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1.
《海洋科学集刊》2016,(0)
微食物环是海洋生态系统中重要的物质和能量过程,是传统食物链的有效补充。微食物环研究是当前海洋生态学研究的热点之一,但对其结构的系统研究较少,海洋微食物网结构在2000年才被Garrison提出。尽管微食物网各个类群的丰度在不同海洋环境中存在相对变化,但是这些变化都处于一定的范围之内,其丰度结构约为纤毛虫10cell/mL、鞭毛虫10~3cell/mL、微微型真核浮游生物10~4cell/mL、蓝细菌10~4~10~5cell/mL、异养细菌10~6cell/mL、病毒10~7particle/mL。海洋浮游食物链中捕食者和饵料生物粒径的最佳比值为10︰1,实际研究中该比值会略低,如纤毛虫与其饵料的粒径比值为8︰1,鞭毛虫为3︰1。微微型(pico-)和微型(nano-)浮游植物的丰度比(pico︰nano)是研究微食物网结构的指数之一,该指数具有不受研究尺度影响的优点,可用于研究区域性和全球性微食物网结构。近年来,学者们从多角度对海洋微食物网的结构开展了研究,针对不同海区微食物网各类群丰度、生物量时间和空间变化的研究有很多报道,微食物网的结构受空间、季节、摄食、营养盐等多种因素影响。在对不同空间微食物网的研究中,众多学者往往研究不同物理性质的水团中各类群生物丰度的不同,以此来表征微食物网结构的不同;同一海区微食物网结构的季节变化也是使用各个类群丰度和生物量的变化来表示,该变化主要受水文环境因素影响。摄食者对微食物网各类生物的影响通过3种途径:(1)中型浮游动物摄食;(2)中型浮游动物摄食微型浮游动物,通过营养级级联效应影响低营养级生物;(3)中型浮游动物通过释放溶解有机物、营养盐影响细菌和低营养级生物。浮游植物通过产生化感物质和溶解有机物影响微食物网结构,而营养盐的浓度及变化则可以对微食物网产生直接或间接影响。 相似文献
2.
聚球蓝细菌是Pico级浮游植物的重要组成部分,微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌的摄食是海洋微食物网研究的重要内容。实验室内测定微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌摄食速率的方法有饵料浓度差减法和体内饵料颗粒增多法2种,研究表明:鞭毛虫对聚球蓝细菌的摄食速率为0~2.9 syn grazer-1h-1,清滤速率0.4~10.9 nl grazer-1h-1;甲藻对聚球蓝细菌的摄食速率的范围为0.86~83.8 syn grazer-1h-1。实验室内研究纤毛虫对聚球蓝细菌摄食速率和清滤速率的资料不多。在自然海区,海水稀释培养、添加生物抑制剂培养和分粒级培养等方法被用来测定微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌摄食速率,海水稀释培养法表明微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌的摄食率大多低于0.9 d-1,最大为1.54 d-1;使用生物抑制剂方法获得的微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌的摄食率为0.04~1.06 d-1;海水分粒级培养法表明聚球蓝细菌的主要摄食者个体微小,绝大部分小于20μm。 相似文献
3.
海洋中存在着大量的颗粒,包括大型聚合颗粒（即海雪,粒径>500μm）、小型聚合颗粒（1~500μm）和亚微米颗粒粒径（<1μm）等。颗粒在海水中营造了不同于纯海水的小生境,其中生活着与自然海水中不同的生物。异养细菌、蓝细菌、真核藻类、鞭毛虫、纤毛虫等微食物网生物可以黏附在海洋颗粒上,或生活在颗粒内部,其丰度高于周围水体中的自由生活生物,这可能是由于颗粒提供了更适宜生长的营养环境。本文综述了海洋浮游微食物网生物在海洋颗粒形成和沉降中的作用。微食物网生物在颗粒物的形成过程中起到很重要的作用,它们可以直接促进颗粒形成,也可以彼此结合成颗粒,或微型浮游动物排粪形成颗粒。微食物网生物还可以对颗粒进行转化,影响颗粒的大小、沉降速度、或对颗粒及其黏附生物进行摄食。微食物网生物由于本身较小,沉降较慢,但这些生物和颗粒的结合使得微食物网生物在碳通量中发挥重要的作用。 相似文献
4.
