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为研究现场条件下植被根系对河岸冲刷特性的定量影响,设计制作了冲刷试验装置,在塔里木河干流上游选取了4个典型位置,开展了胡杨、芦苇、红柳和骆驼刺4种典型根系的18组土体起动切应力和冲刷系数现场试验。试验结果表明：(1)起动切应力随根系含量增大基本呈幂函数关系增大,且相同根系含量对应起动切应力红柳最大,胡杨和骆驼刺次之,芦苇最小;分析了单位根系含量变化对起动切应力的影响效果,其顺序为骆驼刺>胡杨>红柳>芦苇。(2)建立了起动切应力与根系体积密度的定量关系式;根系的存在可以减小土体冲刷系数,其值随根系含量增大基本呈幂函数关系减小,且单位根系含量增加对冲刷系数的减小效果次序为骆驼刺>胡杨>红柳>芦苇。(3)建立了有、无根系影响的冲刷系数与起动切应力幂函数关系式,并与已有试验结果进行了对比分析;本文试验结果与现有研究结果规律一致,但对应的系数和指数均有所差异。研究成果能为塔里木河植被护坡和河岸冲刷过程计算提供参考依据。 相似文献
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土壤水分运动的数值模拟——以作物根系吸水项为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
邵爱军 《水文地质工程地质》1996,23(2):5-8
本文通过有限差分法，用野外实测资料计算了作物根系吸水率，根据计算结果，用多元非线回归方法，得出了作物根系吸水的经验公式，并且，建立了带有作物根系吸水项的垂向一维土壤水分运动的数学模型。 相似文献
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经过对条件的概化，建立了带有作物根系吸水项的垂向一维土壤水分运动的数学模型，并推导了该数值离散方程，编制了用于该模型数值模拟的计算程序。通过模拟对模型的验证，计算值与实测值拟合较好，这表明，该模型是可靠的，数值方法是可行的，可以用来模拟作物生长条件下田间土壤水分的运动。 相似文献
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本文通过对野外实测资料的分析计算，用多元非线性回归的方法，拟合了作物根系吸水的数学模型，建立了有作物生长条件下不同生育阶段表土相对蒸发强度Ｅ／Ｅ０与表土含水率θ的经验公式，为进行田间非饱和土壤水分运动的数值模拟奠定了基础。 相似文献
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大气降水是滨海盐碱地区浅层地下水的重要补给来源。滨海地区浅层地下水多为咸水且埋藏较浅,在不同包气带岩性渗透性差异下,在大气降水入渗补给过程中,一定时间内潜水面以上一定范围内存在淡水分布,即淡水透镜体,它能局部隔离地下咸水对上层土壤和植物的危害,并在一定程度上供给植物吸收利用。采用自制的室内物理模拟装置,通过控制土层结构,模拟了大气降水入渗补给条件下包气带中淡水透镜体的形成与消退过程,探讨了不同土壤类型中淡水透镜体的维持情况;并利用吸水管模拟客土上所种植物根系吸水,研究了不同吸水量条件下土壤中淡水透镜体的变化规律。结果表明:上层中砂、底层粉砂质黏土的双层土体结构中,淡水透镜体的维持性最好,在降水入渗补给条件下,透镜体形成时间在1500 min左右可达最大厚度(约15 cm),若补给源消失,透镜体完全消退需7500 min,能较长时间地阻隔地下咸水;双层土中模拟形成的稳定淡水透镜体在无补给条件下,能够隔离地下咸水的同时亦能为上层植物提供243.5 mL淡水资源。 相似文献
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文本针对东露天煤矿槽仓黄土高边坡,利用有限元方法,进行了边坡开挖前后变形规律的数值分析。黄土高边坡开挖后发生较大位移,针对未支护开挖条件下的边坡位移发展分布规律与应力集中区域的模拟结果,对重点支护部位进行动态设计防护。相比物理试验研究,数值试验具有许多优势,对数值模拟结果进行分析,拟在边坡坡面采用锚杆与土钉联合支护方法,在边坡直臂段采用钢内撑与护坡桩联合支护方法。模拟结果表明,该支护方案可以均衡应力分布,有效抑制水平位移的扩大,为边坡重点加固区域的动态设计施工提供了科学依据,达到了工程安全等级的设计要求。 相似文献
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Xiaojia Li Xianzhou Zhang Jianshuang Wu Zhenxi Shen Yangjian Zhang Xingliang Xu Yuzhi Fan Yuping Zhao Wei Yan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(7):1911-1919
The root biomass distribution in alpine ecosystems (alpine meadow, alpine steppe, desert grassland and alpine desert) was
investigated along a transect on the northern Tibetan Plateau in 2009. The results showed that roots were mainly concentrated
in the 0–20 cm layer, and root biomass decreased exponentially with increasing soil depth. Root biomass was estimated to be
1,381.41 ± 245.29 g m−2 in the top 20 cm soil, accounting for 85% of the total root biomass. The distribution pattern of the root biomass proportion
along the soil profile was similar in different alpine ecosystems. The root biomass density varied with different alpine ecosystems
and the total average root biomass was 1,626.08 ± 301.76 g m−2. Root biomass was significantly correlated with average relative humidity, annual precipitation and soil organic matter.
