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对取自南海西北陆缘海域的大型多金属结核进行了电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS) 和等离子光谱仪(ICP-AES) 等方面的分析.结核核心部位的主要矿物组成为石英、伊利石、钠长石和绿泥石, 壳层的主要矿物为δMnO2等.铁、锰组分呈现Fe含量高、Mn含量低和Mn/Fe低的特征.Si含量高, Cu、Co、Ni含量低; 稀土元素(REE) 含量高, 平均为1472.30×10-6, 轻稀土与重稀土的比值(LREE/HREE) 达19.54, 并且存在较强的Ce正异常.元素含量的变化显示: 从结核内壳层到外壳层, Fe、Mn、Cu、Co等元素含量呈不规律变化, 具有典型的边缘海特征, 该特征反映结核在形成过程中受到边缘海沉积环境波动变化的影响, 陆源物质供应量的增加对Fe、REE、Si等元素的富集起到了促进作用, 而对Mn、Ca等元素的富集则产生明显的稀释作用.多金属结核Mn/Fe比及Mn-Fe- (Cu+Ni) ×10三组分图解显示, 南海北部陆缘多金属结核为水成成因, 该成因与结核所赋存的边缘海环境密切相关, 反映了结核成长发育的过程中, 南海典型的边缘海沉积条件和多变的古海洋环境因素对其产生了重要影响. 相似文献
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多金属结核富含Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu和REY(稀土元素和钇)等元素,具有巨大的潜在经济价值。东菲律宾海结核由包壳和核部岩屑(或泥团)构成,其Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu含量介于南海结核和大洋结核之间,但该区域结核的微区特征尚不清楚。本文基于微区元素分析,探究了东菲律宾海结核的元素赋存特征及其成因意义。结果表明,东菲律宾海结核总体为水成成因,主要形成于氧化环境。结核包壳主要由含δ-MnO2的水成型富铁层(FeO平均为28.7%, MnO平均为21.9%,Mn/Fe值平均为0.93)构成,但边部存在薄层(<100μm)的成岩型富锰层(FeO平均3.41%,MnO平均52.6%,Mn/Fe值平均为17.5),富锰层具有高NiO(2.71%)和CuO(1.45%)含量。根据Co经验公式估算,富锰层可能形成于末次盛冰期(LGM)以来。本研究还发现,结核核部气孔状岩屑中存在成岩成因的富锰矿物,其MnO含量为22.5%～64.7%, FeO含量为0.46%～7.05%,Mn/Fe值为3.96～126。相比包壳中富锰层,核部富锰矿物NiO(1.25%)和CuO(0.5... 相似文献
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东太结核主要为半埋藏和埋藏型,发育于以黏土和硅质组分为主的沉积环境。东太结核的锰相矿物主要有水羟锰矿和钡镁锰矿,具有较高的REY、Cu、Ni含量和Mn/Fe比值,显示遭受间隙水的影响,落入水成成因和成岩成因两个区间范围。西太结核主体暴露在海水中,周围沉积物主要由深海黏土组成。西太结核的锰相矿物几乎只有水羟锰矿,具有较高的REY、Co含量和低Mn/Fe比值,属于典型的水成成因型。两个区域的多金属结核的稀土北美页岩标准化模式均显示Ce正异常、Y负异常和无或弱Eu异常,与海水稀土特征构成良好的耦合关系,是多金属结核对海水稀土选择性富集的结果。西太结核相对东太结核具有更高的Ce含量和δCe,Co、Ti与Ce具有良好的正相关关系。研究认为海水中溶解氧并不一定是控制结核Ce正异常程度的关键因素,Co、Ti等元素及其相关组分能够引起Ce与其他稀土元素的强烈分馏,也可能是影响多金属结核Ce正异常程度的控制因素。研究区多金属结核和富钴结壳表层样的εNd范围为-6.6~-2.5,是全球最富放射性成因Nd的海洋铁锰壳层。结合稀土模式以及Eu异常特征,本研究认为多金属结核的稀土主要来自εNd相对较高的周围陆壳,可以通过河流或者大气沉降等方式输送到大洋,而研究区广泛分布的海山玄武岩释放的放射性成因Nd同位素对海水的影响微弱。 相似文献
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为了进一步解释南海不同区域内多金属结核（壳）的地球化学特征与成因,对东部次海盆黄岩?珍贝海山链上新获取的多金属结核（壳）样品进行了X光衍射、X荧光光谱测试、SEM-EDS分析和X Series2 ICP-MS测试,详细分析了样品的矿物组成、地球化学成分特征. 结果表明,矿物组成为水羟锰矿、石英、斜长石等;主要造岩元素中Si、Al含量较高,与陆缘碎屑物影响较大有关;富含Mn、Fe、Co、Ti、Ni、Pb、Sr等多种金属元素,相比南海其他区域,具有中等的Fe、Mn含量特征,地化元素特征与南海西北陆坡发现的铁锰结核（壳）相似;稀土元素具有总量高（平均2 070.01×10-6）的特点,高于南海北部其他样品,与西太平洋结壳稀土含量接近（接近工业品位）,指示了重要的稀土资源前景. 结核Be同位素结果指示该区铁锰结核生长时代为1.17~8.51 Ma,形成于晚中新世大量火山喷发之后,因此水成作用是南海东部次海盆海山链结核（壳）的主要控制作用,而陆源物质的输入、火山作用和高压富氢离子海水的浸取作用都为结核（壳）的形成提供了有利的沉积环境. 相似文献
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Si—PIN探测器便携式X荧光分析仪在海洋多金属结核结壳分析中的应用 总被引：3，自引：5，他引：3
采用自行研制的Si-PIN探测器便携式X射线荧光分析仪对海洋多金属结核、富钴锰结壳样品进行了应用实验，测定了Ti、V、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Sr、Y、Zr、Mo和Pb等多种元素，并考察了仪器在进行现场分析的可行性。实验证明Si-PIN便携式X射线荧光分析仪能够满足大洋多金属结核和结壳现场分析的基本要求。 相似文献
