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1.
孟宪伟  张俊  夏鹏  王湘芹 《海洋学报》2013,35(6):190-194
海洋沉积物中的硫酸盐-甲烷反应界面(SMI)的深度变化能够指示下伏甲烷水合物的赋存状态。本文通过对南海北部陆坡天然气水合物潜在分布区沉积物间隙水化学和自生碳酸盐氧、碳同位素组成资料系统分析和对比,探讨了南海北部陆坡沉积物的SMI深度空间变化对下伏甲烷水合物的赋存状态的指示意义。结果表明,南海北部陆坡沉积物的SMI的深度呈现出从西南-东北变浅的趋势,这一趋势与自生碳酸盐的碳同位素组成揭示的甲烷释放量增大趋势有很好的对应关系,进而表明在南海北部陆坡从西南-东北甲烷水合物的埋藏深度变浅或者甲烷水合物的分解程度增大。  相似文献   

2.
对采自南海北部陆坡东沙海域水合物区HD319、HD196A和GC10站位的浅表层沉积物进行了地球化学特征研究。X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜观察表明,沉积物中存在具有天然气水合物和甲烷渗漏指示意义的自生碳酸盐、硫酸盐和黄铁矿。沉积物孔隙水化学组分分析显示,随着埋藏深度加深,SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2+和Sr2+浓度明显降低,CH4、H2S浓度的增加,以及Mg2+/Ca2+和Sr2+/Ca2+比值急剧增加,与世界上水合物区浅表层沉积物孔隙水中离子浓度异常特征吻合。沉积物顶空气游离烃分析结果和孔隙水化学组分变化,特别是SO42-、H2S和甲烷含量的急剧变化,说明研究区有丰富的气源,赋存水合物的可能性非常大,同时指示了研究区硫酸盐-甲烷界面(SMI)较浅,位于海底之下8m左右。  相似文献   

3.
天然气水合物与资源和全球环境变化等重大科学问题密切相关。前期关于甲烷渗漏区地球化学特征的研究主要集中于浅表层沉积物(<20 m),而浅层沉积物(>20 m)地球化学特征知之甚少。为探讨海洋浅层沉积物微量元素特征与天然气水合物勘探的相关关系,对南海神狐海域沉积物进行了4个站位的钻探取样,分析了样品主、微量元素和有机碳地球化学特征,并采用氧化还原状态以及Mo与TOC相关关系的分析方法进行探讨。结果显示,沉积物主量元素特征主要受到陆源碎屑物质输入的主导,与天然气水合物富集无明显关系。水合物赋存段及附近沉积物中Ba和Mo元素高度富集,存在明显的"Ba峰"和"Mo峰",主要是由于天然气水合物分解释放大量甲烷产生的硫化环境所导致。因此,沉积物中的Ba和Mo富集特征可作为识别可能存在天然气水合物分布的重要地球化学指标。  相似文献   

4.
通过对早第四纪(2 500~1 600ka)ODP 807、1143和1146站位底栖有孔虫Favocassidulina favus含量变化的对比发现,该种在西太平洋ODP 806站位中持续出现,且最高含量可以达到15%;南海ODP1143和1146站位,早第四纪的沉积物中该种的含量较少,在7%以下,并有逐渐增加的趋势,且表现出"间断性",即在2 500~1 600ka期间,南海沉积物中该种主要在冰期时"出现",间冰期时缺乏;在约2 100~1 950ka和1 830~1 750ka期间,未在南海沉积物中发现该种。根据对已有研究资料的分析和西太平洋ODP 807、1146和1208站位底栖有孔虫氧碳同位素的对比发现,该种在南海的分布可能受到西太平洋北部来源的深层水(PDW)和南部来源的深层水(UCDW)控制范围变化的影响,即在该种进入南海的早第四纪冰期期间南部来的UCDW发展、扩大,其前锋最少可以影响到北纬20°,生活在UCDW中的F.favus可以随着UCDW的扩展进入南海,而在间冰期及2 100~1 950ka和1 830~1 750ka期间,UCDW前锋影响的范围可能在20°N以南,而此时PDW的前锋可以像现在一样影响到赤道以南的海域,其海水性质不适应F.favus生存,而使该种在南海消失。  相似文献   

