月球反射光谱学及应用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

吴昀昭 《地学前缘》2014,21(6):74-87

随着我国探月工程稳步开展以及未来深空探测需求,反射光谱学研究在我国重新受到重视。文中简要介绍了月球反射光谱学原理及其研究方法,并以“嫦娥三号”着陆场所在的雨海地区为例展示反射光谱学的部分应用。与背面斜长岩高地相对单调的光谱特征不同,雨海周边高地展示了多样性的吸收特征,岩石类型以苏长岩质岩石为主,橄榄石、辉石、尖晶石等矿物都有分布。月球上最古老的和最年轻的玄武岩在雨海盆地也都有分布。古老的中、低钛玄武岩以易变辉石为主兼有少量低钙普通辉石,年轻的高钛玄武岩富含橄榄石。雨海乃至整个风暴洋地区玄武岩较之其他月海玄武岩贫Ca。雨海地区的元素、矿物组成以及玄武岩时代都具多样性,该区是研究月球热演化的重要地区。  相似文献   

月球东海盆地的矿物光谱特征及遥感探测   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孙灵芝  凌宗成  刘建忠 《地学前缘》2014,21(6):188-203

东海盆地是月球上最年轻的大型撞击盆地之一,其地形地貌和矿物与岩石类型分布将有助于我们深入理解月球撞击盆地形成过程和地质演化历史。LOLA高程数据揭示东海盆地为保存完好的多环撞击盆地。基于月球矿物绘图仪（M3）反射率数据,在东海盆地发现了尖晶石、辉石、结晶斜长石、橄榄石等矿物,采用修正高斯模型（MGM）进行混合矿物光谱分解获取了矿物端员,利用光谱角分类方法（SAM）作出了Maunder 撞击坑的主要矿物分布图。发现的纯结晶斜长石矿物与最近其他月球探测（如Kaguya)相吻合,为月球岩浆洋模型提供了新约束条件。在Lowell撞击坑中央峰发现尖晶石分布,并利用多光谱成像仪（MI）数据进行了验证;利用MGM方法,在Maunder建造上发现结晶斜长石与尖晶石的混合矿物,我们通过分析认为东海盆地的尖晶石在外卢克山脉上可能有更广泛的分布。  相似文献   

中红外光谱在月球探测中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘剑  欧阳自远  李春来  邹永廖  胥涛 《矿物学报》2006,26(4):435-440

硅酸盐矿物的中红外光谱一般具有明显的CF特征和Reststrahlen吸收带,这些特征都与硅酸盐的组成密切相关,可以作为判别其组成的指示特征。月球表面的主要矿物有辉石、斜长石、钛铁矿和橄榄石,其中除了钛铁矿以外,都属于硅酸盐的范畴。如果充分利用月球表面硅酸盐的红外光谱特征,即CF特征和Reststrahlen吸收带,将可以用于探测VIS-NIR光谱无法完成的探测目标:钙长石、橄榄石、石英和碱性长石等。如果在嫦娥工程的后续探测器(如轨道器、月球车或者软着陆平台)上搭载中红外光谱仪对月表物质进行探测,将有利于成功实现对月球表面的矿物和岩石的精确探测,这也将是我国首次采用中红外光谱探测仪对月球进行系统的矿物与岩石探测。  相似文献   

月球冷海玄武岩矿物成分研究     

张小梦  张迅与  陈媛  蔡伟  卢瑜  吴昀昭 《地学前缘》2018,25(1):314-324

月海玄武岩的矿物组成反映了岩浆源区的化学成分以及岩石形成时的物理和化学环境,对月球热演化研究以及月球资源的开发利用都具有重要意义。本文选择延展范围长的冷海为研究区,基于月球矿物成像光谱仪(Moon Mineralogy Mapper,简称M3)数据研究其矿物的空间变化特征。综合利用光谱、地形、元素等多源遥感数据将冷海划分为25个地质单元。提取169条新鲜坑光谱曲线,获取吸收中心波长、波段面积比等光谱参数。通过光谱吸收特征分析,获得冷海玄武岩铁镁质矿物变化特征。东部冷海地层较老,铁镁质矿物主要为单斜辉石,辉石钙含量较月球样品单斜辉石钙偏低,与澄海以及雨海老的地层矿物组成类似。西部冷海和露湾的地质单元较为年轻,富含橄榄石。风暴洋和雨海年轻玄武岩的矿物也富含橄榄石。这种富含橄榄石、大面积分布的玄武岩反映了月球晚期热演化的独特性。尽管地理上冷海为一个独立的月海,其东西部玄武岩矿物组成的差异以及与其同位置周围月海矿物组成的类似性反映了冷海玄武岩源区与周围月海具有联系。  相似文献   

