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河口、海岸是陆海相互作用及人类活动最频繁的地区之一,了解和把握海岸地貌的变迁及发育模式对于海岸资源的开发和保护至关重要。模型是对客观事物的概括和抽象,本文对海岸滩地和水下三角洲地形演变的研究总结了4种方法,重点讨论了模型的构建,并根据作者的研究实例给出了模型的具体应用。在剖面模型的应用中通过不同年代剖面的对比分析可了解海岸地貌的动态变化,平面模型则通过等深线的退缩、扩张及形态变化来研究岸滩的动态冲淤及海岸地形的宏观变化,而冲淤速率分布平面图是分析大范围海域冲淤趋势和局部变化的有效手段。测点统计模型是一种静态分析方法,用来建立测量点的高程和坡度与岸滩冲淤的关系。 相似文献
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基于实测传播损失数据对比分析Marsh-Schulkin和Rogers经验传播损失模型。通过讨论东海声学调查具体的海洋环境,较详细地标定了两模型对应的声学参数,并融入模型,结合实测数据进行对比验证,得出关于两模型在东海适应性的如下结论:两模型预报结果与实测数据吻合较好,且两者预报曲线大致相同;其中MarshSchulkin模型预报曲线斜率略大于Rogers模型,预报差异随距离增大有所增加;各频率预报曲线存在交点,交点左侧Rogers模型更接近实测数据,右侧Marsh-Schulkin更为准确。 相似文献
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海上溢油数值模型研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国是海洋大国,近年来,海上活动持续增多,发生海上溢油事故的风险随之加大,海上溢油污染事故一旦发生,如不得到及时控制,必将严重损害我国近海海洋环境。为了完善我国海上溢油应急反应体系,提高我国处理重大海上溢油事故的应急反应能力,海上溢油污染应急技术研究已经得到开展。本文综述了溢油预测模型的发展过程以及相关的研究成果,包括：溢油扩展模型、溢油漂移模型、油粒子模型和溢油风化模型等。这为进一步开展溢油预测和溢油污染应急工作提供了理论依据和参考。 相似文献
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为了比较研究直立长方体(Prism)模型、Tesseroid单元体模型、质量线(Line-mass)模型和质量点(Point-mass)模型等4种基于DEM(digital elevation model)重力地形改正模型的精度。通过模型分析、精度对比和数据试验等手段,基于计算距离、地形高度和DEM分辨率等因素对模型精度的影响进行了对比和研究。结果表明:距离越近,模型间相对误差越大,极近区应优先选用Prism模型;模型间相对误差随距离衰减情况受地形高度和DEM分辨率等多种因素影响;地形起伏越大,对模型的精度要求越高;DEM分辨率越高,模型精度越好;质量线模型的验算精度不及质量点模型。 相似文献
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长牡蛎F3 代快速生长选育群体生长特性的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用模型拟合方法研究了长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)F3代快速生长选育群体不同时期各生长性状的发育规律。结果表明,长牡蛎幼虫期壳高(SH)、壳长(SL)对日龄(t)的回归遵循Logistic模型,生长方程分别为SH=455.612/(1+9.500e-0.142t),R2=0.999;SL=462.476/(1+8.026e-0.108t),R2=0.996。幼虫期壳高与壳长成直线相关,回归方程为SL=0.76SH+18.82,R2=0.994。长牡蛎养成期各生长性状呈现明显的季节变化,壳高(SH)、壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)和总质量(TW)对月龄(X)的多项式回归方程分别为SH=-0.0297X4+1.0365X3-12.0220X2+57.6500X-68.9260,R2=0.985;SL=-0.0173X4+0.5893X3-6.5702X2+30.2420X-34.4150,R2=0.986;SW=-0.0068X4+0.2620X3-3.2806X2+16.9170X-22.1410,R2=0.956;TW=-0.0219X4+0.8234X3-10.1680X2+50.7040X-85.4110,R2=0.972。壳高、壳长、壳宽与总质量均呈幂函数相关,回归方程分别为SH=23.645TW0.3213,R2=0.998;SL=12.337TW0.3776,R2=0.995;SW=6.611TW0.3589,R2=0.981。 相似文献
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以张店油田为研究对象，在储层构造、沉积微相、测井解释、储层非均质等研究基础上，建立地质数据库，应用三维可视化技术建立三维模型，通过储层三维模型，实现了油田开发地质研究工作中沉积微相研究成果的量化应用及与储层参数分布的有效结合。 相似文献
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莺歌海三莺村岸段人工沙滩工程岸线数值模拟以及模型的验证方 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以乐东莺歌海三莺村岸段人工沙滩工程为例,其完工1年后的岸线监测结果,表明需要进一步对人工沙滩后的海滩岸线演变进行研究分析。通过GENESIS岸线演变模型模拟人工沙滩后的岸线变化,并尝试采用3种方法对模型进行验证。经过验证后,对人工沙滩工程后1年、3年、5年岸线变化进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明:GENESIS岸线演变模型对于包围型(拦沙堤和离岸堤结合方式)人工沙滩工程是适用的。工程完工1年后,补沙岸线形成了侵淤变化的凹凸弯曲岸线,侵淤幅度不大,5年后侵淤幅度变缓,开始逐渐趋于平衡。据此,也为人工沙滩后期的养护、补沙防护工作起到重要的参考作用。 相似文献
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Numerical study of shoreline changes by emergency beach nourishment project at the Middle Beach of Beidaihe, China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
ZHANG Yu HE Lulu KUANG Cuiping PAN Yi GU Jie YANG Yanxiong ZHANG Jiabo 《海洋学报(英文版)》2012,31(1):125-133
Beach nourishment is a common coastal management strategy used to protect beach from erosion along the sandy coastlines. This method has been successfully applied to an emergency project at the West Beach of Beidaihe in the summer of 2008 and the full West Beach nourishment project in 2009-2010, which is the direct base of this study. Some basic information about the emergency engineering area at the Middle Beach is firstly described. The shoreline change of this area, including the analysis of beach width in five monitoring profiles in the bathing places of Middle Beach, is then discussed. After that a numerical model based on one-line theory is established and the numerical results agree well with the measured shorelines, which indicates that the model is appropriate and is qualified to predict the shoreline change of the Middle Beach. With the same model and parameters, long-term performance of the project is predicted, and the result shows that without follow-up nourishment and project, the bathing places can remain suitable for bathing for about 10 a. It is suggested to nourish the beach in time and carry out the beach nourishment project for the full Middle Beach in Beidaihe. 相似文献