5.
通过对普里兹湾北部陆坡P1-03岩心沉积物敏感粒级组分的提取和年代学分析,发现:大于63μm的砂砾级组分可作为冰筏碎屑的指示粒级,过去52万年以来该地区共发生了8次较大的冰筏碎屑事件,出现在冰期及间冰期中相对较冷的阶段。分选级粉砂和黏土组分的含量可指示底流强弱,其旋回变化显示冰期底流较弱,有利于黏土沉降;间冰期南极绕极流主轴南移,陆架-陆坡水体交换加强,底流增大,对沉积物的搬运和簸选加强。  相似文献   

6.
南海陆坡天然气水合物饱和度估计   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
基于双相介质理论和热弹性理论,建立了沉积层纵波速度与天然气水合物饱和度、弹性性质及地层孔隙度之间的关系。通过对比饱和水的理论P波速度与实际P波速度,可以得到天然气水合物饱和度。根据ODP184航次的电阻率、声波速度、密度等测井资料以及地质资料,初步推断南海陆坡存在天然气水合物。根据声波测井的纵波速度估算出南海1146和1148井天然气水合物饱和度分别为孔隙空间的25%~30%和10%~20%,1148井个别沉积层天然气水合物饱和度可达40%~50%。沉积层的纵波速度与饱和水速度差值越大,天然气水合物饱和度越高。  相似文献   

7.
东沙海域是南海北部一个重要的天然气水合物成藏区, 其陆坡广泛发育滑塌构造。文章对采自东沙陆坡中部973-4柱样和下部平坦区973-5柱样开展了沉积学粒度、底栖有孔虫种属特征和稳定同位素等的综合分析。研究结果表明: 两个柱样中底栖有孔虫的δ13C在末次冰期均出现明显负偏现象, 同时δ18O增高, 指示该时期东沙海域存在持续的天然气水合物分解事件; 末次冰消期以来, δ13C负偏现象逐渐消失, δ18O值降低, 可能是由于海平面上升阻止了天然气水合物分解。973-4柱样仅在末次盛冰期对应层位440~600cm段存在明显的滑塌沉积, 且该层段对应的特征底栖有孔虫Uvigerina spp.和Bulimina spp.的数量突增, 推测该区的海底滑塌可能是由于末次盛冰期海平面大幅度下降引起天然气水合物大量分解诱发所致; 973-5柱样同样记录到了海底滑塌现象, 但其滑塌沉积晚于973-4柱样的滑塌时间, 且其规模较小。  相似文献   

8.
南海北部东沙海域是典型的水合物成藏区,冷泉活动对其沉积物地球化学特征有显著影响。分析了东沙海域冷泉区973-4站位1 375cm(水深1 666m)和973-5站位935cm(水深2 998m)长的柱状样的总有机碳(TOC)、总硫(TS)含量,并挑选其中的底栖有孔虫进行了碳氧同位素测试。通过沉积物总硫含量分析和临近站位孔隙水数据分析表明,2个站位沉积物均有较浅的硫酸盐甲烷还原界面(SMI)深度和较大的甲烷通量,其中973-4站位硫酸盐甲烷界面深度为海水―沉积物界面以下约900cm,973-5站位硫酸盐甲烷界面深度为海水―沉积物界面以下约750cm。总碳/总硫比值表明冷泉流体活动对沉积物硫埋藏起主导作用。Uvigerina spp.的δ13 C表明末次盛冰期(LGM)之前东沙海域有持续的冷泉活动,而自末次盛冰期以来Uvigerina spp.的δ13 C其偏负程度逐渐变小、冷泉活动逐渐减弱,这可能是海平面上升扩大了天然气水合物稳定区范围,从而抑制了冷泉流体上涌的结果。  相似文献   