基于“嫦娥一号”干涉成像光谱仪数据的月球岩石类型填图:以月球雨海—冷海地区(LQ-4)为例     

凌宗成  刘建忠  张江  李勃  武中臣  倪宇恒  孙灵芝 《地学前缘》2014,(6)

月球表面的岩石类型分布是理解月球岩浆演化的线索。随着出现越来越多的月球探测数据,利用我国的月球探测数据开展数据挖掘,以获得更深刻的科学认识,这是促进相关研究领域发展的当务之急。文中在进一步校正干涉成像光谱仪数据的基础上,获得了更为可靠的月表FeO和TiO2、镁指数填图等。在调研已有的月球岩石分类标准的基础上,根据我们的月表成分填图结果并结合Lunar Prospector Th元素数据,将月球岩石分为亚铁斜长岩、富镁结晶岩套、克里普岩和5种不同钛含量月海玄武岩等8类岩石。笔者以月球正面雨海—冷海(LQ-4)地区为例,做出该区域的岩石分类图,并讨论了该地区的岩石成因。该地区覆盖"嫦娥三号"着陆区,包含月球雨海撞击事件所形成的玄武岩岩浆泛滥区,对于理解月球的岩浆演化具有重要的研究价值。笔者利用岩石类型分布图,结合岩石同位素年龄数据,与对该地区岩石类型分布及其所代表的月球岩浆演化历史进行了讨论。此外,笔者也对"嫦娥三号"着陆区的FeO、TiO2和镁指数、岩石类型等进行了初步判别,有待于与玉兔号搭载的探测仪器测量结果相互验证。  相似文献   

浙江嵊县—新昌盆地新生代玄武岩中橄榄石、辉石、斜长石矿物化学及演化的研究     

王人镜  杨淑荣 《岩石学报》1987,3(1)

浙江嵊县—新昌盆地新生代玄武岩为橄榄拉斑玄武岩—碱性橄榄玄武岩—碧玄岩组合。根据124个矿物电子探针分析资料研究了橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石的种属、成分相关性及演化。根据矿物组合、单斜辉石化学成分和演化趋势以及岩石化学特征,认为本区玄武岩属于碱性玄武岩系列。  相似文献   

月球风暴洋火山口暗物质矿物反演及地质意义          下载免费PDF全文

黄爽  陈圣波  查逢丽  周超  黄唯实 《地球科学》2015,40(12):2103-2109

月表主要矿物的空间分布是研究月球起源及演化等科学问题的重要信息之一.以风暴洋地区为例, 根据不同矿物光谱在可见光-近红外波段的吸收特征, 使用印度M3(moon mineralogy mapper)数据, 应用波谱特征拟合法(SFF)反演了火山口附近暗物质区域的单斜辉石、斜方辉石、橄榄石和尖晶石等铁镁质矿物的分布, 反演结果显示: 风暴洋地区提取的铁镁质矿物分布较集中, 其中辉石含量较多, 橄榄石和尖晶石含量相对较少.另外着重分析了橄榄石、尖晶石与周围矿物的关系及其地质意义.将提取结果与Lucey用于Clementine影像的光学模型填图结果进行对比显示, 提取的橄榄石分布集中, 但不存在大尺度的分布, 这与本文的研究区域面积有关; 就位置而言, 二者具有较好的一致性.   相似文献   

顾及太空风化效应的虹湾地区矿物含量反演          下载免费PDF全文

郭艳  张琪  李婵  董晓莹  刘福江 《地球科学》2016,41(12):2100-2108

月表矿物含量反演是研究月球地质起源和演化的关键.太空风化作用普遍发生在月球表面,对矿物纯净光谱造成了不可忽视的影响,它弱化光谱吸收特征, 降低反射率,影响矿物含量遥感反演精度.基于Relab光谱库和Hapke辐射传输模型,将月表 4种矿物(单斜辉石、斜方辉石、斜长石、橄榄石)的二向性反射率转换成同向性的单次散射反照率,然后计算矿物的光学常数;再根据亚微观金属铁SMFe(submicroscopic metallic iron)的质量分数模拟6种不同程度太空风化效应,得到端元矿物的反射率光谱;最后基于上述方法,利用多端元线性分解方法和M3(moon mineralogy mapper,月球矿物绘图仪)高光谱数据反演不同风化程度下的矿物含量,得到月表虹湾地区辉石、斜长石、橄榄石3种矿物的含量分布.实验表明,利用多端元线性分解可以有效模拟太空风化效应对矿物光谱的影响,是研究太空风化效应影响下矿物识别及含量反演的一种行之有效的方法.   相似文献   