《海洋科学集刊》2017,(0)
海洋中存在着大量的颗粒,包括大型聚合颗粒(即海雪,粒径500?m)、小型聚合颗粒(1~500?m)和亚微米颗粒粒径(1?m)等。颗粒在海水中营造了不同于纯海水的小生境,其中生活着与自然海水中不同的生物。异养细菌、蓝细菌、真核藻类、鞭毛虫、纤毛虫等微食物网生物可以黏附在海洋颗粒上,或生活在颗粒内部,其丰度高于周围水体中的自由生活生物,这可能是由于颗粒提供了更适宜生长的营养环境。本文综述了海洋浮游微食物网生物在海洋颗粒形成和沉降中的作用。微食物网生物在颗粒物的形成过程中起到很重要的作用,它们可以直接促进颗粒形成,也可以彼此结合成颗粒,或微型浮游动物排粪形成颗粒。微食物网生物还可以对颗粒进行转化,影响颗粒的大小、沉降速度、或对颗粒及其黏附生物进行摄食。微食物网生物由于本身较小,沉降较慢,但这些生物和颗粒的结合使得微食物网生物在碳通量中发挥重要的作用。 相似文献
5.
本研究向自然海水中接种中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、红色哈卡藻（Akashiwo sanguinea）和球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）游离单细胞进行培养,比较不同赤潮藻类对海洋浮游微食物网主要类群的影响。结果发现,红色哈卡藻和中肋骨条藻均经历了从增殖到衰亡的过程,中肋骨条藻在磷酸盐耗尽后消亡,磷酸盐随之被重新释放到水体中;而无论增殖还是衰亡,红色哈卡藻添加组磷酸盐含量均持续降低。球形棕囊藻游离单细胞在迅速增殖将磷酸盐耗尽后并未衰亡,其密度维持相对稳定。红色哈卡藻添加组和中肋骨条藻添加组的细菌密度显著低于中肋骨条藻添加组（P<0.05）。三种藻类相比,红色哈卡藻添加组中纤毛虫、异养微型鞭毛虫（heterotrophic nanoflagellate, HNF）和含色素体微型鞭毛虫（pigmented nanoflagellate, PNF）的丰度最高（P<0.05）,但该组微型鞭毛虫的营养结构（HNF/PNF）与中肋骨条藻添加组无显著差异（P>0.05）。球形棕囊藻添加组含色素体微型鞭毛虫的丰度显著降低（P<0.05）,从而导致该组微型鞭毛虫营养结构显著偏向异养（P<0.05）。实验结束时,球形棕囊藻添加组纤毛虫的丰度显著低于其他两组（P<0.05）。本研究中,球形棕囊藻可通过与含色素体微型鞭毛虫竞争营养盐并抵御异养微型鞭毛虫及纤毛虫捕食的方式对微食物网产生影响。红色哈卡藻对微食物网的影响主要是由于其可被异养微型鞭毛虫摄食。中肋骨条藻对微食物网的影响受营养盐的调节,细菌的分解可能在该藻衰亡后的营养盐再生过程中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
6.
黄海水母旺发区浮游鞭毛虫和纤毛虫群落结构分布及其与水母发生关系初探 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
鞭毛虫和纤毛虫在海洋微食物环和经典食物链间的能量流动中起着重要的枢纽作用,但其在水母暴发过程中的作用仍然不明。本研究基于2011年春季以及水母旺发的夏季黄海专项航次,通过荧光染色技术和定量蛋白银法研究了南黄海水母频发海域3个断面(E:33°N,G:34°N,I:35°N)的鞭毛虫和纤毛虫的群落结构和时空分布特点,对其与水母的发生关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,春夏两季的微型鞭毛虫丰度均以近岸水域为最高,向外海递减,高值区大多出现在水体表层及底层附近。夏季总微型鞭毛虫的丰度和生物量较春季略高,且异养微型鞭毛虫比例升高。纤毛虫丰度的水平分布与鞭毛虫正相反,以近岸较低,向外海递增,主要分布在表层及10m水层。在水母出现的E和G断面,夏季纤毛虫数量显著降低,丰度仅为春季的30%—40%;而未见水母的I断面夏季较春季的数量升高了一个数量级。推测夏季水母发生的E、G断面纤毛虫丰度明显降低系因水母的捕食压力所致,纤毛虫数量的减少导致对鞭毛虫的摄食压力降低,鞭毛虫数量增加;而未见水母的I断面纤毛虫则维持较高的丰度值。本研究表明,水母作为浮游生态系统的顶级捕食者,可通过营养级联效应对微小型浮游动物群落产生影响。 相似文献
7.
