and DMSPd concentrations in algal cultures,and there was a time lag for the variation trend of the DMS concentrations as compared with that of the DMSPd.The consistency of variation patterns of DMS and DMSPd implies that the DMSPd produced by phytoplankton cells has a marked effect on the production of DMS.In the present study,the authors’ results specify the significant contribution of the marine phytoplankton to DMS(P) production and the importance of biological control of DMS concentrations in oceanic water.  相似文献   

16.
The impact of in situ iron fertilisation on the production of particulate dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSPp) and its breakdown product dimethyl sulphide (DMS) was monitored during the SOLAS air-sea gas exchange experiment (SAGE). The experiment was conducted in the high nitrate, low chlorophyll (HNLC) waters of the sub-Antarctic Southern Ocean (46.7°S 172.5°E) to the south-east of New Zealand, during March-April, 2004. In addition to monitoring net changes in the standing stocks of DMSPp and DMS, a series of dilution experiments were used to determine the DMSPp production and consumption rates in relation to increased iron availability. In contrast to previous experiments in the Southern Ocean, DMS concentrations decreased over the course of the 15-d iron-fertilisation experiment, from an integrated volume-specific concentration in the mixed layer on day 0 of 0.78 nM (measured values 0.65-0.91 nM) to 0.46 nM (measured values 0.42-0.47 nM) by day 15, in parallel with the surrounding waters. DMSPp, chlorophyll a and the abundance of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes exhibited indiscernible or only moderate increases in response to the raised iron availability, despite an obvious physiological response by the phytoplankton. High specific growth rates of DMSPp, equivalent to 0.8-1.2 doublings d−1, occurred at the simulated 60% light level of the dilution experiments. Despite the high production rates, DMSPp accumulation was suppressed in part by microzooplankton grazers who consumed between 61% d−1 and 126% d−1 of the DMSPp production. Temporal trends in the rates of production and consumption illustrated a close coupling between the DMSP-producing phytoplankton and their microzooplankton grazers. Similar grazing and production rates were observed for the eukaryotic picophytoplankton that dominated the phytoplankton biomass, partial evidence that picoeukaryotes contributed a substantial proportion of the DMSP synthesis. These rates for DMSPp and picoeukaryotes were considerably higher than for chlorophyll a, indicating higher cycling rates of the DMSP-producing taxa than for the bulk phytoplankton community. When compared to the total phytoplankton community, there was no evidence of selection against the DMSP-containing phytoplankton by the microzooplankton grazers; the opposite appeared to be the case. SAGE demonstrated that increased iron availability in the HNLC waters of the Southern Ocean does not invariably lead to enhanced DMS sea-air flux. The potential suppression of DMSPp accumulation by grazers needs to be taken into account in future attempts to elevate DMS emission through in situ iron fertilisation and in understanding the hypothesised link between levels of Aeolian iron deposition in the Southern Ocean, DMS emission and global albedo.  相似文献   

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