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多金属结核微层原位微区分析能够更好地揭示结核生长过程中元素的赋存和迁移过程,为认识多金属结核元素富集机制和成因提供新的证据.通过使用电子探针（EPMA）和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱（LA-ICP-MS）等手段对采集自东太平洋克拉里昂-克利珀顿断裂区（CCFZ区）的多金属结核进行了分析研究.研究结果表明,结核矿物主要为水羟锰矿、10?锰矿和FeOOH,锰铁矿物圈层由内而外可划分为4个明显的层组:L1、L2、L3和L4,Mn和Fe的平均含量分别为32.2和13.3%、39.1和5.2%、37.0和3.4%、33.1和7.8%,Mn/Fe值整体表现为增大的趋势,对应Mn/Fe值分别为2.8、16.6、19.7和10.6,Co+Ni+Cu含量变化与之相似,平均含量分别为1.9%、3.3%、3.8%和3.0%.元素含量关系表明,Co主要赋存在水成成因的水羟锰矿中,Ni、Cu主要赋存在Mn相矿物中,但成岩成因的10?锰矿对Ni、Cu等元素的富集能力强于水羟锰矿;结合元素组成和显微构造将其划分为水成型层、混合型层、成岩型层和混合型层,结核整体的生长作用趋势从水成型转变为成岩型. 相似文献
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大洋多金属结核成因的地球化学标志 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文通过对取自太平洋不同地区的近百个多金属结核样品研究表明,不同成矿介质中形成的结核,地球化学特征明显不同,水成型结核矿物成分上富含σ—MnO_2,化学成分上富含Fe、Co、Pb,而贫Mn、Cu、Ni、Zn,TiO_2>1%,ΣREE>1000ppm,σCe>1.5;早期成岩型结核矿物成分上相对富含钡镁锰矿,化学成分上富含Mn、Cu、Ni、Zn,而贫Fe、Co、Pb,TiO_2<1%,ΣREE<1000ppm,σCe≤1.在此基础上通过对Bonatti图解的实际应用和理论分析,证明Mn-Fe-(Cu+Co+Ni)x10图解不具判别意义,并提出Mn/Fe-TiO_2,Mn-Fe-TiO_2×10,Mn-Fe-ΣREE×100和Mn-Fe-σCe×10成因判别图解. 相似文献
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深海多金属结核主要分布在CP区和CC区等不同海域,表层沉积物均以硅质粘土为主,CP区多金属结核丰度一般大于15 kg/m~2,Cu+Co+Ni品位较低,一般小于1.8%;CC区区内丰度大于5 kg/m~2的占45%,主要集中在本区的中部和南部,其对应的品位高于2.5%,基本呈纬向带状分布。外部结核层、内部结核层与核心层w(Fe_2O_3)、w(MnO)分别为9.4%～12.8%、39.7%～46.5%,不同结核层中钠水锰矿、钡镁锰矿、δ-Mn_2等主要矿物的XRD衍射峰强度呈现一定差异。外部结核层较薄,内部结核层较厚表面布满规则裂纹,核心层至少具有一个形核核心。多金属结核中所含金属元素种类丰富、多矿物紧密混杂,难以提取其中的Mn、Fe、Cu、Co和Ni等有价金属元素。火法冶炼有熔炼法与直接还原法,其产品一般为富锰渣与合金,酸/碱法浸出可得到Mn、Fe、Cu、Co和Ni等的金属,其浸出率基本能达到85%以上,甚至可以达到95%以上。生物法可通过微生物浸出多金属结核的Mn、Fe、Cu、Co和Ni等元素。此外,熔炼-锈蚀法、电解法等处理多金属结核同样效果显著。 相似文献
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大洋多金属结核中的1 nm锰矿相常以陆上钡镁锰矿命名,但两者在晶体结构等方面有很大的差别,并不属同一种矿物,1 nm锰矿相与人工合成的布塞尔矿却有更多的相似性。1 nm锰矿相会因干燥失水而相变成0.7 nm锰矿相,因此结核中的大多数0.7 nm锰矿相很可能不是原生矿物,而仅仅是1 nm锰矿相的相变产物。水羟锰矿和1 nm锰矿相是多金属结核中最主要的两种锰矿物,它们两者均有0.24 nm和0.14 nm这两条特征X射线衍射峰,因此在对结核进行锰矿物相的鉴定中要注意把它们区分开。 相似文献
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The rare earth elements(REE) composition of the polymetallic crusts and nodules obtained from the South China Sea(SCS) were analyzed through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Results revealed great differences in the REE abundances(∑REE) of the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules; the crusts show the highest ∑REE, whereas the nodules exhibit the lowest ∑REE. The similarity in their NASC-normalized patterns, the enriched light REE(LREE), the markedly positive Ce anomaly(δCe), and the non-or weakly positive Eu anomaly(δEu), suggest that the polymetallic crusts and nodules are of hydrogenetic origin. Moreover, the REE contents and their relevant parameters are quite different among the various layers of the crusts and nodules, which probably results from the different marginal sea environments