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涨落潮槽是河口区的重要地貌单元。只有枯季涨潮槽才能表现出涨潮优势。使用ADCP和ENDECO在枯季对长江口典型涨落潮槽进行一个潮周期的同步水文观测。利用本次观测资料和收集以前洪季水动力结果，比较分析了长江口涨落潮槽一个完整洪枯季大小潮水动力特征和输运机制。结果表明：（1）长江河口涨潮槽的水动力极为复杂。不仅存在洪枯季节的水文特征变化，而且存在着洪季大小潮和枯季大小潮的变化；（2）只有枯季大潮表现出较为明显的涨潮优势。涨潮槽的单宽涨落潮量接近，而落潮槽的单宽涨潮量都小于单宽落潮量；（3）洪季大小潮涨潮槽的平均涨潮流速都大于落潮槽，平均落潮流速都小于落潮槽。枯季小潮的平均涨潮流速来说，涨潮槽大于落潮槽；而对于落潮流速来说，涨潮槽上部小于落潮槽，下部大于落潮槽；（4）涨潮槽的欧拉余流要小于落潮槽，涨潮动力减弱对涨潮槽的影响较为明显。 相似文献
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河口地貌形态对潮汐不对称性的产生和发展有着至关重要的作用。本文根据英国Humber河口数据建立了概化模型,研究了在同一纳潮量情况下,主槽断面形态、平面形态和河口收缩率对河口潮汐不对称性的影响。结果表明,较深的主槽能使相位差峰值出现较晚且峰值更大,从而影响局部区域的涨潮流强弱,主槽越浅,最大落潮流速越小,落潮所需历时越长,河口更倾向于涨潮主导,窄潮滩倾向于涨潮主导型,宽潮滩倾向于落潮主导型;平面形态沿程收缩且长度较长的河口涨潮主导型最强,此外,河口宽度沿程缩窄会加大主槽的余流流速,减小潮滩的余流流速;随着河口平面收缩率的增强,主槽的余流流速减小,潮滩余流流速增大,潮滩更倾向于涨潮主导。本文进一步丰富了河口地形地貌变化对潮汐不对称性影响的认识,可为河口区工程建设和管理维护提供科学依据。 相似文献
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基于平面二维水沙床耦合地貌模型,反演了1958年1月至1964年12月连续枯水年期间钱塘江尖山河段的主槽摆动过程,揭示了河势由顺直到弯曲的主要演变规律和内在机制.结果表明,在低径流和强潮流作用下,丰水年形成的北部落潮槽逐渐淤积形成浅滩,南部涨潮槽冲刷发展形成南、北两支,两槽间江心滩发育壮大,形成弯曲河势.河床冲淤主要集中在前两年内,潮汐周期内涨潮初期冲刷、涨憩和落潮初期淤积,区域淤积泥沙主要来源于下游杭州湾,北槽前期淤积为落潮型淤积,后期为涨潮型淤积.河势变化使得区域潮差增大潮动力增强,南槽涨落潮流速显著增大.顺直河势下,江心滩南北两侧分流比差异不大,涨潮期间南侧略高、落潮期间北槽略高.弯曲河势下,南槽水深和纳潮量增加,涨、落潮分流比均显著增大至75％以上. 相似文献
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磨刀门河口在20世纪60至70年代的演变模拟与动力地貌过程分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
使用长周期动力地貌模型(long-term morphodynamic model),再现了磨刀门河口1964—1977年的演变过程,并从水动力、地形演变规律以及人类活动等角度系统分析了长周期地貌演变过程。模拟结果显示在1964—1977年磨刀门河口鹤州至交杯沙浅滩和上沟快速淤积,13a的平均淤积厚度均在40cm以上,与之相反,横洲水道杧州至大井角段和上沟东部深槽冲刷明显。磨刀门河口演变季节性特征明显。在洪季浅滩淤积,深槽冲刷;在枯季滩槽都处于淤积状态。演变过程中各种基岩岛屿使动力结构和演变规律呈现多元化,同时人类活动对整个区域的演变起到了重要的作用。 相似文献
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人类活动可以改变流域至河口的泥沙输运与沉积。尽管一些近期的研究已经调查了长江河口的形态演变,然而,流域和河口工程如何影响河口河床的形态演变仍然是不清楚的。该文利用2010年至2015年多波束测深系统和浅地层剖面仪等先进现场测量仪器的长江口主槽走航测量资料,并结合主槽表层沉积物资料,分析了近年来人为强干扰下的长江河口主槽底床微地貌形态,以理解近期人类活动对河口的影响。结果显示:近年来长江河口主槽底床上除了存在平床、沙波、冲沟和冲刷痕等常见微地貌形态外,还存在着疏浚痕和凹坑等人为微地貌形态。在流域和河口大型工程的共同影响下,近年来南北港中上段、横沙通道和南槽上段均受到不同程度的冲刷,其主槽底床上呈现出不同程度冲沟和冲刷痕等侵蚀性微地貌。而由于疏浚工程的影响,南港下段、圆圆沙航槽和北槽航道底床上出现了大范围的疏浚痕和凹坑。近年来包括南槽上段、北槽主槽中段和下段的局部区域和北港拦门沙河段局部区域在内的长江河口最大浑浊带的河床沉积物有粗化趋势。南北港中上段和横沙通道的大部分区域均发育了大量沙波微地貌;总体上,长江河口沙波的波高在0.12~3.12 m,波长在2.83~127.89 m,波高/波长在0.003~0.136,长江河口中上段的沙波尺度(波高的均值为0.91 m,波长的均值为20.08 m)大于密西西比河下游(波高的均值为0.87 m,波长的均值为17.62 m),且两区域沙波的几何形态差异性较小。 相似文献
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The generation of tidal asymmetries is clarified via numerical integration of the one-dimensional equations for channel geometries characteristic of shallow estuaries. Channels without tidal flats develop a time asymmetry characterized by a longer falling than rising tide. This behavior is enhanced by strong friction and large channel cross-sectional area variability over a tidal cycle. Resulting tidal currents have a shorter, intense flood and a longer, weak ebb (flood-dominant). Addition of tidal flats to the channels can produce a longer rising tide and stronger ebb currents (ebb-dominant), if the area of tidal flats is large enough to overcome the effects of time-variable channel geometry. Weaker friction with flats can also produce this asymmetry.Despite the physical complexity of these systems, essential