This indicates that precipitation and soil organic matter might be crucial for plant growth in the study area, while temperature
is not an important factor controlling root growth. 相似文献
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中国西北内陆盆地中的地下水系统,对维系其浅表水分、热量、盐分均衡以及地表的生态平衡、土壤的资源属性和局部地域气候相对稳定性具有不可或缺的调节作用,这种调节作用是通过饱和带水、包气带水(土壤水)、近地表大汽水和植物体内水("四水")之间的垂直循环来实现的.目前的相关研究主要侧重于地下水与地表植被类型间对应关系的统计分析,较少涉及水分运移的机制;而以水分垂直循环的动力学机制为研究对象的SPAC系统(土壤-植物-大气连续体),则对地下水的重视程度不够,且存在着尺度转换的困难,更为完整的应该是GSPAC系统(地下水-土壤-植物-大气连续体).干旱区内陆盆地地下水生态效应的研究需要开展以下的工作:"四水"垂直循环的动力学过程与机制研究,尤其是饱水带-包气带界面水、汽、热转化过程的研究;人类活动影响下地下水系统演化特征的研究,它不仅是实现水分垂直循环研究的最终目的——水资源合理开发利用的中间环节,更是将"四水"垂直循环这一微观水文循环过程与区域水文循环过程相结合,实现尺度转化的关键所在. 相似文献
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M. Ashraf M. Sc. M. S. S. Hasnain Ph.D. O. Berge Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2006,3(1):43-51
Effect of soil salinity on physico-chemical and biological properties renders the salt-affected soils unsuitable for soil microbial processes and growth of the crop plants. Soil aggregation around roots of the plants is a function of the bacterial exo-polysaccharides (EPS), however, such a role of the EPS-producing bacteria in the saline environments has rarely been investigated. Pot experiments were conducted to observe the effects of inoculating six strains of EPS-producing bacteria on growth of primary (seminal) roots and its relationship with saccharides, cations (Ca2+, Na+, K+) contents and mass of rhizosheath soils of roots of the wheat plants grown in a salt-affected soil. A strong positive relationship of RS with different root growth parameters indicated that an integrated influence of various biotic and abiotic RS factors would have controlled and promoted growth of roots of the inoculated wheat plants. The increase in root growth in turn could help inoculated wheat plants to withstand the negative effects of soil salinity through an enhanced soil water uptake, a restricted Na+ influx in the plants and the accelerated soil microbial process involved in cycling and availability of the soil nutrients to the plants. It was concluded that inoculation of the EPS-producing would be a valuable tool for amelioration and increasing crop productivity of the salt-affected soils. 相似文献
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Vegetation contributes to weak soil stabilisation through reinforcement of the soil, dissipation of excess pore pressure and increasing the shear strength by induced matric suction. This paper describes the way vegetation influences soil matric suction, shrinkage and ground settlement in the vadose zone through transpiration. A mathematical model for the rate of root water uptake, including the root growth rate considering ground conditions, type of vegetation and climatic parameters, has been developed. A finite element approach is employed to solve the transient coupled flow-deformation equations. The finite element mesh is built using partially saturated soil elements capable of representing the salient aspects of unsaturated permeability and the soil water characteristic curve. The model formulation is based on the effective stress theory of unsaturated soils. Based on this proposed model, the distribution of the ground matric suction profile adjacent to the tree is numerically analysed. Current field measurements of soil matric suction and moisture content collected from Miram site located in Victoria State, Australia by the authors are compared with the numerical predictions. The results indicate that the proposed root water uptake model incorporated in the numerical analysis can be used for prediction of ground properties influenced by tree roots. 相似文献
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Ruigang Wang Songxiang Dai Shirong Tang Shuai Tian Zhengguo Song Xiaofang Deng Yongzhen Ding Xiaojin Zou Yujie Zhao Donald L. Smith 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(1):1-13