and mineral assemblages of the samples. The growth profiles of the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules reveal the tendency ∑REE and δCe to slightly increase from the outer to the inner layers, suggesting that the growth environments of these samples changed smoothly from an oxidizing to a relatively reducing environment; in addition, the crust ST1 may have experienced a regressive event(sea-level change) during its growth, although the REE composition of the seawater remained relatively stable. On the basis of the regional ∑REE distribution in the SCS crusts and nodules,the samples collected near the northern margin were influenced by terrigenous material more strongly compared with the other samples, and the REE contents are relatively low. Therefore, the special geotectonic environment is a significant factor influencing the abundance of elements, including REE and other trace elements. Compared with the oceanic seamount crusts and deep-sea nodules from other oceans,the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules exhibit special REE compositions and shale-normalized patterns, implying that the samples are of marginal sea-type Fe-Mn sedimentary deposits, which are strongly affected by the epicontinental environment, and that they grew in a more oxidative seawater environment. This analysis indicates that the oxidized seawater environment and the special nano property of their Fe-Mn minerals enrich the REE adsorption. 相似文献
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Mechanism and Modes of Microbial Minerogenesis of Polymetallic Nodules on the Ocean Floor 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
YAN Baorui ZHANG Xigen LIANG Dehu XU Dongyu LIU Yifen ZHANG Wei Institute of Hydro geology Engineering Geology MGMR Shigang Street Shijiazhuang Hebei Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey MGMR Guangzhou Institute of Marine Geology MGMR P. O. Box Qingdao Shandong 《《地质学报》英文版》1998,72(3):282-290
This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the relations of the occurrence of polymetallic nodules with the geochemical actions of microbes in the seawater, pore water and sediments at the bottom of the eastern Pacific Ocean basin. Emphasis is laid on the relations of the activity intensity and biochemical transformation rate of aerobic bacteria (iron bacteria, Thiobacillus thioparus, halobacteria and manganese-oxidizing bacteria) and anaerobic bacteria (sulphate-reducing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, Thiobacillus denitrificans) with mineralization. The experimental research on the migration and accumulation of ore-forming elements caused by microbial and chemical actions shows that the microbes have changed the conditions of oxidation and reduction in the system, and their effect on the element precipitation is much stronger than the chemical actions and accelerates the enrichment of Fe and Mn. It demonstrates that the microbes can change the environment to promote the accumulation of ore-formin 相似文献
