共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
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海上溢油数值模型研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国是海洋大国,近年来,海上活动持续增多,发生海上溢油事故的风险随之加大,海上溢油污染事故一旦发生,如不得到及时控制,必将严重损害我国近海海洋环境。为了完善我国海上溢油应急反应体系,提高我国处理重大海上溢油事故的应急反应能力,海上溢油污染应急技术研究已经得到开展。本文综述了溢油预测模型的发展过程以及相关的研究成果,包括：溢油扩展模型、溢油漂移模型、油粒子模型和溢油风化模型等。这为进一步开展溢油预测和溢油污染应急工作提供了理论依据和参考。 相似文献
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一旦海上发生溢油事故，在一定时期内 ,溢油将对海洋的环境 (海表面及水体 ,甚至于海底沉积物 )产生影响。如果溢油抵岸 ,将污染沿岸海域 ,造成巨大的经济损失（表１给出我国１９９０年以来沿海主要事故溢油 (溢油５０ｔ以上 )情况统计 )。因此 ,一旦发生溢油 ,需要迅速制订应急计划，采取应急措施 ,以减少溢油造成的损害。一些发达国家已经建立了事故溢油影响的预测系统和应急处理机构 ［１］,以有效地组织抗溢油行动。溢油应急反应系统的框架设计是有效地制定应急措施、有效地组织人员、设备进行抗溢油行动的前提。１国外溢油预测系统概况… 相似文献
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近年来,国内外海上溢油污染事故的频发,使得全社会对海洋污染的关注不断升温。海上溢油量是评价海上溢油事故威胁程度和确定溢油事故等级的重要指标,也是污染赔偿追责的重要依据,同时对于现场溢油应急处置和科学决策也有重要作用。本文总结分析了目前主要的4种海上溢油量初步评估方法,包括质量平衡法、工艺流程法、现场观测法和数值模拟法。不同溢油量估算方法适用的溢油源和溢油方式各有不同,估算的溢油量也不尽相同。实际应用中,通常根据具体情况选择多种方法进行溢油量综合评估。本文从实际应用出发,探讨几种可用的溢油量评估方法,并结合案例进行说明。 相似文献
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随着国内石油需求急剧增加,我国管辖海域内海上石油勘探开发项目越来越多,溢油事故频频发生,对海洋环境、海洋经济发展和人民生命财产安全造成了严重威胁。文章论述了溢油事故带来的危害,并对现阶段我国海上石油勘探开发溢油事故的管理体系进行梳理和分析,指出我国现阶段在海上石油勘探开发溢油事故的应急管理中预防、监管以及处罚和损害赔偿方面的不足,并提出了相应的管理建议。 相似文献
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海面溢油无人机高光谱遥感检测与厚度估算方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海上溢油是海洋国家所面临的共同问题，但至今仍没有一种可靠实用的海上溢油准确识别和油量遥感监测方法。为此，本文以无人机高光谱遥感为手段，开展了海面溢油检测与厚度估算方法研究。实验中，通过搭建室外大型水槽溢油实验装置，获取了模拟真实海洋环境条件下不同溢油量的遥感和现场光谱数据，在此基础上，分析并提取了海上溢油特征光谱波段，给出了海上溢油高光谱检测模型；针对现场实验条件下水面油膜厚度难以测定的问题，设计了3种利用总体溢油量的油膜厚度估算模型。得到如下主要结论:（1）675 nm和699 nm是海上溢油检测的有效特征波段，但对极薄的油膜没有检测能力；（2）提出了归一化溢油指数模型、反比例模型和吸收基线模型等3种海上溢油油膜厚度估算模型，其中对于薄油膜（厚度≤ 5 μm）和厚油膜（厚度>50 μm），反比例模型是溢油厚度反演的首选也是唯一选择。对于中厚度油膜，晴朗天气条件下，归一化溢油指数模型是油膜厚度反演的首选，同时反比例模型和溢油吸收基线模型也都有较好的反演能力，而在多云天气条件下，反比例模型效果最佳。 相似文献
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A number of experiments were carried out in the Canadian Arctic on Baffin Island with the purpose of defining the short- and long-term effects of exposure to dispersed crude oil on marine benthic invertebrates. The study reported here assessed metabolic responses by physiological and biochemical indices, and evaluated these in relation to exposure concentration. The overall objective of the study was to evaluate the potential for long-term survival of benthic communities in the Arctic following an oil spill. This objective was consistent with the goals of the larger Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) program, which was implemented to evaluate the relative mitigating effectiveness of chemical dispersants, as compared to conventional oil spill counter-measures. 相似文献
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《Ocean & Coastal Management》2007,50(1-2):57-66
In the last decades, Galician Coast has suffered the consequences of several oil spills such as Polycommander and Erkowit (1970), Urquiola (1976), Andros Patria (1978), Casón (1987) and Aegean Sea (1992). The recent Prestige Oil Spill (2002) has affected more than 1000 km of the Galician Coast, having unquestionable economical, ecological and social effects. Before providing an economical assessment of the disaster, in this paper we analyse the compensatory instruments for oil spill damages existing under the European legislation. A first evaluation of their ability to repair the real damage suffered by the Galician population after the Prestige Oil spill is also presented. 相似文献
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为探讨福建宁德三都澳油品泊位码头溢油事故对大黄鱼保护区影响的发生途经、影响过程及影响方式,通过二维“油粒子”海域溢油风险评价模型,预测3#油品泊位码头前沿操作性泄漏和船舶航道泄漏在几种不利环境组合条件下的溢油风险影响行为,分析其溢油事故风险对大黄鱼保护区的影响后果.通过预测分析表明,3#油品泊位码头溢油事故对大黄鱼保护区海洋生态环境将产生极大不利影响,尤其是在大黄鱼保护区内发生溢油事故,将产生严重影响.因此,须对溢油事故采取防范措施和应急预案处理. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTOil spill forecast modelling is typically used immediately after a spill to predict oil dispersal and promote mobilisation of more effective response operations. The aim of this work was to map oil dispersal after the grounding of the MV Rena on Astrolabe Reef and to verify the results against observations. Model predictions were broadly consistent with observed distribution of oil contamination. However, some hot spots of oil accumulation, likely due to surf-zone and rip current circulation, were not well represented. Additionally, the model was run with 81 differing wind conditions to show that the events occurring during the grounding represented the typical likely behaviour of an oil spill on Astrolabe Reef. Oil dispersal was highly dependent on prevailing wind patterns; more accurate prediction would require better observations of local wind patterns. However, comparison of predictions with observations indicated that the GNOME model was an effective low-cost approach. 相似文献
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厦门港刘五店航道海域溢油扩散数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用MIKE 21 HD模块建立了厦门湾二维水动力模型,经2008年最新实测资料,验证了模型的可靠性和适用性,模拟结果为厦门湾刘五店航道二维溢油模型的建立提供水动力基础数据.利用MIKE21 SA模块建立厦门湾刘五店航道二维溢油模型,应用"油粒子"模型模拟输移、风化和热量迁移等过程,对刘五店航道一期工程溢油泄露事故进行... 相似文献
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V. R. Neralla 《Ocean Engineering》1987,14(2)
In order to obtain quick initial guidance on a first estimation of motion of the spilled oil, a simple manual procedure incorporating advection and spreading processes has been devised. This procedure involves the utilization of a nomogram based on simplified equations. Spill displacements throughout a given forecast period can be easily read from the nomogram. The technique is demonstrated with a real spill case. 相似文献