9.
利用基于热力学理论的CSMHYD程序,模拟预测了末次冰期以来南海东沙海域深水区天然气水合物稳定带(GHSZ)的演化特征,同时讨论了海平面、底水温度对该区天然气水合物稳定带变化的影响,以及水合物分解对环境的影响。结果表明:(1)水深超过595 m的海域具备形成天然气水合物的环境条件;GHSZ平均厚度可达245 m,其中最厚区位于研究区东部,超过380 m,其次为东沙陆坡段与台湾浅滩陆坡段的结合部。(2)末次冰期(LGM)以来东沙海域GHSZ厚度呈现不对称旋回变化,按照时间由老到新可以分为TC1、TC2、TC3、TC4和TC5共5个完整的旋回。稳定带变化的减薄半旋回持续时间要长于增厚半旋回。TC1—TC4旋回内GHSZ厚度变化受海平面升降的控制,TC5旋回内稳定带厚度变化受到海底温度的控制。(3)在由陆缘向中央海盆方向逐渐增大的高地温梯度背景下,LGM以来海底温度和海平面变化对GHSZ的影响在中层水范围内大于深层水;同时水柱引起的压力效应在中层水深度范围内相对较大,深层水范围内海平面变化对GHSZ的影响十分有限。东沙海域CaCO3含量异常降低可能受水合物分解释放的甲烷气进入水体后引起海水酸化的影响。  相似文献   

10.
天然气水合物是近三十多年重视起来的一种新型能源,被誉为21世纪洁净替代燃料,已逐步引起越来越多国家政府、企业、科学家的广泛关注和高度重视。以南海北部陆坡作为研究案例,充分利用我国海域天然气水合物调查评价和钻探工程资料的优势,重点开展天然气水合物成藏机理和分布规律理论研究,通过成藏理论创新,提高成藏预测能力,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。 围绕海洋天然气水合物成藏系统,国际上在物质来源及成因机理、物理化学特征、形成环境及成藏模式、分布规律和资源评价等方面取得了显著进展。我国南海北部陆坡天然气水合物调查评价发现了一系列天然气水合物存在的地质、地球物理、地球化学和生物证据,钻探发现并取得了天然气水合物实物样品,但尚有许多关键科学问题需要解决,包括天然气水合物成藏系统中气、水、沉积物和水合物间的相互作用,天然气水合物的物理、化学响应机理及构造运动和沉积作用对我国海域天然气水合物的控矿机理等。  相似文献   

11.
硫酸盐-甲烷界面在富甲烷和含天然气水合物的海洋沉积区已经成为一个重要的生物地球化学识别边界.在硫酸盐-甲烷界面之上,沉积物中的硫酸盐因参与分解有机质和甲烷厌氧氧化反应而被消耗,而界面之下沉积物中的甲烷则不断生成,含量逐渐增加.根据该界面附近硫酸盐浓度和甲烷浓度的变化特征,可以判断该区甲烷流体通量的大小,从而指示下伏天然气水合物的可能赋存状况.南海北部陆坡的柱状沉积物孔隙水数据的分析显示,其硫酸盐-甲烷界面埋深比较浅,表明该海域的甲烷通量较高.这种高甲烷通量很可能是由下伏的天然气水合物所引起的,并暗示着该区下伏海底可能有天然气水合物沉积层赋存.  相似文献   

12.
硫酸盐-甲烷界面在富甲烷和含天然气水合物的海洋沉积区已经成为一个重要的生物地球化学识别边界。在硫酸盐-甲烷界面之上,沉积物中的硫酸盐因参与分解有机质和甲烷厌氧氧化反应而被消耗,而其界面之下沉积物中的甲烷则不断生成,含量逐渐增加。根据该界面附近硫酸盐浓度和甲烷浓度的变化特征,可以判断该区甲烷流体通量的大小,从而指示下伏天然气水合物的可能赋存状况。南海北部陆坡的柱状沉积物孔隙水数据的分析显示,硫酸盐-甲烷界面埋深比较浅,表明该海域的甲烷通量较高。这种高甲烷通量很可能是由下伏的天然气水合物所引起的,并暗示着该区下伏海底可能有天然气水合物沉积层赋存。  相似文献   

13.
用吹扫-捕集法对东沙群岛西南和西沙海槽附近海域5个站位水柱中的甲烷浓度进行了测定,在其中的3个站位发现了甲烷高浓度异常。在东沙群岛西南海域的E105A和E106两站位近底层海水中甲烷浓度均出现异常增加,其值分别为4.25和10.64 nmol/dm3。在西沙海槽附近的E413站位甲烷异常出现在1 750,1 900和2 050 m深的近底层水中,浓度分别达5.17,8.48和8.70 nmol/dm3。在近底层海水中出现的甲烷高浓度异常是由于沉积物下部甲烷渗漏活动造成的,结合前人在这两个海域沉积物的地球物理和化学调查资料,认为可能是与冷泉渗漏或天然气水合物分解有关。2007年5月在探测到甲烷高浓度明显异常的东沙群岛西南神弧海域,获得了天然气水合物的实物样品,但是西沙海槽附近海域近底层水的甲烷高浓度异常是来源于天然气水合物还是来源于冷泉需要进一步加以确认。  相似文献   

