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1.
海水双壳贝类的生物沉积及其生态效应   总被引:19,自引:2,他引:17       下载免费PDF全文
在沿岸自然环境 ,双壳贝类经常达到很高的丰度 ,在生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用。双壳贝类作为滤食性动物具有很强的滤水能力 ,如扇贝、贻贝、蛤和牡蛎的滤水率均可达到5L/(g·h) ;它们能够过滤大量细小的颗粒物质 ,包括浮游物、浮游藻类、微生物、贝类幼虫和中型浮游动物等 ,还包括来源于双壳贝类以及其它动物 (如鱼 )粪粒的碎屑 [1,2]。双壳贝类通过过滤大量的水体摄取浮游植物和有机颗粒 ,同化一部分有机质 ,其它则以粪的形式排出 ,进而影响生态系统的结构和功能。对于养殖生态系 ,目前的研究还比较少 ,但已…  相似文献   

2.
滤食性贝类摄食生理的研究进展   总被引:14,自引:2,他引:12  
董波  薛钦昭  李军 《海洋科学》2000,24(7):31-34
近年来随着养殖环境的恶化及贝类产量的持续下降 ,人们越来越重视对这些经济贝类的繁殖生物学、生理能量学以及对养殖区水体养殖容量的估算等方面的研究。其中对滤食性贝类摄食生理的研究是上述研究中的一个重要内容 ,它不但可以帮助人们了解贝类在不同环境条件下的摄食生理状况 ,还在育苗、预算个体的生长潜力和产量、估算海区养殖容量中起重要作用。本文介绍了滤食性贝类摄食机制、对食物颗粒的选择性、摄食节律、环境因子对摄食生理的影响及最近用于滤食性贝类摄食生理研究的新技术方法等几方面内容 ,并就描述滤食性贝类摄食生理的几个参…  相似文献   

3.
我国海岸线漫长,海洋资源丰富,生物物种多样。海洋贝类一直是我国重要的海洋经济产物。但近半个世纪以来,随着近海人类活动影响的加剧,工业废水、城市污水的排放使近海环境遭到严重破坏,贝类由于其滤食性特点而易受到重金属、农药、生物毒素、细菌、病毒等的污染。其中重金属污染更是贝类污染中危害最严重的一类,因食用重金属污染食品而中毒的现象已有发生[1-2],这些污染直接  相似文献   

4.
海洋滤食性贝类摄食率的研究现状   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
董波  薛钦昭  李军 《海洋科学》1999,23(3):26-29
摄食率IR(Ingestionrate)是反映滤食性贝类生理状况的一项动态指标,它直接受到贝类所处环境的生物和非生物因子的影响。诸如海水的温度、盐度、流速、饵料的浓度和质量等。同时由于方法不同,即使对同种贝类同一状态下摄食率的测定结果也往往差别很大。因此,60年代以来,国内外专家就从不同途径对滤食性贝类的摄食率进行了研究。进入80年代,随着微流探针、高精度的流体颗粒计数器、电镜、微胶囊技术以及同位素示踪技术的出现,人们对摄食率的研究手段和了解有了进一步的提高。1研究方法滤食性贝类的摄食率IR是指…  相似文献   

5.
滤食性贝类在对虾综合养殖生态系统中的作用   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
就混养虾池中滤食性贝类如何影响虾池整个生态系统这个问题,综合了国内外这方面的文献,从滤食性贝类对混养虾池的水质、底质和其中的浮游植物、浮游动物的影响,以及混养对养殖效益的影响这几个方面作了探讨。  相似文献   