features of estuarine tidal response can be recovered from one-dimensional models. Shallow estuaries are shown to have a system response leading to stable, uniform senses of tidal asymmetry (either flood- or ebb-dominated, due to phase-locking of forced tidal constituents), with down-channel development in magnitude of asymmetry. These concepts are illustrated by modeling idealized representations of tidal channels at Nauset Inlet, MA, and Wachapreague Inlet, VA, which have flood- and ebb-dominance, respectively. 相似文献
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涨潮槽是河口重要的地貌类型，其潮汐动力受地形摩擦、径流及风浪等因素影响而发生不对称现象，直接影响槽内
的泥沙动力过程。本文基于实测数据与数值模型计算潮汐不对称偏度，研究长江口南支最大的涨潮槽———新桥水道的潮汐不
对称性及其影响因素。结果表明：（!） 受余流与各分潮的相互作用控制，新桥水道可分为三个区域，上段为涨潮优势区域，
中段为涨落潮转换区域，下段是落潮优势区域。（"） 新桥水道欧拉余流表现出明显的分段差异，上段指向陆而在中下段指向
海并受到径流影响。斯托克斯余流则均指向陆并向陆增强。（''） 新桥水道内中下段潮汐不对称受地形的影响较大，其中扁担
沙的北移增强了新桥水道中段的涨潮优势特性，新的新桥通道的形成促进了新桥水道下段的落潮优势特性。 相似文献
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Climate change with rising sea levels and possible changes in surge levels and wave climate will have a large impact on how we protect our coastal areas and cities. Here the focus is on estuarine locations not only affected by tide and surge propagation, but also potentially influenced by freshwater discharge. Mitigation measures might be diverse ranging from pure hard ‘engineering’ solutions all the way to significant realignment. The variation in the type/origin and extent of the flood sources greatly influences subsequent risk management measures. At the same time, society is increasingly demanding that we take a holistic view on risk management, embracing and balancing safety, ecological and socio-economic aspects. This requires that all these diverse factors need to be considered together and integrated. In this context, the Source–Pathway–Receptor (SPR) approach offers a powerful holistic tool to investigate changing risk connected to extreme events.The traditional SPR approach with a consecutive treatment of the flood, pathway and receptor is well understood and is widely used in coastal flood risk analysis. Here an enhanced 2D conceptual version of the SPR method is used to better describe the system and to allow flexibility in considering multiple scales, flood sources and pathways. The new approach is demonstrated by three estuarine case studies in western Europe: the Gironde estuary, France; the Dendermonde region in the Scheldt estuary, Belgium; and HafenCity (Hamburg) in the Elbe estuary, Germany. They differ considerably in the surface area considered, in the type of flood sources, and hence also in the SPR configuration. After a brief introduction of the typical characteristics of the three study sites including some lessons learned from past flood protection measures, the differences in application and results of the SPR approach are discussed. Emphasis is on the specific aspects for each study site, but embedded in a generic SPR framework. The resulting generic lessons learned about the flood sources and how this shapes subsequent analysis are transferable to numerous important estuaries worldwide. 相似文献