14.
The geochemical cycling of barium was investigated in sediments of pockmarks of the northern Congo Fan, characterized by surface and subsurface gas hydrates, chemosynthetic fauna, and authigenic carbonates. Two gravity cores retrieved from the so-called Hydrate Hole and Worm Hole pockmarks were examined using high-resolution pore-water and solid-phase analyses. The results indicate that, although gas hydrates in the study area are stable with respect to pressure and temperature, they are and have been subject to dissolution due to methane-undersaturated pore waters. The process significantly driving dissolution is the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) above the shallowest hydrate-bearing sediment layer. It is suggested that episodic seep events temporarily increase the upward flux of methane, and induce hydrate formation close to the sediment surface. AOM establishes at a sediment depth where the upward flux of methane from the uppermost hydrate layer counterbalances the downward flux of seawater sulfate. After seepage ceases, AOM continues to consume methane at the sulfate/methane transition (SMT) above the hydrates, thereby driving the progressive dissolution of the hydrates “from above”. As a result the SMT migrates downward, leaving behind enrichments of authigenic barite and carbonates that typically precipitate at this biogeochemical reaction front. Calculation of the time needed to produce the observed solid-phase barium enrichments above the present-day depths of the SMT served to track the net downward migration of the SMT and to estimate the total time of hydrate dissolution in the recovered sediments. Methane fluxes were higher, and the SMT was located closer to the sediment surface in the past at both sites. Active seepage and hydrate formation are inferred to have occurred only a few thousands of years ago at the Hydrate Hole site. By contrast, AOM-driven hydrate dissolution as a consequence of an overall net decrease in upward methane flux seems to have persisted for a considerably longer time at the Worm Hole site, amounting to a few tens of thousands of years.  相似文献   

15.
浅剖资料在南海北部东沙西南海域水合物调查中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
南海北部东沙海域陆坡已经被证实为天然气水合物前景分布区,浅地层剖面数据以其高效率采集过程和浅表层高分辨率的特点被国内外学者应用到天然气水合物调查中并取得了很多成果。以南海北部东沙西南海域的两条浅剖测线为例,分析了该区浅表层沉积物的声学特征,并在浅剖剖面上发现了浅层含气带以及气体泄露现象,初步推测为深部的天然气水合物分解后通过断层运移到浅层中形成了浅层含气带,部分浅层气体还通过泄露点喷射到海水中从而形成了剖面中的气体泄露现象。最后,进一步通过对研究区域的沉积及气源条件、温压条件、地质及生物证据的讨论,证实该区具有天然气水合物发育的基本条件,因此,可以证实上述浅剖资料解释中关于天然气水合物的推测。  相似文献   

16.
The methane concentration of water samples at five stations collected by the CTD rosette water sampler in the areas of southwest Dongsha Islands and the Xisha Trough was analyzed by the gas-stripping method on aboard ship. It shows abnormal high methane concentrations in near bottom water samples at three stations. In the southwest Dongsha Islands area, the methane conc.entration of 4. 25 and 10. 64 nmol/dm3 occurs in near bottom water samples at Stas E105A and El06, respectively. In the Xisha Trough area, the high methane concentrations of 5. 17, 8.48 and 8.70 nmol/dm3 in water depths of 1 750, 1 900 and 2 050 m, respectively, have been observed at Sta. F413. It is believed that the abnormal high methane concentrations are generated from the leakage of methane from sediments. Combining with previous geophysical and geochemical data from these two areas, this was probably related to the submarine gas hydrates decomposition and cold seep system. In May 2007, gas hydrate samples were successfully obtained by the drilling in the Shenhu Sea area located in the southwest Dongsha Islands area. It is called for further drilling surveys to confirm the existence of gas hydrate and cold seep system in the Xisha Trough as early as possible.  相似文献   