采用海域大规模调查和模拟现场流水法测定了桑沟湾海域微食物环主要组分生物(微微型浮游生物、微型鞭毛虫和纤毛虫)在桑沟湾的季节分布和对长牡蛎食物来源的贡献。对桑沟湾海域浮游生物现存量的调查结果显示:微食物环生物丰度和生物量以冬季最低(P0.05)。微食物环组成生物的生物量以微型鞭毛虫最大,占51.69%(无色素体微型鞭毛虫HNF贡献37.31%,有色素体微型鞭毛虫PNF贡献14.38%),其次是异养细菌(39.03%),纤毛虫和微微型真核浮游生物贡献较小,分别为2.31%和0.66%。使用模拟现场流水法,测定了长牡蛎对浮游生物的摄食,其清滤率变化范围为0.26—3.50L/(g·h),随着粒径的增大,长牡蛎对浮游生物的清滤率增加。长牡蛎对不同浮游生物的清滤率由大到小依次为:2μm以上有色素体浮游生物纤毛虫2μm以下有色素体浮游生物无色素体微型鞭毛虫异养细菌,长牡蛎对2μm以上有色素体浮游生物碳截留最大(289.20±62.36μg/(g·h)),其次是无色素体微型鞭毛虫,异养细菌和纤毛虫。传统的对于贝类食物来源的测定忽略了异养细菌、HNF以及纤毛虫,对微食物环框架的研究得出三种生物对长牡蛎的碳贡献为1563.58μg/(g·d)(17.94%),指示原生动物(异养鞭毛虫和纤毛虫)在长牡蛎的食谱组成中的地位不可忽视。异养细菌除了参与微食物环,还能被长牡蛎直接或者间接的摄食,成为长牡蛎的食物来源之一。本文结果为长牡蛎的养殖容量评估和微食物环生物对养殖生态系统的贡献分析提供了重要的数据支撑。 相似文献
8.
海洋浮游微食物网包括病毒、细菌、聚球藻蓝细菌、原绿球藻、微微型自养真核生物、微型浮游动物(混合营养和异养鞭毛虫、纤毛虫)等生物类群,其中病毒、细菌及微型浮游动物等异养生物类群是海洋中氮、磷营养盐再生的重要贡献者。海洋中细菌吸收还是释放营养盐取决于细菌与底物中元素的比例,在多数海区,异养细菌都是吸收营养盐。病毒主要通过溶解宿主来释放宿主细胞中的物质,释放的营养元素的存在形态大多为有机物。微型浮游动物对营养盐的再生主要通过排泄来完成,目前在实验室内测定微型浮游动物排泄率的研究比较少,进行研究的主要困难有两个:第一,微型浮游动物的室内培养较难;第二,测定微型浮游动物的代谢率技术难度较高。根据已有研究结果,鞭毛虫的单位体重排氮率为2.8~140μg N(mg DW)~(-1)h~(-1),最大排氮率为7.0×10-9~13.8×10-6μg NH4+N cell~(-1)h~(-1),再生效率为0~100%;最大排磷率为3.8×10-9~6.6×10-7μg P cell~(-1)h~(-1),再生效率为0~100%。鞭毛虫的营养盐排泄率和再生效率受鞭毛虫自身的生长阶段和生活策略、饵料中元素比例及温度的影响。纤毛虫的单位体重排氮率为0.25~178μg N(mg DW)~(-1)h~(-1),最大排氮率为1.59×10-7~1.2×10-4μg NH4+N cell~(-1)h~(-1);单位体重排磷率为13~363μg P(mg DW)~(-1)h~(-1),最大排磷率为0~1.3×10-5μg P cell~(-1)h~(-1)。影响纤毛虫排泄率和再生速率的主要因素为纤毛虫生长阶段和温度。自然海区测定微型浮游生物对营养盐的再生的方法主要为同位素稀释法,此外还可以根据其他资料推算微型浮游生物的营养盐再生速率及产生率以反映再生能力。多数野外实验结果证明微型浮游动物是营养盐主要的再生者。 相似文献
9.