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Xiao Xuqi Institute of Mineral Deposits Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing Guo Shiqin China Ocean Mineral Researches Development Association 《《地质学报》英文版》1993,67(1):33-41
Manganese minerals in the polymetallic nodules from the Central Pacific Ocean were studied using electron microscopy. The principal Mn minerals, being vernadite and todorokite, exhibit different electron diffraction patterns and morphological features. According to its morphological feature, todorokite shows three phases: fibrous, lamellar and lath-shaped. Both vernadite and todorokite are authigenic minerals. While vernadite was mainly precipitated directly from the relevant solution by microbiological oxidation, todorokite was separated from the solution chemically without the help of microbe. Hence, these two minerals show a close genetic relation. 相似文献
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多金属结核中二氧化锰的测定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用过量的含有Ｈ２ＳＯ４的（ＮＨ４）２Ｆｅ（ＳＯ４）２溶液分解多金属结核的同时，还原了试样中的ＭｎＯ２，然后以Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７标准溶液滴定测定了多金属结核中的ＭｎＯ２。就样品分解过程中的加热温度和时间对测定结果的影响及标准溶液的标定等问题进行了讨论，经多次测定，方法重现性好。应用此方法为新研制的多金属结核标准物质提供了ＭｎＯ２的定值数据，其结果与初定值相符，无剔除值，精密度（ＲＳＤ，ｎ＝８）小于０６％。 相似文献
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Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements in the Ocean 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This work briefly outlines modern ideas on geochemistry of rare earth elements (REE) in the ocean. Sources of REE and chemical properties of these elements, which govern their migration ability in natural processes, are considered. The REE behavior in the river water–seawater mixing zone is analyzed. The fractionation of dissolved and suspended REE in oceanic water in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is also considered. It is shown that the variability of REE composition in pelagic sediments reflects the fractionation of these elements in the oceanic water as a consequence of material differentiation in the ocean. The REE distribution in terrigenous, authigenic, hydrothermal, and biogenic constituents of sediments, such as clay, bone debris, barite, phillipsite, Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides (ferromanganese nodules and micronodules), Fe–Ca hydroxo-phosphate, diatoms, and foraminifers, is considered. 相似文献