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1.
根据渤海6个海洋站的海冰监测及气温观测数据统计,终冰日及冰期可用来表征当年渤海冰情严重程度,在大多数年份冰情与终冰日早晚和冰期长短呈负相关。根据2006/2016年的辽东湾海冰面积及外缘线资料,分析了11年间辽东湾冰情的年变化特征,分析结果显示,辽东湾海冰受局地气温影响明显,两者呈较显著的负相关关系。分析结果发现,辽东湾海冰年际变化除受局地气候的影响外,还受太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)、极涡、东亚槽和欧亚环流等气候因子的共同调控,其中受太平洋副高北界位置指数、极涡面积指数、东亚槽强度指数、欧亚纬向环流指数影响最为显著,可作为辽东湾海冰预测的重要因子,此外北极海冰密集度也可以为预测当年冬季辽东湾每月冰情提供依据。 相似文献
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本文根据1953～1984年的北极海冰覆盖面积指数和南方涛动指数资料,分析了北极各海区海冰覆盖量与南方涛动的时滞相关关系,统计了北极海冰正距平年和负距平年南方涛动指数的平均情况。初步结果表明,北极各区海冰与南方涛动之间均存在明显的相关关系,时滞相关的最大值从南方涛动早于海冰7个月(Ⅰ区,+0.48)到晚于海冰39个月(整个北极,+0.38)不等,对北极海冰正距平年和负距平年的统计结果也证实了这些相关特点。 相似文献
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渤海海冰的年际和年代际变化特征与机理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据1951-2013年间的渤海冰情等级资料,利用最大熵谱分析、相关分析和合成分析等方法,研究了渤海冰情等级的年际和年代际变化特征,探讨了局地气候、大气环流、ENSO(El Nio-Southern Oscillation)和太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)对海冰的影响。结果表明,渤海海冰具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征,并在1972年前后发生了一次由重到轻的气候跃变,在跃变后冰情较跃变前平均降低了0.7级。相关分析与合成分析结果显示,渤海冰情的年际变化除受局地气候的影响外,还受西太平洋副热带高压(副高)、极涡和欧亚环流的共同调控,特别在1972年以后,秋季副高、冬季欧亚和亚洲纬向环流对渤海冰情的年际变化均有重要影响,可作为渤海海冰预报的重要因子,而春季PDO、ENSO、冬季副高及欧亚和亚洲经向环流则是渤海冰情年代际变化的影响因素。 相似文献
4.
依据对2000/2001—2014/2015年冬季渤海海冰范围和海平面气压(SLP)场季节内和年际变化的分析表明,SLP场与海冰范围关系密切,其中西伯利亚高压、冰岛低压附近为正相关区,亚速尔高压附近为负相关区。西伯利亚高压的变化在季节内和年际尺度上同时影响渤海海冰,北大西洋涛动(NAO)与渤海海冰的相关性主要表现在年际尺度上。研究表明,渤海海冰逐年冬季的季节内变化有所不同,在2003/2004、2004/2005、2007/2008年存在9~12候的显著周期,与大气30~60d的季节内振荡相对应,但在2009/2010年以后这一周期没有再出现,而西伯利亚高压相关区SLP的9~12候信号在整个研究时段相对较明显,这可以解释在季节内尺度上西伯利亚相关区与海冰范围的相关性在2009/2010年以后明显减小的现象;在年际尺度上,2007/2008年以后NAO(冰岛和亚速尔相关区SLP)与海冰范围的相关性突然增大,这一变化是由NAO和海冰范围(渤海地区气温)的2~4年和4~8年周期从2007/2008年开始更加契合引起的。NAO年际周期的变化可能会通过大气环流的北极-亚洲遥相关模态对渤海海冰范围产生影响。 相似文献