海洋浮游纤毛虫是海洋微食物环的重要组成部分,同时也是连接海洋微食物环和经典食物链的重要环节。研究海洋浮游纤毛虫的摄食情况对了解海洋浮游纤毛虫在海洋浮游生态系统物质循环和能量流动中的作用有重要意义。主要研究内容包括纤毛虫的食性、纤毛虫对不同饵料的摄食强度(摄食率、清滤率)和选择性、影响摄食的因素及摄食后的同化和排遗。海洋浮游纤毛虫食性的研究方法主要有两种,分别为体内饵料颗粒法和维持生长法。实验室内估算纤毛虫摄食率和清滤率主要有两种方法,分别为饵料浓度差减法和体内饵料颗粒增多法。可以用特定体积清滤率和特定生物量摄食率来比较不同种纤毛虫的清滤率和摄食率。已有研究结果表明,纤毛虫的饵料包括较小的纤毛虫、硅藻、甲藻、鞭毛虫、聚球藻、原绿球藻和细菌等。纤毛虫的摄食率范围为0.1—920 cells/(ciliate h),清滤率范围为0—110μL/(ciliate h)。纤毛虫对饵料的粒径和化学性质均有选择性。饵料浓度、温度、光线、扰动以及纤毛虫所处的生长阶段都会对纤毛虫的摄食率产生影响。不同种类纤毛虫对不同种类饵料的同化率(67%—79%)和消化时间(13.7 min—24 h)不同。 相似文献
10.
海洋中型浮游动物的选择性摄食对浮游植物群落的控制 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
海洋中型浮游动物的选择性摄食很大程度上影响着浮游植物种群的变化,控制着海洋初级生产力的节律、规模和归宿。从海洋中型浮游动物选择性摄食对有害藻华的控制、中型浮游动物的选择性摄食机制、中型浮游动物选择性摄食的研究方法和中型浮游动物的选择性摄食模型四个方面探讨了中型浮游动物选择性摄食对控制浮游植物种群演替的贡献,为进一步预测和控制有害藻华发生提供科学依据。 相似文献
11.
Chang-Rae Lee Keun-Hyung Choi Hyung-Ku Kang Eun Jin Yang Jae Hoon Noh Dong Han Choi 《Journal of Oceanography》2012,68(3):473-482
This study examined the biomass structure of autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton along a trophic gradient in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in an attempt to understand planktonic food web structure. Autotrophic biomass exceeded that of heterotrophic organisms in all sampling regions, but with lesser contribution to total planktonic biomass at stations of higher phytoplankton biomass, including the northern East China Sea, compared to the regions of lower phytoplankton biomass. The proportion of the biomass of heterotrophic bacteria, nanoflagellates (HNF), and dinoflagellates (HDF) relative to that of phytoplankton was all inversely related to phytoplankton biomass, but positive relationships were observed for both ciliates and mesozooplankton. Mesozooplankton biomass inclined greater than phytoplankton along the gradient of phytoplankton biomass, with biomass rise being most closely associated with ciliate and HDF biomass and, to a lesser degree, with large phytoplankton (>3?μm). Both bacteria and picophytoplankton were significantly and positively related to the biomass ratio of mesozooplankton to the sum of HDF and ciliates (i.e., proxy of mesozooplankton predation on protozoans), but no positive relationship was apparent either for HNF or for large phytoplankton. Such relationships may result from predation relief on lower food webs associated with mesozooplankton feeding on protistan plankton. 相似文献
12.