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Jessica L. McKenzie Gerry P. QuinnTy G. Matthews Jan BartonAlecia Bellgrove 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011
Outflows from estuaries potentially contribute to the productivity of adjacent coastal waters, although most previous work has been on estuaries with considerable river discharge. We investigated the influence of estuary outflow on aspects of coastal sediments adjacent to two seasonally intermittent estuaries, the Curdies and Anglesea Rivers, in southwest Victoria, Australia. For each estuary, we measured sediment organic matter, microphytobenthic chlorophyll a and microbial utilization of carbon sources at three locations associated with each estuary: (1) inside estuary mouth, (2) estuary swash and (3) control swash (an open beach distant from any estuarine influences). Sampling occurred one week before and at one and nine weeks after both an artificial mouth opening and a separate natural flood at both estuaries. Significant temporal changes were detected for all three variables at the estuary mouth and estuary swash but the direction of change was inconsistent across the two estuaries and between the artificial mouth opening and natural flood. Organic matter in both estuaries showed no difference after the artificial mouth openings. Only Anglesea showed an increase in organic matter in the estuary mouth and estuary swash after the floods. Microphytobenthic chlorophyll a concentrations were highest when the estuary mouths were closed. Concentrations decreased at all locations at Curdies after the mouth was artificially opened. The estuary mouth at Anglesea sustained high chlorophyll concentrations and the estuary swash increased one week post artificial opening. The flood event resulted in an increase in chlorophyll a at the estuary mouth and swash at both estuaries, one week post flood. At Curdies, the microbial utilization of different carbon sources changed after both mouth events; estuary mouth and estuary swash showed similar patterns at one and nine weeks post opening. At Anglesea, the bacteria utilized different carbon sources between locations and the only significant interaction between location and time was post flood with change in carbon sources utilized by bacteria in the estuary mouth and estuary swash for one and nine weeks post flood. The southern coastline of Australia is characterized by estuaries with small catchments. This study highlights the spatial and temporal variability in the effects of the output of relatively small, intermittent estuaries on coastal sediment of adjacent beaches, particularly during prolonged periods of drought. 相似文献
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建立灌河口平面二维潮流数字模型,并在灌河口口门至陈家港河段沿程布置5个采样点和3个横向断面,通过对各采样点一个月数值模拟结果进行调和分析,得出灌河口M2分潮及其主要倍潮的基本特征,然后利用潮位-流速关系图及通过对动量方程中各项的统计计算,研究了灌河口潮波运动的基本动力平衡、M2的主要倍潮的产生机制及其对潮汐不对称现象的影响。研究认为:灌河口潮汐潮流均属正规半日潮型。M4、M6分潮对于灌河口潮波变形有着重要的影响,M8分潮除在浅滩处外对潮汐不对称的影响很小。在深槽处M4分潮导致最大落(涨)潮流速减小(增大),最大涨(落)潮流速与最高(低)潮位之间的相位差增大。M6分潮的影响与M4基本一致,但其作用明显小于M4分潮。在浅滩处M4分潮导致最大涨落潮流速均大于M2分潮的值,M6和M8分潮使最大涨落潮流速均出现在高潮位附近,但M6、M8使最大涨潮流速减小,而使最大落潮流速增大。外海边界处倍潮波的传入对于口门附近的潮汐不对称有一定影响。M4和M6分潮导致灌河口的潮汐不对称表现为涨潮主导型,潮波运动主要受到压强梯度力、非线性对流和底摩擦力,三者与局地惯性力构成灌河口的基本动力平衡,摩擦力并不是最重要的作用力。 相似文献