6.
利用生物控制养殖池污染的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
利用陆基围隔对微生物制剂、底栖滤食性贝类、大型藻类控制养殖池污染进行了研究。研究表明,微生物制剂效果明显,利生健浓度达到6mg/L时即可显著降低池塘底泥的自污染速率,底泥中总氮积累速率仅为对照组的45.4%,对虾存活率提高53.25%,并能有效缓解水体中的氨氮压力。底栖滤食性贝类效果不明显,底播密度过大会加快底质的氮污染。菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)适宜底播密度为100g/m2,100g/m2处理组水体中的氨氮含量、水体和底泥中的氮积累速率在各处理组中最低,但差异不显著(p<0.05)。结果还表明,江蓠(Gracilaria tenuistip)在池塘中受到微藻竞争、浮泥以及透明度变化影响,生长较差。同时,本文通过对养殖池塘污染物基本概况的初步分析,提出了养殖环境综合治理的初步设想。  相似文献   

7.
湛江流沙湾马氏珠母贝的养殖容量   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
2008年3月—2009年1月调查分析流沙湾浮游动植物的生物量、叶绿素a含量、初级生产力、马氏珠母贝Pinctada martensii含壳重与鲜组织重的比值、养殖贝类和野生滤食性动物的滤水率、潮间带和潮下带底栖贝类及吊养区附着滤食性动物现存量等,应用营养动态模型和贝类养殖容量估算模型估算滤食性动物的总容量,扣除野生滤食性动物现存量,最终确定马氏珠母贝的养殖容量。结果显示,2种模型估算马氏珠母贝的养殖容量分别为19637.5t和20126.4t,平均养殖容量19881.95t。依据流沙湾马氏珠母贝的通常养殖密度(1.05×105个.hm-2)和平均商品规格(41g.个-1)计算,流沙湾马氏珠母贝的适养面积为461.83hm2。  相似文献   

8.
本文通过对流沙湾和营盘珍珠养殖区初级生产力和野生滤食性动物现存量等的调查、马氏珠母贝的有机碳含量和滤水效率等的测定,应用营养动态模型和沿岸能流模型计算贝类生产量,并扣除野生滤食性动物现存量来计算贝类养殖容量,再通过食物限制性指标法进行检验.测定的结果如下:流沙湾和营盘珍珠养殖医马氏珠母贝的养殖容量较为接近,每公顷的容量...  相似文献   

9.
藻类浓度对海湾扇贝和太平洋牡蛎滤除率的影响   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
滤除率(单位时间水中食物颗粒完全被滤食的这些过滤的水的体积)不仅能够表示滤食性动物的摄食量,还是反映滤食性动物生理生态学状况的动态指标,它的大小受诸多因子的影响,其中藻类浓度是一个重要的影响因子。关于藻类浓度对贝类滤除率的影响,国外Beiras,R.等(1993)已有报道。本文着重研究了藻类浓度对我国大规模养殖的滤食性贝类——海湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians)和太平洋牡蛎(Cras-sostreagigas)滤除率的影响。1 材料和方法海湾扇贝取自青岛海洋大学太平角实验基地,太平洋牡蛎取自胶南市水产养殖研究所。随贝生长的不同时期取回后放玻…  相似文献   

10.
滤食性贝类对浅海养殖系统中营养盐循环的影响   总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19  
在浅海贝类养殖系统中 ,营养盐的浓度和形态对贝类生长有重要影响 ,与此同时 ,贝类对系统中的营养盐循环也产生一定的影响 :一方面 ,贝类滤食水体中的浮游植物和有机碎屑等 ,使其组成和密度发生变化 ;另一方面 ,贝类又可向水体中排泄无机营养盐 ,如铵等 ,还将粪和假粪排放于底泥中 ,改变了底泥的数量和质量 ,增加了底泥中营养盐的浓度 ,而底泥中的沉积有机物经矿化作用和再悬浮作用 ,又可使沉积物中的营养盐重新进入水体进行物质循环 ,为贝类及其他生物的生长提供营养条件 (见图1)。图1浅海贝类养殖系统中的营养盐循环(仿Kasspar,…  相似文献   

11.
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.  相似文献   

12.
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.  相似文献   

13.
海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明:土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。  相似文献   

14.
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.  相似文献   

15.
Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.  相似文献   

16.
《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,(8):F0003-F0003
<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,  相似文献   

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Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.  相似文献   

20.
This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.  相似文献   

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