Growth,feeding and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Hae Jin Jeong Yeong Du Yoo Jae Seong Kim Kyeong Ah Seong Nam Seon Kang Tae Hoon Kim 《Ocean Science Journal》2010,45(2):65-91
Planktonic mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates are ubiquitous protists and often abundant in marine environments. Recently many phototrophic dinoflagellate species have been revealed to be mixotrophic organisms and also it is suggested that most dinoflagellates may be mixotrophic or heterotrophic protists. The mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates are able to feed on diverse prey items including bacteria, picoeukaryotes, nanoflagellates, diatoms, other dinoflagellates, heterotrophic protists, and metazoans due to their diverse feeding mechanisms. In turn they are ingested by many kinds of predators. Thus, the roles of the dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs are very diverse. The present paper reviewed the kind of prey which mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates are able to feed on, feeding mechanisms, growth and ingestion rates of dinoflagellates, grazing impact by dinoflagellate predators on natural prey populations, predators on dinoflagellates, and red tides dominated by dinoflagellates. Based on this information, we suggested a new marine planktonic food web focusing on mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates and provided an insight on the roles of dinoflagellates in the food web. 相似文献
13.
Elaine S. Fileman Tania Fitzgeorge-Balfour Glen A. TarranRoger P. Harris 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011
The plankton community composition comprising heterotrophic bacteria, pro-/eukaryotes, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, microzooplankton and mesozooplankton was assessed during the spring bloom and at non-bloom stations in the English Channel and Celtic Sea between 6 and 12 April 2002. Non-bloom sites were characterised by a dominance of pro-/eukaryotic phytoplankton <20 μm, higher abundance of heterotrophic nanoflagellates, microzooplankton standing stocks ranging between 60 and 380 mg C m−2, lower mesozooplankton diversity and copepod abundance of between 760 and 2600 ind m−3. Within the bloom, the phytoplankton community was typically dominated by larger cells with low abundance of pro-/eukaryotes. Heterotrophic nanoflagellate cell bio-volume decreased leading to a reduction in biomass whereas microzooplankton biomass increased (360–1500 mg C m−2) due to an increase in cell bio-volume and copepod abundance ranged between 1400 and 3800 ind m−3. Mesozooplankton diversity increased with an increase in productivity. Relationships between the plankton community and environmental data were examined using multivariate statistics and these highlighted significant differences in the abiotic variables, the pro-/eukaryotic phytoplankton communities, heterotrophic nanoflagellate, microzooplankton and total zooplankton communities between the bloom and non-bloom sites. The variables which best described variation in the microzooplankton community were temperature and silicate. The spatial variation in zooplankton diversity was best explained by temperature. This study provides an insight into the changes that occur between trophic levels within the plankton in response to the spring bloom in this area. 相似文献
14.
The plankton food web structure and trophodynamics in the neritic area of Sagami Bay were investigated from January 2003 to
December 2005, based on abundance, biomass, production rate and nutritional requirements of pico- (0.2–2 μm), nano- (2–20
μm), micro- (20–200 μm) and mesoplankton (>200 μm: mainly copepods CI-CVI) at 0–10 m depth. The average carbon biomass of
the total plankton community was higher in spring and summer (1.452 and 1.466 g C m−2, respectively) than in winter and autumn (0.676 and 0.686 g C m−2, respectively). The average values of primary production and of production rate and food requirement of heterotrophic organisms
were higher in summer than in other seasons. During the study period the biomass, production rate and food requirement of
small heterotrophs (i.e. bacteria: BA; heterotrophic nanoflagellates: HNF; microzooplankton: MZ) were much higher than those
of copepod secondary (CSP) and tertiary producers (CTP), indicating that the microbial food web was the main route of carbon
flow from phytoplankton (PP) to CSP and CTP, rather than the grazing food chain. In particular, during summer and autumn the
biomass of pico- and nano-size PP plus BA was greater than that of micro-size PP, suggesting the high prevalence of the microbial
food web (pico-/nanophytoplankton/BA-HNF/MZ-copepods). During winter and spring, the biomass of micro-size PP was greater
than that of pico- and nano-size PP plus BA, suggesting that the indirect route (microphytoplankton-MZ-copepods) probably
prevailed, while the microbial food web might be important. 相似文献
15.