基于光谱特征的月球岩性分类方法研究——以Apollo 16登月区域为例     

陈建平  王翔  高光大  姚美娟 《岩石学报》2016,32(1):77-86

利用NASA行星数据系统提供Apollo计划登月点采样线路影像数据,通过与嫦娥二号CCD数据、印度M~3数据空间校正获得采样路线坐标。开展嫦娥二号CCD数据与印度M~3数据MAP(后验概率)融合并选择Apollo 15、Apollo 16-62231的LSCC测得的标准岩石双向反射率光谱与M~3、嫦娥二号进行交叉定标。本文采用月球岩石光谱谱型全特征分析方法,选取涵盖Apollo计划登月获取的36个基站主要岩性87种、285件岩石样品,利用校正后的M~3数据分析月球典型岩石各阶吸收反射特征,建立月球典型岩石标准遥感影像光谱库,此后应用Apollo 623个岩石样品进行对比得到很好结果,同时完成Apollo 16登月点周围领域岩性分布图,并讨论了研究区的岩石成因,Apollo 16区域形成于高地大撞击,在早期的研究中已经被用于划分月球年代,本文方法对于月球岩石类别研究与理解月球的岩浆演化具有重要的研究价值。  相似文献   

月球虹湾幅(LQ-4)地质图的编制   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

丁孝忠  韩坤英  韩同林  剧远景  庞健峰  丁伟翠  王梁 《地学前缘》2012,19(6):15-27

应用中国首次月球探测工程所获得的嫦娥一号(Change-I)CCD影像数据、干涉成像光谱数据、数字高程模型(DEM)数据和数据分析处理结果等资料,开展了虹湾—雨海地区区域地质综合研究。通过对月球撞击坑及溅射堆积物分析,以及地层单元划分、构造单元划分、岩石类型划分、年代学和月球演化历史的集成分析,依据月坑的形态特征、充填物的多少和保留的程度等,将月球撞击坑划分出7种类型11个亚类,并将月球撞击坑堆积物系统划分为6种类型9个堆积岩组。根据TiO2的含量、分布及影像特征,将月海、月陆玄武岩划分为高钛玄武岩、中钛玄武岩和低钛玄武岩。应用ArcGIS地理信息系统,试点编制了1∶250万月球典型地区——虹湾幅(LQ-4)地质图,并建立了空间数据库,探索制定了月球数字地质图编制技术规范、流程和方法,为中国下一步应用嫦娥二号数据开展"全月球地质图"编制,以及未来其他天体的区域地质综合研究与地质编图工作奠定了基础。  相似文献   

嫦娥一号干涉成像光谱仪数据再校正与全月铁钛元素反演     

凌宗成  张江  刘建忠  李勃  武中臣  倪宇恒  孙灵芝  陈剑 《岩石学报》2016,32(1):87-98

月球表面的元素和物质成分分布是理解月球成岩与地质演化历史的重要线索。嫦娥一号干涉成像光谱仪(IIM)是我国首台月球探测成像光谱仪器,其获得的大量月球高光谱数据已成为我国未来探测月球成分与地质演化研究的宝贵基础数据。本文利用探月工程地面应用系统发布的IIM B版本2C级数据,开发出一套数据再定标流程,获得了较为可靠的月表相对反射率数据。我们在新校正数据的基础上开展月球表面FeO、TiO_2的反演建模,获得了全月FeO和TiO_2分布图,这些图件是进行月球地质填图的基础。校正数据反演的FeO和TiO_2分布与前人对Clementine UVVIS数据的反演结果相近,表明干涉成像光谱仪数据具有较大的应用潜力。高地的低铁岩石成分(一般小于8%)佐证了月球月壳形成的过程中的岩浆洋分异假说,而月海玄武岩的TiO_2成分变化范围较大(0~13%)则表明月海玄武岩来源于不同的月幔源区。根据嫦娥一号干涉成像光谱仪全月FeO分布图,可将月球表面物质类型总体划分为高地斜长岩和月海玄武岩,而根据TiO_2分布可以进一步将月海玄武岩划分为5种不同钛含量的玄武岩岩石类型。FeO和TiO_2在全月范围内的分布表明Apollo和Luna返回的月球样品不能够代表全月范围内的矿物成分多样性,月球岩浆演化历史比前人认为的要复杂。未来月球样品返回任务(如嫦娥五号)如能赴这些特殊地区进行取样,将很有可能返回重要的月球科学研究发现和成果。  相似文献   

