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有机锡化合物是迄今为止人为引入海洋环境中的毒性最大的物质之一。自本世纪60年代开始有机锡被大量用作海洋防污涂料的活性成分,它的广泛使用给世界各国沿海地区带来了一系列的生态灾难(周名江等,1994)。国外关于有机锡对海洋动物的毒性影响已有大量的报道( Bryan & Gibbs,1986; Wade et al,1988; Axiak et al,1995),而有机锡对海洋浮游植物的毒性研究则相对较少,主要集中于有机锡对藻类生长、初级生产力(Callow & Evans,1981; Wong et al,1983)等方面的影响。本文以等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)为实验生物,系统研究了有机锡对等鞭金藻生长、光合、呼吸、细胞色素含量以及细胞C,N,P含量的影响,为评价有机锡对海洋浮游植物的毒性效应提供了基础资料。 相似文献
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有机锡化合物（ｏｒｇａｎｏｔｉｎｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓ）广泛应用于工业、农业、交通和卫生等部门。其中，三丁基锡ｔｒｉｂｕｔｙｌｔｉｎ，ＴＢＴ由于对多种海洋污损生物具有长期有效的杀生效果，被大量用作船体涂层添加物，以防附着生物在船壳上的附着和生长，被称为海洋杀生剂。ＴＢＴ在防污的同时，也会影响到许多非目标生物，并且被认为是迄今为止人为引入海洋环境中的毒性最大的物质之一。ＴＢＴ对海洋生态系统的各层次和各子系统都会造成严重的负面影响，甚至不可逆的破坏。２０世纪８０年代以来，ＴＢＴ防污漆便开始被一些发达… 相似文献
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有机锡从60年代开始曾被广泛用作海洋防污涂料的活性成分,它是人为引入海洋环境中的毒性最大的物质之一。近十年来,国外关于有机锡对海洋动物的毒性已作了大量的研究(Bryan et al.,1986; Alzieu,1991; Triebskorn,1994),有机锡对海洋藻类影响的研究相对较少,且多集中于有机锡对单种藻的生长、光合、营养吸收、毒性积累等方面(Evansand Smith,1975; Wong et al,1982; Thain,1983)。到目前为止还没有人从海藻群落的角度来研究有机锡的毒性效应,本文试图在这方面做些探讨,了解有机锡对海洋生态系统中微藻群落结构变动和优势种演替的影响,为在我国制订有机锡海水水质标准提供实验依据。 相似文献
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自20世纪70年代人们就认识到,环境中重金属的浓度常常不能反映其生物可利用性和毒性,这些性质不仅取决于它们在环境中的浓度,而且还与其形态有关[1].在海水的溶解态金属中,通常认为自由水合离子对浮游植物具有较高的生物可利用性和毒性,而无机络合物和有机络合物的生物可利用性很小[2～4].在沉积物中,普遍认为可交换态的重金属最易被生物所利用,毒性最强,铁锰氧化物态可在还原条件下释放,而残渣态的重金属与沉积物的结合最牢固,活性最小,因而毒性最小[5].同种金属的不同赋存形态有着不同的生物可利用性,也就是说金属总的含量中只有一部分是具有生物可利用性的.因此在评价海洋环境中重金属的污染情况和制定相关标准时,必须考虑到重金属的赋存形态对生物可利用性和毒性的影响,以便更好的保护和管理海洋环境.海洋中的有机物质是痕量金属的重要配位体,这些金属-有机配位体影响着大部分生物可利用金属的化学形态[6].因此,作者在综述了海洋环境中重金属的赋存形态及生物可利用性的基础上,还详细讨论了有机物对海洋环境中重金属的赋存形态及生物可利用性的影响. 相似文献
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《海洋湖沼通报》2020,(3)
三丁基锡(Tributyltin, TBT)是一种有机锡化合物,曾广泛用作船舶防污涂料杀生剂。尽管已经于2008年全面禁止在防污涂料中使用有机锡化合物,但环境中有机锡含量仍处于很高水平。TBT可以导致鱼类、哺乳动物体内脂肪积累增加,具有"肥胖因子"效应;TBT暴露可以使腹足类发生性畸变,对鱼类、哺乳动物造成生殖损伤。然而,关于TBT暴露对生物生殖能力的多世代毒性效应还未见报道。秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)在土壤中广泛分布,在分解有机物和物质循环中发挥重要作用。秀丽隐杆线虫生活史短,可在短时间内获得大量子代,是理想的三丁基锡的多世代毒性效应研究对象。因此,本文以秀丽隐杆线虫为实验生物,研究TBT对其生殖能力的多世代毒性效应。研究结果如下:1 ng/L、10 ng/L、100 ng/L、1000 ng/L TBT暴露秀丽隐杆线虫48 h,对秀丽隐杆线虫的生殖能力具有显著抑制作用,并且可以传递到未暴露的子代(F1-F3代)。与对照组相比,1000 ng/L TBT暴露组F0代、F3代怀卵数分别减少23.53%、15.15%,子代数分别减少23.53%、15.15%;且阴门结构畸形率显著上升。推测子宫内怀卵数减少是子代数量减少的主要原因,而阴门结构的畸形可以使产卵行为受损,进一步加剧TBT对秀丽隐杆线虫生殖能力的抑制作用。本研究为有机锡防污涂料的污染治理提供理论依据。 相似文献
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以有机锡为主的防污涂料是一类有效的涂料。十几年前,在第二届国际污染和防污会议上介绍有机锡类防污涂料时,就有人注意到其防污机理问题,但至今尚未看到有关报道。 纹藤壶(Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Darwin)是我国沿海船底及其他海上设施为害最严重的附着生物之一,是很有代表性的实验材料。我们在有机锡类防污涂料中选用效能较好的TPTC,就其对纹藤壶的防污机理作了初步研究。 搞清楚防污机理对于合理使用防污涂料以及进一步提高防污效能都具有重要意义。本文从生化功能和形态结构两个方面阐述了TPTC对藤壶线粒体的影响。 相似文献
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开发绿色环保防污剂是海洋船舶防污涂料研究的重要方向,查明防污活性化合物分子结构中的防污活性基团,是设计开发新型防污剂的关键。本文合成了三种结构相似的苯酰胺类化合物HNOB、DOLPA和DHNOB,通过FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR测试表征三种化合物的分子结构,利用典型污损生物硅藻和贻贝作为目标生物,测试其对硅藻和贻贝附着的影响,并将分子结构与防污活性进行对比,初步探讨影响防污性能的活性基团。硅藻和贻贝附着实验均表明,HNOB的防污性能较好,半数抑制浓度远低于DOLPA和DHNOB。通过结构对比分析发现,极性和非极性结构的协同作用比单一的极性基团或非极性长碳链基团能更好地赋予苯酰胺类物质良好的防污性能。该研究初步探讨了苯酰胺类化合物的构效关系,有助于新型防污活性化合物的设计开发和结构优化,并对探究该类化合物防除污损生物附着的机理和快速筛选有潜力的防污化合物具有重要意义。 相似文献
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沉积物毒性生物检测是沉积物环境质量评价重要内容之一[1].在沉积物毒性生物检测实验中,常用的受试生物有端足类(Amphipoda)、多毛类(Polychaeta)、软体动物(Mollusca)、棘皮动物(E-chinodermata)和枝角类(Cladocera)等中的部分种类[2-3].端足类是目前开展海洋沉积物毒性检测的优选受试生物,对其研究工作进行的最多,经验积累也最丰富,用其进行的有关沉积物毒性检测的方法也比较成熟[3].目前国外已有20多种海洋端足类用于沉积物毒性生物检测中.野生受试生物受季节、数量的限制不能满足检测工作的需要. 相似文献
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文章从船舶对海洋环境造成污染的主要物质:石油及其制品、散装有毒液体物质、包装有害物质、生活污水、船舶垃圾和有害排气等方面分析了船舶对海洋环境造成污染的途径,有针对性地提出了船舶防污染管理措施,以限制船舶污染物排放,保护海洋环境。 相似文献