Little information is available about effects of elevated CO2 (EC) on growth of poplars and willows grown on Cd-contaminated soil and their potential use for Cd phytoremediation. Plant growth, gas exchange, root morphology, and Cd uptake responses to EC were assessed for one poplar genotype [Populus euramericana cv. ??74/76?? (P107)] and two willow genotypes [Salix jiangsuensis CL. ??799?? (J799) and Salix jiangsuensis CL. ??172?? (J172)]. Rooted cuttings were grown on Cd-contaminated soil in six open-top chambers supplied with ambient and elevated CO2. EC increased leaf, stem, root and total biomass and total Cd uptake, but did not change Cd concentration in the tree tissues. Although stomatal conductance declined remarkably, EC stimulated leaf photosynthesis and intrinsic water use efficiency. There were differences among tree genotypes in growth and photosynthesis response to EC, with photosynthetic acclimation occurring only in P107. EC increased root lengths, root surface areas, root volumes and numbers of root tips of the three tree genotypes grown on Cd-contaminated soils. It was concluded that the biomass increase was closely correlated with stimulation of leaf photosynthesis and root growth induced by EC. EC increased the root surface areas of small-diameter roots and consequently, the ability to capture Cd in root systems, which led to increased total Cd uptake in all plant parts. The increase in total Cd uptake by the tree genotypes due to increased biomass under EC suggested an alternative way of improving the efficiency of phytoremediation of contaminated soil. 相似文献
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根系和裂隙对土体水力和力学特性影响数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究根系和裂隙对土体水力及力学特性的影响,利用有限元软件计算降雨过程中裂隙和根土间隙对渗流场的影响,并以渗流计算结果为基础,分析降雨对根系固土作用的影响,采用分区强度折减法对降雨前后根?土复合体进行直剪试验模拟,同时考虑了侧根倾角的影响。结果表明,裂隙和根土间隙为雨水入渗提供优先通道,降雨影响深度随裂隙深度增加而增加;有根系时降雨影响深度由主根深度决定,侧根倾角对其影响较小,考虑根土间隙影响的降雨影响深度相较于无根系工况增加了93.3%;根系能显著提高土体的抗剪强度,相对于垂直主根方向的不同倾角,侧根增加土体抗剪强度由大至小依次为60o、45o、30o侧根和无根系;雨水入渗降低了土体强度,同时削弱了根系固土作用,使得降雨后根-土复合体抗剪强度大幅降低,是许多植被覆盖边坡仍发生浅层滑动原因之一。 相似文献
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多年冻土区高寒草甸根系分布与活动层温度变化特征的关系 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
多年冻土区植物根系的地下分布格局是其适应高寒、反复冻融作用等特殊环境条件的重要体现.针对目前青藏高原高寒植物根系研究不足的现状,对青藏铁路沿线高寒草甸植物群落根系的分布特征及多年冻土活动层地温变化等进行调查观测.研究高寒植物群落根系在活动层土壤中的垂直分布特征,重点探讨多年冻土活动层温度变化对于高寒植物根系分布和格局的影响,揭示植物根系对冻土环境变化的响应特征及其对逆境条件的适应策略.研究结果表明:活动层季节性冻融对于高寒植物和地下根系分布格局具有深刻的影响,多年冻土表层最先具备适宜根系生长的温度和水分条件,导致高寒草甸根系分布浅层化,生物量大量累积在土壤表层,并随深度增加而减少.高寒草甸地下平均总根量为3.38 kg·m-2,0~10 cm土层根量密度平均为21.41 kg·m-3,约占地下根系总量的63.4%.高寒草甸植物群落具极高的根茎比,活动层长期的低温环境增加了根系的干物质总量和高寒植物总的生物产量.活动层0℃以上积温是根系分布的主要影响因子. 相似文献
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Shashi Mathur 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1999,23(12):1349-1357
The settlement of soil occurs whenever there is an increase in effective confining stress. The withdrawal of water by plant roots results in a change in water pressure and moisture content in the soil. The variation in the moisture content leads to a change in the effective stress that causes a decrease in porosity which eventually results in the settlement of soil. The driving force for the uptake of water by the roots is the difference in the plant water and soil water potential existing between the soil solution adjacent to the roots and the root xylem. In case of transpiring plants, this driving force is mainly due to the tension (negative pressure) produced in the roots. A finite element solution of the governing equation yields the variation of moisture content with depth and the total settlement of the soil column due to the extraction of water by the plant roots. The simulated results indicate the damaging situation due to changes in the soil moisture content on account of transpiring trees and plants grown around the perimeter of structures. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献