嫦娥三号着陆区月海玄武岩的年龄、成因及地质意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李勃  凌宗成  张江  陈剑  孙灵芝  赵昊炜 《岩石学报》2016,32(1):19-28

月海玄武岩主要分布在月海中,由斜长石、辉石和橄榄石组成,与地球玄武岩相比,富铁而贫钠和钾。月海玄武岩的成因,年代和成分研究是理解月岩形成与演化的基础。月球返回的岩石样品数量和覆盖面积有限,并且CE-3号着陆区没有月球样品返回,所以地球上的实验室样品分析方法不能应用到CE-3号着陆区玄武岩研究。本文对CE-3号着陆区月表和下伏玄武岩的组分、来源、分布、年代和层序进行反演和分析。主要使用的研究方法主要包括:玄武岩单元的撞击坑频率-分布函数定年,基于撞击坑的月壤下伏玄武岩单元识别、划分及厚度反演,基于遥感数据的元素含量和矿物成分分析等。结果表明:(1)CE-3号着陆区至少出现了6次较大规模的岩浆充填事件,由新到老分别为EIm、EIm_1、EIm_2、Im、Im_1和Im_2,其中EIm单元年龄约为3.17Ga,Im单元年龄为3.48Ga;(2)研究区玄武岩单元铁元素成分变化不大,而钛元素含量有较大变化。并且玄武岩越年轻,铁和钛元素更加富集。对指示月表硅酸盐矿物的克里斯蒂安参数(CF)和弯曲指数(CI)进行计算,发现研究区没有高硅物质的分布;(3)研究区月海玄武岩充填活动具有多期次性,每期月海玄武岩的充填流动大体上保持由南向北方向,并且活动规模逐步减小;(4)下伏玄武岩单元EIm_1、EIm_2、Im、Im_1和Im_2的平均厚度分别为68.3m,68.6m,81.8m,59.1m和52.1m,其中EIm_1单元的厚度最大为150m,从西到东逐渐减小;Im_1最大深度为224m,位于研究区的北部,向东西两侧依次减小。  相似文献   

Mantle-Lherzolite Xenoliths from Eastern China: Petrogenesis and Development of Secondary Textures     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(8):671-687

Spinel-lherzolite xenoliths in alkali basalts from eastern China have porphyroclastic to equigranular textures displaying varying degrees of deformation and subsolidus re-equilibration. The proportions of minerals in these xenoliths vary from 52 to 72% homogeneous olivine (Fo_88-91); 11 to 26% orthopyroxene (Wo_0.9.1.6; En_88-90; Fs_8.7.10.7), with minor discontinuous variations of Al₂O₃, FeO, and CaO; 6 to 19% clinopyroxene (Wo_43.47; En_49.51; Fs_3.7.6.7); and 1 to 5% spinel, with similar Mg# (79.6 to 82.6), but wider variations of Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ (100Cr/(Cr + Al + Fe³⁺) = 8.1 to 23.6). Although previous trace-element and isotopic studies have shown that at least two distinctly different mantle sources were sampled by Cenozoic basalts, mineralogical heterogeneities seem to be minor within the spinel-peridotite-facies lithosphere beneath eastern China.

These xenoliths experienced limited interaction with the host basaltic magma during eruption. Symplectites of secondary, minute silicates, titanomagnetite, and sulfide have replaced orthopyroxene—and to a lesser extent olivine—at the contact with the basalt. The spinel in the margin of the xenolith is continuously zoned by substitutions of Fe₃O₄ (magnetite) and Fe₂TiO₄ (ulvospinel) for MgAl₂O₃ (spinel), and is rimmed by titanomagnetite with a sharp boundary. However, the compositions of the interior clinopyroxenes were commonly modified by metasomatic partial melting, which resulted in “spongy-textured” rinds on primary clinopyroxene. This secondary assemblage is composed mainly of a refractory, jadeite-poor clinopyroxene, which is largely in optica! continuity with the primary clinopyroxene in addition to interstitial feldspars, with minor titanomagnetite and Fe-Ni sulfides. This assemblage was produced by the introduction of K-rich fluids from the enclosing basaltic magma. The intensity of these secondary reactions appears to have been a function of the residence time of the xenolith in the host basalt. Therefore, all secondary alteration of both external and internal primary minerals in these xenoliths are the result of near-surface metasomatic processes, rather than of mantle phenomena.  相似文献   