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黄河口邻近海域海冰是渤海海冰的一部分,为了解其独特的变化特征及机制,本研究基于北海预报中心提供的黄河口周边海洋台站观测数据以及CMEMS (Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service)全球海冰密集度再分析数据,使用统计分析和两种滑动相关分析,结合小波相干方法及大气过程的影响,得到长期变化分析的结果。黄河口冰情在1979—2020年间整体呈减轻趋势(–0.25%/a),显然其直接因素为局地温度整体升高;海冰密集度与黄河径流量呈明显正相关,相关系数为0.46,其原因为径流增大导致盐度降低,海冰增加;与北极涛动指数(AOI,Arctic Oscillation Index)呈明显负相关,相关系数为–0.44,因为当北极涛动为正位相时,东亚大槽强度减弱,北极冷空气南侵受阻隔,冬季黄河口的整体气温升高,导致海冰减少;1997年和2016年左右与北极涛动的相关性都出现了显著正异常,其原因为两次强厄尔尼诺事件的影响,同时海冰密集度在1985年左右的跃变可能与AOI和黄河径流量的突变有关。短期变化分析的结果显示:从2010年和2020年冬季逐日的典型寒潮过程与海冰密集度的变化分析可知,海冰与前6 d负积温的相关性最大,平均相关系数为–0.77,寒潮的出现时间、强度及间隔,控制海冰的生成,而整体气温的低频变化控制海冰的维持和发展。 相似文献
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近年北极东北和西北航道开通状况分析 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
利用微波卫星遥感数据对北极东北航道和西北航道近年来的冰情变化,以及影响航道开通的关键区域和每年的开通状况进行了分析和总结,并对航道未来的可能冰情状况进行了展望,期望对航道利用者有所帮助。东北航道全线开通期主要集中在8月下旬至10月上旬,开通总天数多在40~50d;西北航道南线开通期主要集中在8月上中旬至10月上旬,开通总天数多在50~60d;西北航道北线开通时间主要集中在9月。东北航道冰情最为复杂的是连接拉普捷夫海和喀拉海的北地群岛区域海冰,也是影响航道开通的关键区。影响西北航道南线开通的关键主要是威廉王岛附近维多利亚海峡、威尔士王子岛东侧的皮尔海峡和北侧巴罗海峡区域的海冰状况;影响北线开通的关键区域是班克斯岛西北部的麦克卢尔海峡和梅尔维尔子爵海峡;东北航道可通航性优于西北航道。虽然气候变化大背景下北极海冰总量减少,但由于海冰流动性增强,局部海冰变化愈发复杂,海冰分布年际差异较大,需要加强北极海冰监测和预报能力,为未来航道利用提供保障。 相似文献
8.
大气环流优势模态对北极海冰变化的响应Ⅰ.北极涛动 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用美国冰雪中心海冰密集度数据,分析了1979-2012年北极海冰面积的时间变化特征,发现北极海冰具有显著的年代际变化特征,分别在1997和2007年前后存在两次年代际转型突变点,相应的大气环流优势模态——北极涛动(AO)也存在显著的时空变化。1979-1996年阶段海冰下降趋势较弱并以较强的年际振荡为主,AO模态较强且显示出低频振荡特征;1997-2006年阶段北极海冰快速减退趋势占优,同时伴随着较弱的年际振荡,AO模态减弱且振荡周期缩短;2007-2012年阶段海冰范围较快下降同时具有极强的年际振荡,方差变化是前两个阶段的2~3倍,AO不仅强度加强,空间结构也发生了变化,极涡中心分别向格陵兰岛和白令海峡一侧延伸,这种结构有利于极地冷空气入侵欧洲和北美。利用ECHAM5大气模式进行的数值试验结果也证实了较强振荡的海冰强迫对AO模态的改变具有决定作用。 相似文献
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渤海、北黄海海冰与气候变化的关系 总被引：13，自引：7，他引：13
渤海和北黄海的冰情随着历年冬季气候差异而不同.暖冬海冰覆盖范围不足海域的15%,而寒冬可覆盖海域80%以上.概述了海冰监测及资料来源.冰覆盖面积、外缘线位置和冰况等级等被作为反映结冰海域冰情的指标.用大连和营口站的气温表示渤海、北黄海海域的局地气候.用1952～2000年大连的月平均气温描述冰情的变化.给出冰情指数由1952/1953年到1999/2000年随大连站月平均气温变化.影响渤海和北黄海冰情和气候的因子很多,诸如大气环流的演变和太阳活动等.分析了多种因子与冰情的滞后相关,指出20世纪90年代渤海冰情持续偏轻与全球气候变暖趋势相当一致;渤海和北黄海冰情的年际变化与El-Nino现象以及太阳活动周期有关;讨论了海冰季节演变的特征 相似文献
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北极海冰数值模拟研究述评 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
根据国内外近年发表的主要文献,详细介绍北极海冰数值模拟工作的最新进展。综合评述各种主要动力学模式的特点和不足,指出与数值模式有关的主要物理问题,重点介绍海冰模式所特有的问题以及海冰数值模拟工作的发展方向。对以往的数值工作和海冰数值模拟的主要问题进行了总结,并在理论和实践方面进行了深入探讨,有助于我国相关工作的开展。 相似文献
12.