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人工岛建设在缓解滨海人地矛盾的同时带来新的环境问题。本研究聚焦人工岛建设引起的岸滩侵蚀与泥沙分配失衡问题,以海口西海岸为例,建立GENESIS岸线演变模型,探讨人工岛影响下的海滩地貌演化机制,并在此基础上提出“循环养护”的海滩修复对策。主要研究结论为:①海口湾南海明珠人工岛对邻近海滩的影响以“岛后方淤积、两侧侵蚀”为显著特征,且两侧侵蚀热点区的响应幅度存在明显差异。五源河口至新国宾馆岸段侵蚀更为强烈的主导因素为物源匮乏与岸线形态外凸。②通过人工补沙与循环养护相结合的生态修复措施,可实现岸滩泥沙的合理分配与地貌的动态平衡,有效缓解人工岛引起的海岸侵蚀问题。本研究成果可为国内相似类型海岸的岸滩修复提供良好的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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由于自然因素和人类活动的影响等原因,世界很多海滩经受着侵蚀和破坏。而利用人工养护工程来保护和恢复海滩具有养护效果较明显、干滩面积明显增加以及不破坏环境景观的优点,目前得到越来越多国家的认可。国外由于养滩历史较久,养滩工程后的监测和质量评价不仅开展得早,而且已经成为工程的一个重要部分。评价指标已经比较完善,甚至有些国家已经将养滩效果评价列入法规框架之中。我国的海滩养护工程在十几年前才开始,虽然工程量逐年增长,但是对海滩养护工程施工后的工程监测和工程评价却较少涉及。本文对美国、荷兰、英国、丹麦以及我国等国家的海滩养护工程的工程评价工作进行总结,从而提出适用于我国工程特点的养滩工程质量评价因子和方法。 相似文献
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潜式人工岬头和离岸式人工岬头是两种改良式人工岬头,与传统人工岬头相比,它们对岸滩的保护效果稍弱,但能改善岬湾内的水交换。以北戴河西海滩养滩工程为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法,对潜式岬头和离岸式岬头的护滩效果和改善水交换效果进行研究比较。首先建立岸线演变模型和物质输运模型,对工程后的岸线演变及水交换情况进行模拟。岸线演变的模拟结果表明,潜式岬头和离岸式岬头的护滩效果均较好,但潜式岬头后的岸线形状相比离岸式岬头后更为平滑。同时讨论海滩的侵蚀和淤积特性对潜式岬头和离岸式岬头的影响以及潮汐条件对冲淡时间的影响。与传统岬头相比,潜式岬头和离岸式岬头可以很好地减少岬后冲淡时间以及改善岬湾内水交换,而护滩效果只是稍有减弱。因此,潜式岬头和离岸式岬头都是改善岬湾水交换的有效工程措施。 相似文献
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Numerical models for shoreline evolution have been used for coastal management planning for several decades. The model calibration is a start point to project shoreline scenarios and in this aim the use of data acquired within the scope of monitoring programmes provides the opportunity to assess the models' capabilities under real condition. This work applies calibration data (retrieved from field surveys) to numerical models to predict medium-term shoreline evolution using, as a case study, a beach stretch named AC, about 3.5 km long and located downdrift of a groin on the northwest Portuguese coast. A smaller stretch AB (2.4 km long), included in the total one, which exhibits a pronounced erosive tendency usually better reproduced in shoreline evolution models, was also analysed. Based on topographic surveys, associated wave climate conditions registered between 2003 and 2008 and typical wave conditions registered over a longer wave climate time period, this work compares the calibration of two different shoreline evolution models, Long-term Configuration (LTC) and GENESIS for this period. Then, considering the 2003 topographic conditions for the models' calibration, the results of both models are discussed with respect to simulation scenarios after 10, 15 and 20 years of evolution. The 10-year evolution projections of the models are also compared to the results of a survey performed in February 2012. For the wave data calibration period (2003–2008), the average shoreline retreat of the analysed coastal stretch was reproduced with small differences (around 1% and 10% for LTC and 15% and 14% for GENESIS, considering stretches AB or AC, respectively), though local differences along the AB coastal stretch represent root mean square errors reaching up to 52% and 88% for GENESIS and LTC, respectively, and were above 118% for both models along the AC coastal stretch. 相似文献
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Erosion of the southern Gold Coast beaches (SE Queensland, Australia) was exacerbated after the extension of the Tweed River training walls in the early 1960s. To achieve the objective of restoring and maintaining beach amenity, significant nourishment works have been undertaken in Coolangatta Bay over the past 30 years. Particularly, under the Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project (TRESBP) since 1995, a number of nourishment campaigns and the implementation of a permanent sand bypass system in 2001 have resulted in significant changes of Coolangatta Bay morphology. The present case study investigates the influence of both wave climate and nourishment works on the area extending from the updrift Snapper Rocks area to downdrift Kirra Beach. SWAN spectral wave model is implemented at Coolangatta Bay area and forced