Christine Dupuy Agathe Talarmin Hans J. Hartmann Daniel Delmas C. Courties Elise Marquis 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011
In order to investigate the parameters controlling the heterotrophic protists (nano-microzooplankton) on the continental shelf of the southern Bay of Biscay, plankton communities and their physico-chemical environment were studied 4 times in February, April, June and September–October 2004 at three stations in the euphotic zone in the Bay of Biscay. The abundance and carbon biomass of heterotrophic protists (ciliates, heterotrophic dinoflagellates and nanoflagellates) as well as all the others groups of plankton (picoplankton, nanophytoplankton, diatoms, autotrophic dinoflagellates, metazoan microzooplankton and mesozooplankton), the environmental parameters and the primary and bacteria production were evaluated at each sampling period. Microzooplankton grazing experiments were undertaken at the same time. Ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates accounted for the main major component of nano- and microzooplankton communities in term of biomass. The total carbon biomass of heterotrophic protists was highest in spring and lowest at the end of summer. The development of heterotrophic protists started after a winter microphytoplankton bloom (principally large diatoms), the biomass was lower in June and was low in September (through inappropriate prey). The carbon requirement of microzooplankton ranged from 50 to more than 100% of daily primary, bacterial and nanoflagellate production. The heterotrophic protist community was predominantly constrained by bottom-up control in spring and at the end of summer via food availability and quality. 相似文献
16.
Isabel G. Teixeira Francisco G. Figueiras Bibiana G. CrespoSílvia Piedracoba 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011
The dilution technique, combined with identification and enumeration of pico-, nano- and micro-plankton by microscopy, was used to estimate microzooplankton impact on the microbial community in surface waters of a coastal embayment on the NW Iberian upwelling system. Microzooplankton were important consumers of autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton in this system, feeding up to 93% of standing stock and more than 100% of production of several groups. Heterotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic picoflagellates experienced the highest and constant impact, with 75–84% of their standing stocks and 85–102% of their production being channelled through the microbial food web. Pico- and nano-phytoplankton were also consumed, although maximum grazing occurred on diatoms during upwelling events, coinciding with highest primary production. Predation on pico-nano-heterotrophs was especially relevant under downwelling conditions, when consumption of total carbon and particularly autotrophic carbon was considerably lower than during upwelling. The results suggest that the existence of a multivorous food web, extending from the microbial loop to the herbivorous food web, could be a major feature in this coastal upwelling system. The microbial loop, which occurs as a permanent background in the system, would contribute to sustain the microbial food web during downwelling, whereas the herbivorous food web could coexist with a microbial food web based on large diatoms during upwelling. The multivorous food web would partially divert diatoms from sinking and hence favour the retention of organic matter in the water column. This could enhance the energy transfer to higher pelagic trophic levels in coastal upwelling systems. 相似文献
17.
Young-Ok Kim Eun Jin Yang Jung-Hoon Kang Kyoungsoon Shin Man Chang Cheol Soo Myung 《Ocean Science Journal》2007,42(1):9-17
The summer distributions of planktonic microbial communities (heterotrophic and phtosynthetic bacteria, phtosynthetic and
heterotrophic nanoflagellates, ciliate plankton, and microphytoplankton) were compared between inner and outer areas of Lake
Sihwa, divided by an artificial breakwater, located on the western coast of Korea, in September 2003. The semienclosed, inner
area was characterized by hyposaline surface water (<17 psu), and by low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (avg. 0.4 mg L1) and high concentrations of inorganic nutrients (nitrogenous nutrients >36 μM, phosphate <4 μM) in the bottom layer. Higher
densities of heterotrophic bacteria and nanoflagellates also occurred in the inner area than did in the outer area, while
microphytoplankton (mainly diatoms) occurred abundantly in the outer area. A tiny tintinnid ciliate, Tintinnopsis nana, bloomed
into more than 106 cells L1 at the surface layer of the inner area, while its abundance was much lower (103-104 cells L1) in the outer area of the breakwater. Ciliate abundance was highly correlated with heterotrophic bacteria (r = 0.886, p <
0.001) and heterotrophic flagellates (r = 0.962, p < 0.001), indicating that rich food availability may have led to theT. nana bloom. These results suggest that the breakwater causes the eutrophic environment in artificial lakes with limited flushing
of enriched water and develops into abundant bacteria, nanoflagellates, and ciliates. 相似文献
18.