渤海和北极海冰组构及晶体结构特征分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
渤海一年冰的组构和晶体结构表现出的冰的非连续生长速率使得冰层底部具有气泡含量不同的许多分层;静水生长的灰冰具有典型的粒状冰和柱状冰;融化-重冻结冰和重叠冰具有特定的晶体结构.位于北冰洋72°24.037'N,153°33.994'W,长2.2m的冰心样为三年冰,并且发现其内有一种新的晶体类型,定义为碎屑凝聚冰.由位于北冰洋74°58.614'N,160°31.830'W,长4.86m的冰心样的晶体结构分析发现它过去为冰脊,后经融化-冻结改造形成冰丘的证据. 相似文献
13.
New dynamics parameterizations in Version 5 of the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model, CICE, feature an anisotropic rheology and variable drag coefficients. This study investigates their effect on Arctic sea ice volume and age simulations, along with the effects of several pre-existing model options: a parameter that represents the mean cumulative area of ice participating in ridging, the resolution of the ice thickness distribution, and the resolution of the vertical temperature and salinity profiles.By increasing shear stress between floes, the anisotropic rheology slows the ice motion, producing a thicker, older ice pack. The inclusion of variable drag coefficients, which depend on modeled roughness elements such as deformed ice and melt pond edges, leads to thinner ice and a more realistic simulation of sea ice age. Several feedback processes act to enhance differences among the runs. Notably, if less open water is produced mechanically through ice deformational processes, the simulated ice thins relative to runs with more mechanically produced open water. Thermodynamic processes can have opposing effects on ice age and volume; for instance, growth of new ice increases the volume while decreasing the age of the pack. Therefore, age data provides additional information useful for differentiating among process parameterization effects and sensitivities to other model parameters.Resolution of thicker ice types is crucial for proper modeling of sea ice volume, because the volume of ice in the thicker ice categories determines the total ice volume. Model thickness categories tend to focus resolution for thinner ice; this paper demonstrates that 5 ice thickness categories are not enough to accurately resolve the ice thickness distribution for simulations of ice volume. 相似文献
14.
