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1.
食物的消化率是指被消化道吸收而进入体内的营养物或能量占摄入食物所含营养物或能量的百分比(Brett et al.,1979),在有关鱼类能量学的文献报道中,消化率、吸收率、同化率等常用来描述同一个概念。通过测定鱼体排出粪便的量可以对食物的消化率进行估计,但粪便除包含有未被消化吸收的食物外,还包含有消化液及肠道上皮等代谢物,这两部分物质难以分离。因此,在研究中,通常对这些少量的非粪便排出物不加区别,这样测得的结果称为表观消化率(Jobling,1983a),由于类便中的物质会流失于水中,从而给鱼类消化率的测定带来许多实际困难。目前测定鱼类消化率的方法很多,除虹吸法外,还有后肠取粪便法(Henken et al.,1985),Cr2O3指示物法(Henken et al.,1985),以及其它一些指示物法(Buddington,1980; Bowen,1981;Atkinson et al.,1984;De Silva et al.,1974), Braaten(1979);Cho等(1982)和Jobing等(1983a)对消化率的研究方法进行了综述和比较。由于鱼类对动物性饵料消化率一般较高,测定上的误差对能量收支的影响不是很大。许多生态因子对消化率产生影响,在实验室研究中,人们着重探讨了体重,水温、日粮水平及食物的性质等对消化率的影响(Solomon et al.,1972; Elliott,1976; Windell et al.,1978: Henken et al., 1985; Cui et al.,1988; Jobling,1993)。
1994年8月-11月,作者在对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus B.)幼鱼进行能量学研究中,探讨了日粮水平对其粪便失能的影响,建立了不同水温、日粮水平及体重条件下黑鲷幼鱼粪便能的预测模型。通过研究,不仅阐明了黑鲷幼鱼的消化吸收效率随日粮水平等因子的变化规律,同时对黑鲷的养殖生产及其养殖环境的保护也具有指导意义。 相似文献
2.
生物体的含能量及比能值(Q,指单位体重的含能量)是能量学研究的重要参数,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物是生物体含能量的主要物质载体。在鱼体中,碳水化合物的含量约占0.5%,在鱼类能量学研究中一般忽略不计,生化组分决定鱼体的能量含量。在自然界中，鱼体的生化组成是变化的(Craig,1977),精确估计鱼体的含能量及生化组成是建立鱼类能量收支方程的必要条件,但同时也是深入开展能量学研究的主要困难之一。研究者发现,在各种条件下,鱼体各组分之间都有比较恒定的比例关系( Elliott,1976; Weatherly et al,1983),因此提出,如果以鱼体某个易于测定的指标(如含水量、体重等)作为自变量,建立起与含能量及化学组成较显著的相关关系,则可较方便地对有关指标进行间接估计。
1994年8-11月,作者在对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus B.,)进行能量学研究的同时,对其比能值及化学组成亦进行了测定,探讨了日粮水平(RI)对鱼体比能值及生化组成的影响,建立了干物质含量和比能值的预测模式以及含水量与比能值、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量的回归关系,以便对实验鱼类的比能值及化学组成进行间接估计。 相似文献
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我国的海藻资源异常丰富,种类多,分布广。海藻中含有多种营养物质,包括海藻多糖、多酚、活性碘、多种维生素、氨基酸等;同时也含有一定数量的重金属元素,其中砷元素与人类健康和生命活动有着至为密切的关系,是毒性金属研究的代表性物质。海藻中砷的含量、分布和形态直接关系到各种海藻的利用价值和方法。
我国国内对海藻中砷的研究较少,而国际上自本世纪初就开始了此项研究。1919年,Cornec 首次对海藻灰分进行定性的光谱分析,发现其中含有砷(Cornec,1919)。以后的大量文献对海藻中的砷及其测定方法进行了较为详细的研究报道,目前研究人员普遍认为,海藻中的砷以有机态和无机态并存,其中有机砷化合物占绝大多数,毒性较小(Whyte et al.,1983; Edmonds et al.,1993; Phillips et al.,1985)。目前国际上测定海藻中砷的方法主要有中子活化法(Lunde,1973)、原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)(Maher,1982,1983;Yasui et al.,1978)、感应耦合等离子体-原子发射分光光度法联用(ICP-AES)(Shinagawa et al.,1983)等,这些方法不仅需要大型仪器,而且样品的前处理过程比较复杂,操作亦难以掌握。
作者应用比较简便、灵敏的银盐分光光度法,使用国产仪器,以海带、鼠尾藻等样品进行实验研究,结果表明,本法非常适合于海藻中砷的测定,具有较高的实用价值。 相似文献
