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1.
明代洛河流域洪涝灾害序列分形结构研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对历史文献资料的整理和统计分析,对明代1368—1644年的277年间洛河流域的洪涝灾害进行了研究。研究得出,洛河流域在这一时段内共发生了56次洪涝灾害,平均约4.95年出现1次;其中特大涝灾3次,大涝灾12次,中度涝灾16次,轻度涝灾25次。洛河流域明代洪涝灾害可分为4个大的阶段,其中1368—1429年和1490—1539年两个阶段是洪涝灾害少发阶段,1430—1489年和1540—1644年两个阶段是洪涝灾害多发阶段。洪涝灾害的自相似特征揭示了灾害的分形性质。研究发现,明代洛河流域的各级洪涝灾害的分堆值都低于0.2,且无标度区相同,这表明了此时段洪涝灾害的长周期分量较强,且存在灾害的集中性。 相似文献
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关中地区元代干旱灾害与气候变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对元代关中地区历史资料的搜集、整理和分析,对该时期关中地区的干旱灾害等级、干旱灾害事件在时间上的变化及其成因进行了研究。结果表明:关中地区从元代早期(公元1266年)至元代晚期(公元1359年)的94年中,共发生干旱灾害33次,平均每2.85年发生一次;元代关中地区的干旱灾害主要以轻度旱灾为主,占旱灾总数的42.4%,其次是中度旱灾,占旱灾总数的24.2%,特大旱灾的发生频率也较高,占旱灾总数的21.2%,大旱灾发生频率最低,占旱灾总数的12.1%。关中地区干旱灾害在元代早、中、晚期分布不均匀,从早期到中期再到晚期,干旱灾害呈现出由少变多又变少的趋势;降水量的年内分布不均匀是该区在元代发生轻度和中度干旱灾害的主要原因,而气候的异常明显变干是该区在元代中期干旱灾害加剧和大旱灾频繁发生的主要原因。该地区自身的地理位置,所处的气候背景以及人类活动导致植被破坏也加剧了干旱灾害的发生。元代关中地区发生了1次干旱气候事件,时间在1326—1332年。初步确定元代关中大旱灾发生年份主要灾区的年均降水量为400 mm左右,特大旱灾发生年份主要灾区的年均降水量为350 mm左右。 相似文献
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通过对辽东湾北部LH01孔柱状岩芯样品进行粒度、孢粉、有孔虫和测年多项环境指标测试,探讨了辽东湾北部晚更新世24ka BP以来的古环境演变。LH01孔沉积环境经历了晚更新世晚期河湖相沉积—全新世早期海陆交互相沉积—全新世中期浅海相沉积—全新世晚期河口滨海相沉积;气候经历了晚更新世晚期冷较干—晚更新世晚期凉稍润—新仙女木降温—全新世早期凉稍润—全新世中期温暖较润—全新世中期温暖较干—全新世晚期温较干的变化;LH01孔在大约7.5ka BP发生了盘山海侵。 相似文献
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贺兰山树轮晚材宽度记录中的降水量变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过贺兰山地区树木年轮晚材宽度的研究，建立了贺兰山地区最近250年来的树轮晚材宽度年表。与气象观测记录的相关分析结果表明，树木生长与生长季当年5—7月降水量呈明显的正响应，在此年表的基础上重建了贺兰山地区过去250年来5—7月降水量，发现其具有明显的干湿变化，相对干旱年占总年数的52％，相对湿润年占总年数的35．5％，平年为14．5％，旱灾是该地区主要旱涝灾害。谱分析结果显示该地区5—7月降水有明显的2．6、3．5、21．3年的3个准周期。同时贺兰山地区降水量的变化历史可以反映东亚夏季风的变迁历史。 相似文献
6.