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Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
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Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
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The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献
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《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,(9):F0003-F0003
<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology, 相似文献
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The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance. 相似文献
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Rahul Sharma 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):237-250
Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions. 相似文献
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Vance P. Vicente 《Marine Ecology》1989,10(2):179-191
Abstract. Long-term changes in the distributional patterns of commercial sponges ( Spongia spp. and Hippospongia spp.) within the West Indian Region indicates that: 1) commercial sponges had a widespread distribution throughout the whole West Indian Region and were ubiquitous in very shallow water until about the first half of the present century; 2) they were fished commercially not only in the traditional northern Caribbean sites (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas) but also in the Greater ( e. g. , Hispaniola, Jamaica) and Lesser Antilles; and 3) they became extinct throughout most of the Lesser Antilles ( e. g. , Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas) sometime during the first half of this century. Mortalities of spongiids within the Antilles were found to differ from other marine mortalities in that: 1) species disappeared from a large region; 2) species vanished from different habitats and depths; and 3) natural populations never recovered. Species richness patterns suggest that commercial sponge genera ( Spongia and Hippospongia ) evolved under slightly cooler elimatic conditions than those found at present, and that these extinctions occurred as a direct or indirect effect of positive thermal anomalies in sea surface and atmospheric temperatures between 1900–1950. The concept that species diversity is stable on a regional scale is questioned. 相似文献
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The behaviour of an axially pre-loaded cylindrical member of an offshore structure, hit by a supply ship, has been investigated. The effects of axial pre-loading on the dynamic properties of members, the extent of damage and propagation of dynamic instability in the tubular members have also been investigated. Numerical models have been validated using available experimental data from the literature although these are mostly static with no pre-loading. Axial pre-loading was found to change the dynamic characteristics of some cylindrical members quite dramatically while it had no significant effect on others. The study examined whether there was any change in the behaviour between local and global modes when the loading was dynamic rather than static. The effect of damping on the dynamic instability of axially pre-loaded tubes under lateral dynamic loads was also studied. It was observed that for some geometries the quasi-static response can be used to define the boundary between bounded and unbounded dynamic responses. The main contribution of this study, compared with previous investigations reported in the literature, is that both pre-loading and dynamic effects have been included. 相似文献