C. Krembs H. Eicken K. Junge J. W. Deming 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2002,49(12)
Exopolymeric substances (EPS) produced by microorganisms play important roles in various aquatic, porous, and extreme environments. Only recently has their occurrence in sea ice been considered. We used macroscopic and microscopic approaches to study the content and possible ecological role of EPS in wintertime fast ice near Barrow, Alaska (71°20′ N, 156°40′ W). Using Alcian blue staining of melted ice samples, we observed high concentrations of EPS in all samples examined, ranging from 0.79 to 7.71 mg xanthan gum equivalents (XGEQV) l−1. Areal conversions to carbon equivalents yielded 1.5−1.9 g C m−2 ice in March and 3.3−4.0 g C m−2 in May (when the ice was thicker). Although EPS did not correlate with macronutrient or pigment data, the latter analyses indicated ongoing or recent biological activity in the ice within temperature horizons of −11°C to −9°C and warmer. EPS correlated positively with bacterial abundance (although no functional relationship could be deduced) and with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Ratios of EPS/DOC decreased at colder temperatures within the core, arguing against physical conversion of DOC to EPS during freezing. When sea-ice segments were maintained at representative winter temperatures (−5°C,−15°C and −25°C) for 3−14 months, the total EPS content increased significantly at rates of 5−47 μg XGEQV l−1 d−1, similar to published rates of EPS production by diatoms. Microscopic images of ice-core sections at these very cold temperatures, using a recently developed non-invasive method, revealed diatoms sequestered in spacious brine pockets, intact autofluorescent chloroplasts in 47% of the (pennate) diatoms observed, and indications of mucus in diatom-containing pores. The high concentrations of EPS detected in these winter ice cores represent a previously unrecognized form of organic matter that may contribute significantly to polar ocean carbon cycles, not only within the ice but after springtime release into the water column. The EPS present in very high concentrations in the brine of these microhabitats appear to play important buffering and cryoprotectant roles for microorganisms, especially diatoms, against harsh winter conditions of high salinity and potential ice-crystal damage. 相似文献
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通过计算机图像测定系统测定、计算获得海冰细菌的大小、面积和碳含量,研究了北极巴伦支海和拉普捷夫海的浮冰中细菌大小、丰度和生物量的垂直分布及其与海冰微藻生物量的关系.细菌在冰心中是非均匀分布的,至少有两种不同分布类型:第一类有单一的丰度峰值,在冰心底部或在冰心中部;第二类有两个丰度峰值.海冰中细菌的丰度为0.4×105～36.7×105个/cm3.不同类型海冰中的细菌大小变化极大,在多年冰中,最大的细菌与叶绿素a最大值出现在同一层,而在一年冰中,细菌大小几乎没有垂直变化.整柱冰心的细菌生物量变化为19.2～79.2mg/cm2,细菌与海冰微藻生物量之比为0.43～10.00.对固定冰比较和研究的结果发现,海冰冰心中细菌大小、丰度和生物量的垂直分布差别极大.据此,分析了对目前海冰研究采样方法的局限性,并提出了规范采样方法的设想. 相似文献
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Lee W. Cooper Ingvar L. Larsen Jacqueline M. Grebmeier S. Bradley Moran 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2005,52(24-26):3452
During three icebreaker cruises in the Arctic Ocean under different sea-ice conditions in 2002, undisturbed benthic surface sediments were collected and assayed for the presence of a short-lived (t1/2=53 d), particle-reactive cosmogenic radionuclide, 7Be, that is solely derived from atmospheric deposition. Under largely ice-covered conditions in May–June 2002, we did not detect this radionuclide in benthic surface sediments, despite significant inventories present in ice-rafted snow on the overlying sea ice (mean=86.8 Bq m−2±32.0 SD; n=9). During the July–August 2002 Shelf–Basin Interactions (SBI) cruise aboard the USCGC Healy and during a simultaneous cruise of the CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier on the Bering and Chukchi Shelf, which occupied the same general region following retreat and dissolution of Arctic ice cover, the 7Be present in this snow as well as surface deposition on to the sea ice-free water surface was detected in many benthic surface sediments, including some as deep as 945 m in Barrow Canyon. Inventories of 7Be in sediments were as high (60 Bq m−2) as the entire decay-corrected inventory present earlier in some snow samples collected on the sea-ice cover. Other deposition indicators such as the inventories of sediment chlorophyll, sediment oxygen respiration rates and 234Th-derived export fluxes also showed post-ice melt particle deposition and vertical transport, but in most cases the 7Be deposition was not tightly correlated with these other indicators, suggesting that 7Be sedimentation may not be controlled by the same processes. Our observations indicate that materials in sea ice, including contaminants, particulate organic, and mineral matter originating from atmospheric deposition or entrained in continental shelf sediments and rafted onto sea ice, can be rapidly transported to depth. The re-distribution of these materials as sea-ice drifts and eventually melts has the potential for impacting Arctic Ocean biogeochemical cycles and contaminant concentrations in areas of the Arctic remote from the original point of deposition. 相似文献
17.