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对虾成熟卵子的激活都是由海水引起的,海水的刺激引起成熟的卵母细胞发生皮层反应,完成减数分裂,这一过程同有无精子的作用无关(Clark et al.,1977,1980; Lynn et al.,1991; Pillai et al.,1987)。在对锐脊单肢虾(Sicyonia ingentis)的卵子激活研究中发现,其成熟卵子无论受精与否在接触海水以后均具有相同的激活过程,受精卵和未受精卵的皮层反应及减数分裂的恢复没有区别,而海水中刺激卵子发生皮层反应直接因子是Mg2+而不是Ca2+。在无Mg2+人工海水中,锐脊单肢虾的卵子不能激活;而在无Ca2+人工海水中,卵子则可正常激活(Pillai et al.,1987; Lindsay et al.,1992a)。Mg2+对锯额长臂虾(Palaemon serratus)卵子减数分裂的形响的研究表明,锯额长臂虾卵子减数分裂的恢复必须有Mg2+参与,而Ca2+则是非必须的;胞外Mg2+可以诱导卵子的皮层反应,并使卵膜外的微绒毛消失;胞外Mg2+的增加可使卵子内部游离Ca2+浓度发生变化,从而诱导卵子的激活(Goudeau et al.,1986,1991,1996)。
根据前人的报道,胰蛋白酶和胰蛋白抑制剂对对虾精子的顶体反应、卵子的激活都具有明显的影响(Lynn et al.,1987; Griffin et al.,1990; Lindsay et al.,1992b; Chen et al.,1994)。Lynn等(1987)报道褐对虾(Penaeus aztecus)的卵胶前体(jelly procusor)含有约70%-75%的蛋白质及25%-30%的多糖,胰蛋白酶对于人工分离的卵胶前体具有明显的降解作用,胰蛋白酶抑制剂可以抑制卵子在海水中的激活,Griffin等(1990)的研究发现,锐脊单肢虾的卵子内含有类胰蛋白酶的物质,解剖性成熟雌虾获得的卵子置入海水摇匀,上清液-卵水(egg water)可以诱导取自雌虾纳精囊内的精子发生顶体反应,胰蛋白酶也可以诱导对虾精子的顶体反应,而胰蛋白酶抑制剂则完全可以抑制对虾精子在人工海水中发生顶体反应时顶体丝的形成。Lindsay等(1992b)的研究也得出了类似的结果,并对卵水和胰蛋白酶不同浓度及不同作用时间下对对虾精子顶体反应的诱导作用进行比较研究。Chen等(1994)对锐脊单肢虾精子的提取物进行生化分析发现,精子内部也有类胰蛋白酶的物质,并通过免疫电镜技术将其进行定位,精子的提取物可以降解分离的卵黄膜。
激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(Laser scanning confocal microscope)在海洋动物的受精及发育生物学的研究中已有一些报道(Sardet et al.,1992; Stricker et al.,1992; Shen et al.,1993; Jaffe, et al.,1994; Malinda, et al.,1994)。而在对虾的受精及发育生物学方面应用还比较少,只有锐脊单肢虾的卵子激活及早期发育的研究上有一些报道(Hertzler et al., 1992, 1994: Lindsay et al.,1992a)。
海水中的离子成分是影响卵子激活的关键因子,而胰蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶抑制剂对对虾受精也有着很大影响,这两方面的工作在国内、外中国对虾的受精生物学研究中均未见报道。
作者对上述两类理化因子对中国对虾卵子激活的影响进行研究,并使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜对中国对虾卵子受胰蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶抑制剂的作用而发生的形态变化进行研究,初步分析了造成异常卵裂的原因。 相似文献
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盐度对鱼类生态生理学特征的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
盐度对鱼类生态生理学作用的直接效应是引起鱼体对渗透压的调节，间接影响则表现为对鱼体与环境间物质交换与能量流动的影响(De Silva et al.，1976)。自上世纪50年代末开始，盐度一直是鱼类生理学和实验生物学的重要指标。为此，众多专家就广盐性洄游种类鲑鱼生长与盐度的关系(Ott，1971; Shaw et al.，1975; Macleod，1977; Brett，1979; Mckay et al.，1985; Mccormick et al.，1989; Morgan et al.，1991) 、耐低盐洄游性种类对海洋环境的适应(Peters et al.，1972; Hettler, 1976; Gut，1985; Malloy et al.，1991)，以及狭盐性种类在变化盐度水域中生长率与死亡率等方面进行了大量的研究。已有的研究结果显示，盐度对鱼类生长的影响效果不尽一致，甚至发生冲突(Brett, 1979)，但有关盐度对鱼类生态生理学特征的影响还未见综合比较分析报道。