An-Yi Tsai Gwo-Ching Gong Robert W. Sanders Kuo-Ping Chiang Chien-Fu Chao 《Journal of Oceanography》2012,68(1):151-162
This study used the dilution method to examine growth and grazing rates of heterotrophic bacteria and an autotrophic picoplankton,
Synechococcus spp., from 1 to 11 July 2007 in the East China Sea. The main influence of oceanographic conditions in this aquatic system
was the introduction of fresh, high-nutrient water from Changjiang River and the extremely nutrient-poor, high-salinity waters
of Kuroshio Water. In these experiments, deviation from linearity in the relationship between dilution factor and net growth
rate was significant in a large number of cases. Growth rates for heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 0.024 to 0.24, and for
Synechococcus spp. from 0.03 to 0.21 h−1. Grazing rates ranged from 0.02 to 0.19 and 0.01 to 0.13 h−1, respectively. The spatial variations of Synechococcus spp. production to the primary production ratio (SP/PP) were low (<5%) in high Chl a environments and increased exponentially in low Chl a environments, indicating that Synechococcus spp. contributes to a large extent to the photosynthetic biomass in the open sea, especially in the more oligotrophic Kuroshio
Water. Furthermore, the results of our dilution experiments suggest that nanoflagellates largely depend on heterotrophic bacteria
as an important energy source. On average, heterotrophic bacteria contributes to 76 and 59% of carbon consumed by nanoflagellates
within the plume (salinity <31) and outside of it (salinity >31). 相似文献
19.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1999,46(11-12):2909-2939
We use inverse analysis to model carbon and nitrogen flows in the upper ocean food web at Ocean Station Papa (OSP; 50°N, 145°W) for winter, spring, and late summer. The seasonal variability in basic physical, chemical, and biological characteristics is low, and the particulate carbon and nitrogen flux at 200 m is remarkably constant. Despite this apparent uniformity, the food web structure undergoes significant seasonal changes. The diversity of trophic pathways is higher during late summer than during the other two periods. The spring ecosystem is not in steady state and undergoes net phytoplankton growth and macronutrient consumption. The microbial loop is well developed only during late summer. Nevertheless, ammonium regeneration by the food web seems insufficient to meet demand by the primary producers. The difference may be due to recycling of dissolved organic nitrogen (urea+free amino acids), a process not represented in the model. The winter food web is the closest to steady state, with nitrate utilisation approximately in balance with export of particulate nitrogen. The inverse analysis suggests two main seasonally invariant features of the NE Pacific ecosystem. First, the major trophic pathway is always from picophytoplankton (0.2–5 μm) to microzooplankton (heterotrophic dinoflagellates and ciliates) to mesozooplankton. This supports the idea of a strong coupling between the microbial and metazoan food webs. Second, much of the primary production (and bacterial production in late summer) is not grazed and is recycled through the detrital pool. Both these features seem to arise from the requirement to conserve nitrogen as well as carbon in the food web. More complete measurements on the microzooplankton 20–200 μm in size, including the small metazoans like nauplii larvae, are required to improve the models presented here. 相似文献
20.
菌藻相互作用是海洋生态学领域研究的重要方向之一。海洋微微型蓝藻(Marinepicocyanobacteria)是遍布全球海洋的重要初级生产者,在全球碳循环和微食物网中发挥重要作用。原绿球藻属(Prochlorococcus)和聚球藻属(Synechococcus)是海洋微微型蓝藻最重要的两个类群。原位调查和培养实验均证实微微型蓝藻与异养细菌之间存在复杂的相互作用关系。两者相互作用的物质基础包括有机碳、维生素、氨基酸及无机营养盐等,主要作用方式是互惠共生:海洋微微型蓝藻通过初级生产能够为异养细菌提供重要的有机碳来源,异养细菌矿化生成的无机营养物能够被微微型蓝藻再吸收利用,与异养细菌的相互作用是微微型蓝藻实现生存优势的重要保障。本文总结了当前海洋微微型蓝藻与异养细菌主要相互作用的相关研究,并对未来研究领域中应该关注的问题进行了展望以期深入解析其生态学功能。 相似文献