Oxygen and iron isotope constraints on near-surface fractionation effects and the composition of lunar mare basalt source regions     

Yang Liu  Michael J. Spicuzza  James M.D. Day  Nicolas Dauphas 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(21):6249-6262

Oxygen and iron isotope analyses of low-Ti and high-Ti mare basalts are presented to constrain their petrogenesis and to assess stable isotope variations within lunar mantle sources. An internally-consistent dataset of oxygen isotope compositions of mare basalts encompasses five types of low-Ti basalts from the Apollo 12 and 15 missions and eight types of high-Ti basalts from the Apollo 11 and 17 missions. High-precision whole-rock δ¹⁸O values (referenced to VSMOW) of low-Ti and high-Ti basalts correlate with major-element compositions (Mg#, TiO₂, Al₂O₃). The observed oxygen isotope variations within low-Ti and high-Ti basalts are consistent with crystal fractionation and match the results of mass-balance models assuming equilibrium crystallization. Whole-rock δ⁵⁶Fe values (referenced to IRMM-014) of high-Ti and low-Ti basalts range from 0.134‰ to 0.217‰ and 0.038‰ to 0.104‰, respectively. Iron isotope compositions of both low-Ti and high-Ti basalts do not correlate with indices of crystal fractionation, possibly owing to small mineral-melt iron fractionation factors anticipated under lunar reducing conditions.The δ¹⁸O and δ⁵⁶Fe values of low-Ti and the least differentiated high-Ti mare basalts are negatively correlated, which reflects their different mantle source characteristics (e.g., the presence or absence of ilmenite). The average δ⁵⁶Fe values of low-Ti basalts (0.073 ± 0.018‰, n = 8) and high-Ti basalts (0.191 ± 0.020‰, n = 7) may directly record that of their parent mantle sources. Oxygen isotope compositions of mantle sources of low-Ti and high-Ti basalts are calculated using existing models of lunar magma ocean crystallization and mixing, the estimated equilibrium mantle olivine δ¹⁸O value, and equilibrium oxygen-fractionation between olivine and other mineral phases. The differences between the calculated whole-rock δ¹⁸O values for source regions, 5.57‰ for low-Ti and 5.30‰ for high-Ti mare basalt mantle source regions, are solely a function of the assumed source mineralogy. The oxygen and iron isotope compositions of lunar upper mantle can be approximated using these mantle source values. The δ¹⁸O and δ⁵⁶Fe values of the lunar upper mantle are estimated to be 5.5 ± 0.2‰ (2σ) and 0.085 ± 0.040‰ (2σ), respectively. The oxygen isotope composition of lunar upper mantle is identical to the current estimate of Earth’s upper mantle (5.5 ± 0.2‰), and the iron isotope composition of the lunar upper mantle overlaps within uncertainty of estimates for the terrestrial upper mantle (0.044 ± 0.030‰).  相似文献   

Geochemical and mineralogical evidence for the occurrence of at least three distinct magma types in the ‘famous’ region     

Anton P. le Roex  A. J. Erlank  H. D. Needham 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1981,77(1):24-37

Bulk rock major and trace element variations in selected basalts from the Famous area, in conjunction with a detailed study of the chemical compositions of phenocryst minerals and associated melt inclusions are used to place constraints on the genetic relationship among the various lava types. The distribution of NiO in olivine and Cr-spinel phenocrysts distinguishes the picritic basalts, plagioclase phyric basalts and plagioclase-pyroxene basalts from the olivine basalts. For a given Mg/Mg+Fe²⁺ atomic ratio of the mineral, the NiO content of these phenocrysts in the former three basalt types is low relative to that in the phenocrysts in the olivine basalts. The Zr/Nb ratio of the lavas similarly distinguishes the olivine basalts from the plagioclase phyric and plagioclase pyroxene basalts and, in addition, distinguishes the picritic basalts from the other basalt types. These differences indicate that the different magma groups could not have been processed through the same magma chamber, and preclude any direct inter-relationship via open or closed system fractional crystallization.The Fe-Mg partitioning between olivine and host rock suggests that the picritic basalts represent olivine (±Cr-spinel) enriched magmas, derived from a less MgO rich parental magma. The partitioning of Fe and Mg between olivine, Cr-spinel and coexisting liquid is used to predict a primary magma composition parental to the picritic basalts. This magma is characterized by relatively high MgO (12.3%) and CaO (12.6%) and low FeO^* (7.96%) and TiO₂ (0.63%).Least squares calculations indicate that the plagioclase phyric basalts are related to the plagioclase-pyroxene basalts by plagioclase and minor clinopyroxene and olivine accumulation. The compositional variations within the olivine basalts can be accounted for by fractionation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and olivine in an open system, steady state, magma chamber in the average proportions 453223. It is suggested that the most primitive olivine basalts can be derived from a pristine mantle composition by approximately 17% equilibrium partial melting. Although distinguished by its higher Zr/Nb ratio and lower NiO content of phenocryst phases, the magma parental to the picritic basalts can be derived from a similar source composition by approximately 27% equilibrium partial melting. It is suggested that the parental magma to the plagioclase-pyroxene and plagioclase phyric basalts might have been derived from greater depth resulting in the fractionation of the Zr/Nb ratio by equilibration with residual garnet.C.O.B. Contribution No. 722  相似文献   