珠江口海域条纹环沟藻赤潮的生消过程和环境特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
2002年6月4—9日珠江口海域发生了较大规模的条纹环沟藻Gyrodiniuminstriatum赤潮,面积约150—200km2。赤潮高峰期平均盐度为4.98,细胞密度最高达2.5×106cells·L-1,占浮游植物总数量的60%—77%,持续时间为2d,其后逐渐消失,优势种被中肋骨条藻Skeletonemacostatum所取代。对该次赤潮的生消过程和环境因子变化的监测分析表明,赤潮盛期表层水体各形态氮的含量较高,是本次赤潮发生的主要诱因之一。赤潮盛期叶绿素a最大值为136.78mg·m-3,高出正常海区数十倍。DO和pH均出现异常高值现象。从6月9日起出现强降雨天气,是导致本次赤潮逐步消亡的原因。 相似文献
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南海东北部及其邻区新生代构造事件主要有白垩纪末—古新世早期、始新世中期、始新世晚期—早渐新世、中新世晚期—上新世初和上新世末—更新世中期发生的５次事件。它们在区内表现明显，伴有不整合、地层缺失和岩浆、断裂、褶皱等活动。同一构造事件在不同构造单元发生的时间可以有早有晚、程度有强有弱、性质有张有压，或造陆造山、或造海造盆，但是这些表现却互有联系且可在全区追踪对比。 相似文献
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《海洋预报》2016,(5)
统计分析温州沿海2010—2015年赤潮发生前期的水文气象资料,结果显示:温州沿海赤潮发生前期水温一般呈上升趋势,盐度维持或呈下降趋势,风速不大,风向以东北风、西南风和东南风为主。对2003—2015年温州沿海的赤潮监测数据进行统计分析,结果表明:(1)温州沿海赤潮发生频繁,赤潮主要发生在3—9月份,其中以5—6月份最多;(2)温州沿海的赤潮持续时间长,平均每次赤潮持续时间为8.1d;(3)赤潮发生面积大,平均每次赤潮发生面积为111.2 km~2,赤潮最大发生面积达到1 000 km~2;(4)温州沿海的赤潮主要发生在苍南海域、洞头海域和南麂海域,其中发生在南麂海域的次数最多,占总次数的52.6%;(5)赤潮生物种类具有明显的演替现象;(6)有毒赤潮频繁发生,引发有毒赤潮的生物种主要是米氏凯伦藻和赤潮异湾藻。 相似文献
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《海洋气象学报》2019,(1)
利用常规天气资料、多普勒雷达资料和区域自动气象站资料,对发生在济南的33次重大短时强降水过程进行总结分析。结果表明,重大短时强降水过程年均发生3. 3次,主要发生在7月上旬——8月中旬,17——23时和02——08时最易发生,南部山区较北部平原地区更易发生,且雨强更大。低槽冷锋型出现最多,水汽和动力条件充足,层结曲线中上层具有喇叭口型结构,对流有效位能呈瘦高状,平均值为1 370 J·kg~(-1),对流由冷锋触发(有时存在暖区对流),强降水范围最广;副热带高压边缘型水汽充沛,对流有效位能呈粗胖状,平均值为2 400 J·kg~(-1),对流由底层的动力系统触发,局地性和突发性强,强降水分布不均匀;低涡切变线型具有夜雨性,水汽较充沛,动力条件一般,对流有效位能平均值为607 J·kg~(-1)。低槽冷锋型和低涡切变线型平均雨强较大,副热带高压边缘型持续时间较长,低槽冷锋型能够产生平均雨强异常大或持续时间较长的过程,因此易出现极端降水事件。带状回波出现最多,主要由低槽冷锋型产生,块状回波主要由副热带高压边缘型产生,分布零散,絮状回波主要由低涡切变线型产生,强度较弱。强回波主要集中在中低层,回波整体质心偏低,呈现热带降水型特征。10次形成列车效应的过程中有7次由带状回波或短带回波的后向传播形成,另外3次由尺度较大的絮状回波形成,其持续时间和平均降水量是其余过程的两倍。 相似文献
11.
Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
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Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
13.
The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献
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《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,(9):F0003-F0003
<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology, 相似文献
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The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance. 相似文献
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Rahul Sharma 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):237-250
Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions. 相似文献
19.
Vance P. Vicente 《Marine Ecology》1989,10(2):179-191
Abstract. Long-term changes in the distributional patterns of commercial sponges ( Spongia spp. and Hippospongia spp.) within the West Indian Region indicates that: 1) commercial sponges had a widespread distribution throughout the whole West Indian Region and were ubiquitous in very shallow water until about the first half of the present century; 2) they were fished commercially not only in the traditional northern Caribbean sites (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas) but also in the Greater ( e. g. , Hispaniola, Jamaica) and Lesser Antilles; and 3) they became extinct throughout most of the Lesser Antilles ( e. g. , Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas) sometime during the first half of this century. Mortalities of spongiids within the Antilles were found to differ from other marine mortalities in that: 1) species disappeared from a large region; 2) species vanished from different habitats and depths; and 3) natural populations never recovered. Species richness patterns suggest that commercial sponge genera ( Spongia and Hippospongia ) evolved under slightly cooler elimatic conditions than those found at present, and that these extinctions occurred as a direct or indirect effect of positive thermal anomalies in sea surface and atmospheric temperatures between 1900–1950. The concept that species diversity is stable on a regional scale is questioned. 相似文献
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The behaviour of an axially pre-loaded cylindrical member of an offshore structure, hit by a supply ship, has been investigated. The effects of axial pre-loading on the dynamic properties of members, the extent of damage and propagation of dynamic instability in the tubular members have also been investigated. Numerical models have been validated using available experimental data from the literature although these are mostly static with no pre-loading. Axial pre-loading was found to change the dynamic characteristics of some cylindrical members quite dramatically while it had no significant effect on others. The study examined whether there was any change in the behaviour between local and global modes when the loading was dynamic rather than static. The effect of damping on the dynamic instability of axially pre-loaded tubes under lateral dynamic loads was also studied. It was observed that for some geometries the quasi-static response can be used to define the boundary between bounded and unbounded dynamic responses. The main contribution of this study, compared with previous investigations reported in the literature, is that both pre-loading and dynamic effects have been included. 相似文献