17.
We investigated gas hydrate in situ inventories as well as the composition and principal transport mechanisms of fluids expelled at the Amsterdam mud volcano (AMV; 2,025 m water depth) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Pressure coring (the only technique preventing hydrates from decomposition during recovery) was used for the quantification of light hydrocarbons in near-surface deposits. The cores (up to 2.5 m in length) were retrieved with an autoclave piston corer, and served for analyses of gas quantities and compositions, and pore-water chemistry. For comparison, gravity cores from sites at the summit and beyond the AMV were analyzed. A prevalence of thermogenic light hydrocarbons was inferred from average C1/C2+ ratios <35 and δ13C-CH4 values of ?50.6‰. Gas venting from the seafloor indicated methane oversaturation, and volumetric gas–sediment ratios of up to 17.0 in pressure cores taken from the center demonstrated hydrate presence at the time of sampling. Relative enrichments in ethane, propane, and iso-butane in gas released from pressure cores, and from an intact hydrate piece compared to venting gas suggest incipient crystallization of hydrate structure II (sII). Nonetheless, the co-existence of sI hydrate can not be excluded from our dataset. Hydrates fill up to 16.7% of pore volume within the sediment interval between the base of the sulfate zone and the maximum sampling depth at the summit. The concave-down shapes of pore-water concentration profiles recorded in the center indicate the influence of upward-directed advection of low-salinity fluids/fluidized mud. Furthermore, the SO 4 2? and Ba2+ pore-water profiles in the central part of the AMV demonstrate that sulfate reduction driven by the anaerobic oxidation of methane is complete at depths between 30 cm and 70 cm below seafloor. Our results indicate that methane oversaturation, high hydrostatic pressure, and elevated pore-water activity caused by low salinity promote fixing of considerable proportions of light hydrocarbons in shallow hydrates even at the summit of the AMV, and possibly also of other MVs in the region. Depending on their crystallographic structure, however, hydrates will already decompose and release hydrocarbon masses if sediment temperatures exceed ca. 19.3°C and 21.0°C, respectively. Based on observations from other mud volcanoes, the common occurrence of such temperatures induced by heat flux from below into the immediate subsurface appears likely for the AMV.  相似文献   

18.
The distribution and origin of shallow gas seeps in the vicinity of the Posolsky Bank in Lake Baikal were studied based on the integration of detailed seismic, multibeam, and hydro-acoustic water-column investigations. In all, 65 acoustic flares have been detected on the Posolsky Fault scarp near the crest of the bank and in a similar, nearby setting at water depths of ?43 to ?332?m. The seismic data reveal BSRs (bottom-simulating reflectors) occurring up to water depths of ?300?m. Calculations involving hydrate stability, heat flow, and topographic modulation based on BSR occurrence and multibeam bathymetry enabled prediction of a methane–ethane gas mixture and heat-flow values that would account for gas hydrate stability in the lake sediments under prevailing ambient conditions. These predictions are supported by ground truth data. The findings suggest that seeps concentrated along the crest of the Posolsky Bank are fed mainly by gas coming from below the base of the gas hydrate stability zone, which would migrate updip via permeable stratigraphic pathways beneath the bank. Gas would ultimately be released into the water column where these pathways are cut off by faults.
Figure
Conceptual seep model for the Posolsky Bank, Lake Baikal  相似文献   

19.
This study aims to constrain the base of the hydrates stability field in structurally complexsites using the case of Woolsey Mound, a fault-controlled, transient, thermogenic hydrates system, in Mississippi Canyon Block 118, northern Gulf of Mexico. We have computed the base of the hydrates stability field integrating results from a recent heat-flow survey, designed to investigate geothermal anomalies along fault zones which exhibit different fluid flux regimes. An advanced “compositional” simulator was used to model hydrate formation and dissociation at Woolsey Mound and addresses the following hypotheses:
  • 1.Migrating thermogenic fluids alter thermal conditions of the Hydrate Stability Zone (HSZ), so heat-flow reflects fault activity;
  • 2.Gas hydrate formation and dissociation vary temporally at active faults, temporarily sealing conduits for migration of thermogenic fluids;
  • 3.High salinity and inclusion of thermogenic gases with higher molecular weight than methane produce opposite effects on the depth to the bottom of the hydrate stability zone.
Applications of results include identifying and quantifying hydrate deposits in shallow sediments using an interdisciplinary approach that includes multiple resolution seismic data evaluation, geological and geochemical groundtruthing and heat-flow analyses as a proxy for activity along faults.  相似文献   

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