Geochronology and geochemistry of late Cenozoic basalts from the Leiqiong area,southern China     

《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2000,18(3):307-324

The Leiqiong area, which includes the Leizhou Peninsula and the northern part of the Hainan Island, is the largest province of exposed basalts in southern China. Ar–Ar and K–Ar dating indicates that incipient volcanism in the Leiqiong area may have taken place in late Oligocene time and gradually increased in tempo toward the Miocene and Pliocene Epoch. Volcanic activities were most extensive during Pleistocene, and declined and ended in Holocene. Based on radiometric age dating and geographic distribution, Pliocene and Quaternary volcanism in Hainan Island can be grouped into two stages and six eruptive regions. The early volcanism is dominated by flood type fissure eruption of quartz tholeiites and olivine tholeiites whereas the later phase is dominated by central type eruption of alkali olivine basalts and olivine tholeiites. The systematic decrease of MgO, ΣFeO and TiO₂ with increasing SiO₂ content for basalts from Hainan Island indicates that fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene and Ti-bearing opaques may have occurred during magmatic evolution. From coexisting Fe–Ti oxide minerals, it is estimated that the equilibrium temperatures range from 895–986°C and oxygen fugacities range from 10^−13.4 to 10^−10.7 atmospheres in the basaltic magmas. The incompatible element ratios and the chondrite-normalized REE patterns of basalts from the Leiqiong area are generally similar to OIB. The Nb/U ratios (less than 37) in most of the tholeiitic rocks and the negative Nb anomaly observed in the spidergram of some basalts indicated that the influence of a paleo-subduction zone derived component can not be excluded in considering the genesis of the basalts from the Leiqiong area. The tholeiites in the Leiqiong area may have mixed with a more enriched lithospheric mantle component as well as undergone relatively larger percentages of partial melting than the alkali basalts.  相似文献   

Residual glasses and melt inclusions in basalts from DSDP Legs 45 and 46: Evidence for magma mixing     

Michael A. Dungan  J. M. Rhodes 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1978,67(4):417-431

Compositional relations among natural glasses in basalts recovered by Legs 45 and 46 (DSDP) provide powerful constraints on their differentiation histories. Residual glass compositions in the moderately evolved aphyric and abundantly phyric basalts within each site demonstrate that none of the units is mutually related to any other or to a common parent by simple fractional crystallization. At Site 396, where clinopyroxene phenocrysts are absent, progressively more evolved liquids (lower Mg/ (Mg+Fe) and higher TiO₂) are characterized by lower calcium-aluminum ratios, which can only be generated by clinopyroxene fractionation. This paradox is amplified by some melt inclusions in olivine phenocrysts that have higher CaO/Al₂O₃ and lower TiO₂ than any residual glasses. The occurrences of these distinctive compositions are correlated with the highly magnesian character of the host olivines (Fo_90–89), and the melts are interpreted as trapped primitive liquids, parental to the more fractionated derivatives.Melt inclusions intermediate in composition between the residual glasses and the most primitive olivine melt inclusions are present in the cores of some plagioclase phenocrysts that have had a history of resorption. On the basis of a petrographic and microprobe analysis of the zoning relations in these phenocrysts, the inclusions are inferred to be melts entrapped at the time of extensive corrosion of the host crystals.Interpreted in conjunction with other mineral and geochemical data, the compositional trends in the glasses indicate that magma mixing has played a major role in the genesis of the Leg 45 and 46 basalts. The reality of mixing is demonstrated by extensive disequilibrium textures in the plagioclase phenocrysts and the presence in evolved lavas of refractory plagioclase and olivine phenocrysts bearing primitive melt inclusions. The chemical imprint of clinopyroxene fractionation despite the absence of clinopyroxene phenocrysts is believed to be accomplished by plating of gabbro on to the upper walls of the subvolcanic magma chamber as it evolves between mixing events. Repeated influxes of primitive magma batches will move the resultant hybrids alway from clinopyroxene saturation and generate olivine-plagioclase cotectic magmas. This model provides a physical buffering mechanism that accounts for the volumetric dominance of moderately evolved basalts among ocean floor tholeiites. Major and trace element models based on the combination of mixing and fractional crystallization also explain heretofore enigmatic geochemical characteristics of MORB.Lunar and Planetary Institute Contribution no. 326After August 1, 1978: Department of Geological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USAThe Lunar and Planetary Institute is operated by the Universities Space Research Association under Contract No. NSR 09-051-001 with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration  相似文献   