by the global wave model WW3 to estimate wave forcing and the potential natural longshore drift entering in Coolangatta. Specific transects extracted from accurate bathymetric surveys are used to investigate and quantify Coolangatta Bay sedimentation for the period 1987–2005. A network of Argus video stations provides high sample rate information on the shoreline evolution. Results show that, over the past 10 years, Coolangatta Bay has infilled rapidly. Sedimentation reached up to 6 m in some areas between 1995 and 2005, with beach width increasing by 200 m at Kirra Beach. Rapid seaward shoreline migration is consistent with the intense over-pumping of sand relative to the natural potential to move sand alongshore. The nourishment strategy used during this project has successfully delivered large amounts of sand to the southern Gold Coast embayment, although it has been up to now controversial from many community perspectives. The artificial sand bypassing process proved to be much more efficient than depositing the dredged sand in the nearshore area which requires a significant period of low energy condition in order for the deposited sediment to migrate shoreward and weld to the shore. This case study confirms that, when carefully undertaken, sand bypassing is a sustainable and flexible soft engineering approach which can work in concert with natural processes. 相似文献
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海滩养护已经成为全球基于自然（nature-based）海岸防护的主要手段，并得到广泛应用。随着全球强风区海岸海滩养护工程数量的增加，海滩养护对海岸风沙过程产生的一系列影响逐渐得到重视。海滩养护工程形成了新的海滩地貌形态，扩大了海滩风区、增加了风沙物源、提高了滩面高程、改变了滩面沉积物，海滩地貌和沉积物组分变化引起了风沙运动过程的变化，与自然海滩风沙过程相比，有其独特的过程和特征，已经成为海岸风沙研究的热点之一。本文从海滩养护影响下的风沙环境变化、风沙活动变化以及养护海滩对沙丘的影响等3个方面梳理了国内外研究进展，提出养护海滩风沙研究存在区域不平衡以及风沙过程的综合性影响和定量化研究不足等问题，并结合我国海滩养护未来的发展趋势，从强风区养护海滩风沙运动规律、养护海滩风沙环境全要素的综合影响和风沙作用变化的模型评估等方面展望了我国养护海滩风沙研究的未来发展方向。 相似文献
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The empirical bay shape model proposed by Hsu and Evans in 1989 for predicting the static planform of a pocket beach is expanded to enable the calculation of three-dimensional beach changes on a pocket beach with a seawall. The original formulation was developed on the basis of a second-order regression analysis. Unlike the one-line model of shoreline changes, the model of Hsu and Evans does not require repeated calculations of the wave field and shoreline position, because it was derived on the assumption of null sediment movement within a pocket beach in static equilibrium, hence without the need of applying the continuity condition of total sand volume in the calculation. The expanded model proposed by the present authors satisfies the total sand budget on a pocket beach, by taking into account the concept of depth change due to longshore sand transport. Model tests were carried out and the new model was further applied to the beach changes at Kemigawa on the northeast of Tokyo Bay in Chiba Prefecture, as well as at Oarai in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. On both locations, seawall has been installed as countermeasures against beach erosion, where wave sheltering effect of the main breakwater and beach changes in front of the seawall has also been observed. With this expansion, the present model can be applied to predict the three-dimensional beach changes on a coast with seawall on a pocket beach. 相似文献
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A standard assumption in coastal engineering is that the porosity of natural beach sand (non-cohesive) is 40%. However, is this assumption correct for all beach sand? This paper proposes an accurate and simplified method to assess changes in sand porosity after beach nourishment by means of in-situ density surveys through a nuclear densimeter. This novel application has been applied to different beaches in the southwest of Spain according to the tidal range, grain size and beach morphology in several terms. General results show that sand porosities range from 25.6% to 43.4% after beach nourishment works. This research can be considered a support tool in coastal engineering to find shifting sand volumes as a result of sand porosity variability after beach nourishment and later marine influence. 相似文献