作者就盐度对鱼类生态生理学特征的影响在前人的基础上作了进一步分析研究，为今后开展这方面的工作提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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高度不饱和脂肪酸,特别是20:5(EPA)和22:6(DHA)等n-3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA)对人类的生长发育和健康有重要的作用,具有降血脂、降血压、抗血栓、防止血小板凝聚,降低胆固醇等作用,可以用于治疗心脑血管疾病,还能抑制某些肿瘤的发生,降低其生长速度(Simopoulos et al.,1991)。DHA是人类大脑和视网膜正常发育必不可少的物质,能改善脑机能、提高智力和记忆力(Simopoulos et al.,1991; Carlson et al.,1991),目前尤其受到人们的重视;EPA和DHA也是海洋鱼类及甲壳类动物幼体生长发育所必需的营养要素,近年来在水产养殖中也受到特别重视。
海洋微藻具有合成EPA和DHA等n3-PUFA的奇特能力,其它海洋生物,包括鱼类中的EPA和DHA大都通过食物链从藻类积蓄而来(齐藤洋昭,1993),而且藻油没有鱼腥味,很少含胆固醇,因此海洋微藻是EPA和DHA的另一种重要的来源;海洋微藻又是海洋水产动物育苗中非常重要的生物饵料,其EPA和DHA的含量是衡量其营养价值的非常重要的指标,因此海洋微藻中高度不饱和脂肪酸的研究和开发近年来受到了极大的重视,成了研究的热门。
本文报道了我国沿海水产养殖中几种常用微藻的脂类和高度不饱和脂肪酸的组成和含量,为海洋微藻的开发利用提供了基础资料。 相似文献
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海水仔稚鱼营养的研究,国外已有相当数量的报道,特别是脂类中n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n-3HUFA)的研究,已取得显著的成果(Izquierdo et al.,1989a; Izquierdo et al.,1989b; Watanabe et al.,1994)。但迄今为止,我国鱼类营养的研究基本集中于幼鱼和成鱼阶段,仔稚鱼阶段还未见报道。目前,我国养殖的名贵海鱼,如真鯛(Pagrosomus major)、黑鯛(Sparus macrocephalus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)等的生产性育苗,因在仔稚鱼阶段大量死亡,成活率一般低于30%,某些营养要素的缺乏或不足是导致仔稚鱼大量死亡的一个重要原因。为加快我国海鱼养殖的发展,保证生产所需的优质种苗的供给,开展仔稚鱼营养的研究已成为我国鱼类营养研究工作者的一项极为紧迫的任务。
近年来,国外研究证实n-3HUFA是海水仔稚鱼的必需脂肪酸,其中以二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(EPA)最为重要(Watanabe et al.,1989a; Watanabe et al.,1989b)。由于轮虫、卤虫等活饵料中DHA和EPA的含量很低,远不能满足海水仔稚鱼的需要,因而,有关学者通过选用优质单胞藻、制作油脂酵母、投喂富含n-3HUFA的人工微型佴料等方法强化活饵料。Watanabe等(1983)最早将富含n-3HUFA的鱼肝油等制成乳化油，直接加人培养活饵料的海水介质中,当富集于活饵料体内的n-3HUFA达到最大值时,将活饵料作为活的营养载体投喂给仔稚鱼,即可将外源n-3HUFA转移至仔稚鱼体内。该方法简便、实用,现已被推广(Izquierdo et al.,1989b)。
本研究采用乳化油直接添加法,人工调节卤虫体内n-3HUFA含量,探讨n-3HUFA对黑鲷稚鱼生长、存活的影响。 相似文献
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鱼类的耳石信息分析及生活史重建——理论、方法与应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
耳石(Otolith)是硬骨鱼类(Teleosts)在生长过程中沉积在内耳中的结石,主要矿物成分是CaCO3起声音接收和平衡定向作用。其内部轮纹(日轮Daily ring或年轮Annul ring)像在其他海洋动物特定钙化组织(如瓣鰓类外壳、珊瑚骨骼、多毛类颌骨、乌贼内壳、哺乳动物牙齿)中的轮纹一样随鱼类的发育而生长,并沉积着现场水环境中的主要化学元素。由于在形成过程中其轮纹形态结构与化学组成相当稳定,记录了鱼类个体生活过程中丰富的生物物理化学环境信息,所以,耳石信息分析可以揭示鱼类的生活史及其所经历的环境变化。在目前,耳石信息分析的应用涵盖了鱼类生态学研究的诸多方面,如鱼类的孵化和早期发育生长、产卵场和产卵期判定、仔鱼的运输过程(Larval transportation、年龄鉴定与种群鉴定(Age determination & population discrimination)、个体迁移(Migration)等。近年来,随着相关科学和技术的发展,它已经成为一种揭示鱼类生活史、生活史重建(Recastruction of life history)以及海洋环境域变(Regime shift)的关键技术,也是国际上渔业科学和海洋环境科学的研究热点。