Neoproterozoic Volhynia-Brest magmatic province in the western East European craton: Within-plate magmatism in an ancient suture zone     

A. A. Nosova  O. F. Kuz’menkova  N. V. Veretennikov  L. G. Petrova  L. K. Levsky 《Petrology》2008,16(2):105-135

The reasons for the isotopic and geochemical heterogeneity of magmatism of the Neoproterozoic large Volhynia-Brest igneous province (VBP) are considered. The province was formed at 550 Ma in response to the break up of the Rodinia supercontinent and extends along the western margin of the East European craton, being discordant to the Paleoproterozoic mobile zone that separates Sarmatia and Fennoscandia and the Mesoproterozoic Volhynia-Orsha aulacogen. The basalts of VBP show prominent spatiotemporal geochemical zoning. Based on petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic data, the following types of basalts can be distinguished: olivine-normative subalkaline basalts consisting of low-Ti (sLT, < 1.10–2.0 wt % TiO₂; ε_Nd(550) from ?6.6 to ?2.7) and medium-Ti (sMT, 2.0–3.0 wt % TiO₂, occasionally up to 3.6 wt % TiO₂; ε_Nd(550) from ?3.55 to + 0.6) varieties; normal quartz-normative basalts (tholeiites) including low-Ti (tLT, < 1.75–2.0 wt % TiO₂) and medium-to-high-Ti (tHT1, 2.0–3.6 wt % TiO₂, ε_Nd(550) from ?1.3 to + 1.0) varieties. The hypabyssal bodies are made up of subalkaline low-Ti olivine dolerites (LT, 1.2–1.5 wt % TiO₂; ε_Nd(550) = ?5.8) and subalkaline high-Ti olivine gabbrodolerites (HT2, 3.0–4.5 wt % TiO₂; ε_Nd(550) = ?2.5). Felsic rocks of VBP are classed as volcanic rocks of normal (andesidacites, dacites, and rhyodacites) and subalkaline (trachyrhyodacites) series with TiO₂ 0.72–0.77 wt% and ε_Nd(550) of ?12. The central part of VBP is underlain by a Paleoproterozoic domain formed by continent-arc accretion and contains widespread sills of HT2 dolerites and lavas of LT basalts; the northern part of the province is underlain by the juvenile Paleoproterozoic crust dominated by MT and HT1 basalts. MT and LT basalts underwent significant AFC-style upper crustal contamination. During their long residence in the upper crustal magmatic chambers, the basaltic melts fractionated and caused notable heating of the wall rocks and, correspondingly, nonmodal melting of the upper crustal protolith containing high-Rb phase (biotite), thus producing the most felsic rocks of the province. The basalts of VBP were derived from geochemically different sources: probably, the lithosphere and a deep-seated plume (PREMA type). The HT2 dolerites were generated mainly from a lithospheric source: by 3–4% melting of the geochemically enriched garnet lherzolite mantle. LT dolerites were obtained by partial melting of the modally metasomatized mantle containing volatile-bearing phases. The concepts of VBP formation were summarized in the model of three-stage plume-lithosphere interaction.  相似文献   

Quaternary Tholeiitic to Alkaline Volcanism in the Karasu Valley,Dead Sea Rift Zone,Southeast Turkey: Sr-Nd-Pb-O Isotopic and Trace-Element Approaches to Crust-Mantle Interaction     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(2):120-138