北极气候系统正在发生显著变化,其中,海冰面积和厚度的减小是其最主要的特征.楚科奇海是海冰面积变化最有代表性的区域.文章利用积累了9a的高分辨率海冰分布数据研究海冰面积的多年变化特征.结果表明,各年的冰情有显著的季节内变化,海冰面积距平曲线体现了不同时期海冰面积变化的动态过程.在1997~2005年间,楚科奇海海冰面积经历了轻(1997年)-重(2000~2001年)-轻(2002~2005年)的变化过程.9a的数据总体上体现了海冰面积减小的趋势,2005年的冰情呈现了历史新低.每年融冰期的长短与冰情轻重有密切的关系,冰轻年份融冰开始时间早,冻结结束时间晚.各年海冰面积最小值发生在9月下旬至10月初,各个年份海冰最小面积差别很大.有的年份只有4%,而重冰年可以大于50%.文章采用4个重要参数表达海冰多年变化.其中海冰面积指数反映了当年总体平均的海冰面积距平;海冰最小面积反映了融冰期海冰的极限情况;上一个冬季的气温积温也与翌年海冰面积有良好的关联;分析了风场对海冰的影响,表明风场在融冰期能够在短时间内改变海冰的覆盖面积. 相似文献
18.
The effects of resolving the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in a finite element sea ice model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Though narrow straits may have a strong influence on the large-scale sea ice mass balance, they are often crudely represented in coarse resolution sea ice models. Unstructured meshes, with their natural ability to fit boundaries and locally increase the mesh resolution, propose an alternative framework to capture the complex oceanic areas formed by coasts and islands. In this paper, we develop a finite element sea ice model to investigate the sensitivity of the Arctic sea ice cover features to the resolution of the narrow straits constituting the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The model is a two-level dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model, including a viscous-plastic rheology. It is run over 1979–2005, forced by daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. Confronting qualitatively numerical experiments with observations shows a good agreement with satellite and buoys measurements. Due to its simple representation of the oceanic interactions, the model overestimates the sea ice extent during winter in the southernmost parts of the Arctic, while the Baffin Bay and Kara Sea remain ice-covered during summer. In order to isolate the benefits from resolving the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, a numerical experiment is performed where we artificially close the archipelago. Focusing on the large-scale sea ice thickness pattern, no significant change is found in our model, except in the close surroundings of the archipelago. However, the local and short-term influences of the ice exchanges are nonnegligible. In particular, we show that the ice volume associated to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago represents 10% of the Northern Hemisphere sea ice volume and that the annual mean ice export towards Baffin Bay amounts to 125 km3 yr−1, which may play an important role on the convective overturning in the Labrador Sea. 相似文献
19.
1997／98年冬季渤海和黄海北部冰情特征分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
海冰预报是渤、黄海重要的海洋灾害性预报项目之一。本文对１９９７～９８年冬季渤海及黄海北部的冰情概况进行了总结,并分析了渤海流冰范围在短时间内的迅速增长与天气、海洋等因子的相关关系。 相似文献
20.
《Marine Policy》2017
The rapid Arctic summer sea ice reduction in the last decade has lead to debates in the maritime industries on the possibility of an increase in cargo transportation in the region. Average sailing times on the North Sea Route along the Siberian Coast have fallen from 20 days in the 1990s to 11 days in 2012–2013, attributed to easing sea ice conditions along the Siberian coast. However, the economic risk of exploiting the Arctic shipping routes is substantial. Here a detailed high-resolution projection of ocean and sea ice to the end of the 21st century forced with the RCP8.5 IPCC emission scenario is used to examine navigability of the Arctic sea routes. In summer, opening of large areas of the Arctic Ocean previously covered by pack ice to the wind and surface waves leads to Arctic pack ice cover evolving into the Marginal Ice Zone. The emerging state of the Arctic Ocean features more fragmented thinner sea ice, stronger winds, ocean currents and waves. By the mid 21st century, summer season sailing times along the route via the North Pole are estimated to be 13–17 days, which could make this route as fast as the North Sea Route. 相似文献