过去10年内三次国际鱼类耳石学术会议的成功举办(1993 Maryland-USA，Secor et al,1995a，1998- Bergen-Norway Fossum et al,2000；2004- Townsville Australia Begg et al,2005)大大推进了该研究领域的发展。其研究方向主要包括年龄鉴定与验证、显微结构分析(Microstructure)和微化学分析(Microchemistry)(Stevenson et al.,1992 ；Secor et al..1995a， Fossum et.al, 2000； Campana 1999， 2001； Elsdon et al, 2003a, b；Begg et al, 2005 )等。 相似文献
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新鲜海带中碘的含量与分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海带中含有高浓度的碘是其独特的化学组成特点,历来被海藻学家所重视(Tang and Chang, 1935, 1936; Black, 1948, 1949; Klemperer, 1957; Fernandez et al., 1964:Dave et al., 1973; Law, 1975; Solimabi and Das, 1977; Yamamoto et al., 1984:Doshi and Joshi,1989; Mairh et al.,1989),但是几乎所有的有关研究方法都基于化学滴定,在材料上局限于海藻干品,另外海带样品含有大量的褐藻多糖以及多酚类化合物,能够包溶部分碘离子及碘单质,因此用常规的化学滴定法误差较大,从而导致试验结果的非重复性和非可靠性。本文利用碘离子选择电极法,直接在样品溶液中测定,不必经过离心、氧化还原等一系列复杂的步骤,测定了新鲜海带中不同部位碘的含量和分布,为进一步研究海带中碘的化学存在形态提供了理论数据。 相似文献
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自从Longuet-Higgins(1963)根据非线性作用导出较正态分布为准确的波面高度分布以来,高阶矩在军事、高科技等很多方面得到了应用。Huang等(1980)曾检验了高阶非线性分布,他们发现当波高概率分布中包含直至四阶项时与观测结果相符,但如果考虑更高阶不但效果不好,反而更差。尽管非线性随机过程在海浪理论中获得了广泛的应用,但对海面雷达散射研究仅讨论到三阶矩的影响(Fung et al.,1991;Chen et al.,1992)。电磁随机表面散射理论有适应大尺度随机起伏的粗糙面的Kirchhoff散射模式、轻度粗糙表面的微扰散射模式、大小尺度独立叠加的双尺度散射模式、全波散射模式(Bahar,1987)和积分方程散射模式(Chen et al.,1992)等。对随机粗糙Kirchhoff表面电磁波散射问题,尽管几十年来许多科学家已经进行了大量研究(Fung et al.,1991; Ulaby et al.,1982;Wu et al.,1988),Eom等(1983)曾对Gaussian面和非 Gaussian面的散射特性进行了比较研究,Fung等(1991)将Kirchhoff散射模式推广应用到三阶粗糙随机表面,然而更高阶矩对散射截面的影响还未见报道。本文在Fung等(1991)的基础上将Kirchhoff散射模式推广应用到四阶项,并对模式的应用进行了分析和讨论。 相似文献
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Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction. 相似文献
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Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters. 相似文献
17.
18.
Klaus Kremling 《Marine Chemistry》1983,13(2):87-108
In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O2H2S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH2S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe2+) and manganese (Mn2+) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO3). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin. 相似文献
19.
P.N. Froelich L.W. Kaul J.T. Byrd M.O. Andreae K.K. Roe 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,20(3):239-264
Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO3, PO4, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO3 and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River. 相似文献
20.
Linjie Zheng Tomoharu Minami Shotaro Takano Hideki Minami Yoshiki Sohrin 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(5):669-685
A central theme of the ongoing GEOTRACES program is to improve the understanding of processes occurring at ocean interfaces with continents, sediments, and ocean crust. In this context, we studied the distributions of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb around the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in total dissolvable (td), dissolved (d), and labile particulate (lp) fractions, which represent a fraction in unfiltered samples, filtered samples through an AcroPak capsule filter, and the difference between td and d, respectively. Al and Fe were dominated by lp-species, while Ni, Zn, and Cd were dominated by d-species with undetectable amounts of lp-species. Major findings in this study are as follows: (1) The continental margin (CM) provided large sources of Al, Mn, Fe, and Co from the surface to ~2000 m in depth. The supply from CM caused high surface concentrations of dMn and dCo, a subsurface (100–300 m depth) maximum of dCo, and intermediate (500–2000 m depth) maxima of lpAl and lpFe. The supply of dFe from CM was ~10 times that from the high-temperature hydrothermal activity at station BD21, which is located at ~3 km from the Middle Valley venting site and ~ 200 km from Vancouver Island. (2) DPb was maximum at the top layer of North Pacific Intermediate Water, probably owing to isopycnal transport of anthropogenic Pb via advection of subducted surface waters. Although dCo and dPb had different sources in the upper water, they showed a strong linearity below 300 m (r 2 = 0.95, n = 38), indicating concurrent scavenging. (3) A high-temperature hydrothermal plume occurred at a depth of 2300 m at BD21, accounting for maxima of dAl, dMn, dFe, lpCu, and lpPb and a minimum of dCu. (4) Strong bottom maxima of lpAl, lpMn, lpFe, lpCo, and lpPb occurred above the abyssal plain at the western foot of the JdFR, indicating resuspension of sediments. However, bottom maxima of d-species were apparent only for dAl and dCu. 相似文献