Rare-earth-element, radiogenic and oxygen isotope, and mineral chemical data are presented for tholeiitic and alkaline Quaternary volcanism from Karasu Valley (Hatay, southeastern Turkey). Karasu Valley is the northern segment of the Dead Sea transform fault and is filled with flood-basalt type volcanics of Quaternary age. This valley is an active fault zone that is known as “Karasu fault,” extending in a NE-SW direction. The Karasu Valley basaltic volcanics (KVBV) are subaphyric to porphyritic, with variable amounts of olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase phenocrysts. Alkali basalts are generally characterized by high contents of olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase phenocrysts. Their groundmass contains olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and Fe-Ti oxides. Tholeiitic basalts are subaphyric to porphyritic (high contents of olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase). Their groundmass is similar to that of alkali basalts. The range of olivine phenocryst and microlite compositions for all analyzed samples is Fo₈₁ to Fo₄₃. Plagioclase compositions in both tholeiitic and alkali basalts range from andesine, An₃₈ to bytownite, An₇₂. Clinopyroxene compositions range from diopside to calcic augite. Most of the olivine, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene phenocrysts are normally zoned and/or unzoned. Fe-Ti oxides in both series are titanomagnetite and ilmenite.

Based on normative and geochemical data, the Karasu Valley basaltic volcanics are mostly olivine and quartz-tholeiites, and relatively lesser amount of alkali olivine-basalts. KVBV have low K₂O/Na₂O ratios, typically between 0.25 and 0.45. Olivine- and quartz-tholeiites are older than alkali olivine-basalts. Olivine tholeiites have Zr/Nb and Y/Nb ratios similar to alkaline rocks, but their Ba/Nb, Ba/La, and La/Nb ratios are slightly higher than alkali olivine-basalts. In contrast, quartz-tholeiites have the highest Ba/Nb, Ba/La, Zr/Nb, and Y/Nb and the lowest Nb/La ratios among the KVBV. Alkali basalts have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios ranging from 0.703353 to 0.704410 and 0.512860 to 0.512910, respectively. In contrast, quartz-tholeiites have higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios, which vary from 0.704410 to 0.705490 and 0.512628 to 0.512640, respectively. Olivine tholeiites have intermediate isotopic compositions ranging from 0.703490 to 0.704780 and 0.512699 to 0.512780, respectively. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb isotopic ratios of KVBV range from 18.817 to 19.325, 15.640 to 15.718, and 39.054 to 39.223, respectively. The range of O isotope values is between +5.84 and +7.97‰. The higher O and Sr isotopes in olivine- and quartz-tholeiites relative to alkali olivine-basalts can be explained by contamination of magmas by crustal materials.

The KVBV have intraplate chemistry similar to that of other tholeiitic and alkaline basalts in other within-plate environments, and isotopes range from isotopically depleted mantle to enriched isotope compositions similar to some enriched ocean islands. Trace-element and isotope data indicate that the KVBV are derived from a common OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source, but they have experienced different degrees of crustal contamination during their ascent to the surface, contemporaneous with little fractional crystallization. Although quartz-tholeiites display significant effects of crustal contamination, alkali olivine-basalts appear to have negligible or no crustal contamination in their geesis.  相似文献   

Chromium-bearing olivine in the St. Mesmin chondrite     

R.T. Dodd  D.J. Morrison-Smith  J.V. Heyse 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1975,39(12):1621-1627

Olivine phenocrysts in microporphyritic xenoliths in the St. Mesmin chondrite (LL-breccia) show parallel rimward variations of FeO (10 to > -30wt.%), CaO (0·1–0·4%), MnO (0·2–0·8%) and Cr₂O₃ (0·2–0·7%). Aluminum is near background levels and does not vary systematically with iron. Titanium, sodium and nickel are below the limit of detection. Covariation of Fe and Cr in this olivine distinguishes it from the olivines in lunar mare basalts, in which Cr varies inversely with Fe.Transmission electron microscopy of the St. Mesmin olivine suggests that it is free of submicroscopic inclusions and exsolution lamellae and that the chromium present occurs in solid solution in the olivine. Charge balance and ionic radius considerations suggest that it occurs as Cr²⁺, whose effective ionic radius is nearly identical to that of Mn²⁺.The different Fe-Cr relationships observed in the lunar basaltic and St. Mesmin olivines reflect different crystallization sequences. Chromian spinel coprecipitated with olivine in the lunar basalts, reducing the activity of chromium in the melt and leading to the observed anticorrelation of Fe and Cr in olivine (butler, 1972). By contrast, olivine precipitated first in the St. Mesmin microporphyry and was the only solid phase present until more than half of the rock had crystallized. Parallel variation of Fe and Cr reflects crystallization from a melt in which the activity of chromium was increasing.  相似文献