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1.
沽源-红山子铀成矿带河北沽源张麻井铀-钼矿床赋存在张家口组第三段流纹岩与流纹斑岩、石英斑岩的接触带附近,主要受隐爆角砾岩控制。研究表明,张麻井铀-钼矿床赋矿流纹岩、流纹斑岩和石英斑岩的锆石具有清晰的环带结构,Th/U比值高,属典型的岩浆成因锆石。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,流纹岩12颗锆石的206Pb/238U年龄变化范围为136~144 Ma,加权平均年龄为(138.6±1.4)Ma(MSWD=2.4);流纹斑岩11颗锆石的206Pb/238U年龄变化范围为136~145 Ma,加权平均年龄为(140.2±1.6)Ma(MSWD=2.2);石英斑岩11颗锆石的206Pb/238U年龄变化范围为132~147 Ma,加权平均年龄为(136.2±2.9)Ma(MSWD=1.8)。由此可见,流纹岩、流纹斑岩和石英斑岩的同位素年龄在误差范围内一致,指示火山喷发和斑岩就位发生在早白垩世早期,与滨西太平洋成矿域以火山岩为赋矿主岩的热液型铀矿的围岩形成时代一致,沽源-红山子铀成矿带早白垩世早期次火山岩与同期火山岩的接触带附近是寻找铀矿的有利空间。  相似文献   

2.
西藏邦铺钼铜矿区花岗斑岩成岩年龄研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
邦铺钼铜矿床是发育于冈底斯成矿带的大型斑岩型钼铜矿床,矿区内岩浆岩发育,(二长)花岗斑岩为成矿母岩。利用斑岩中锆石离子探针U-Pb法和全岩Rb-Sr法测定邦铺含矿斑岩的年龄,以确定含矿斑岩的形成时代。花岗斑岩中锆石SHRIMP U-Pb法测定其年龄为14.2 Ma±0.2 Ma(MSWD=0.79);二长花岗斑岩中锆石SHRIMP U-Pb法测试值为13.9 Ma±0.3 Ma(MSWD=3.05);全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为13.88 Ma±0.38 Ma(MSWD=1.7)。因此14.2 Ma~3.9 Ma年龄值可以作为邦铺矿区含矿斑岩体的结晶年龄。  相似文献   

3.
冲乎尔盆地是阿尔泰南缘等间斜列的火山沉积盆地之一,盆地内出露有重要的康布铁堡组赋矿地层.本文对该组一个凝灰岩和两个变质流纹岩样品进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测定,获得了385.3±1.2Ma、398.1±1.8Ma和405.6±2.2Ma的结果.变质流纹岩的岩石地球化学分析结果表明,与克朗和麦兹盆地内的酸性火山岩的特征相同,即变质流纹岩属钙碱性低Ti流纹岩;在原始地幔标准化图上显示出Ti、P、Sr、Ba明显负异常,Th、U、Pb的正异常,LREE相对HREE略富集的特征,并显示强的Eu负异常(δEu=0.25 ～0.54).结合其区域地质特征,认为本区变质酸性火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘环境,是下地壳发生了部分熔融后演化的产物.阿尔泰南缘的火山沉积盆地是早—中泥盆世时期在挤压环境中形成的断陷盆地.  相似文献   

4.
针对对铜陵桂花冲花岗闪长斑岩进行岩石学、岩石地球化学及锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究,结果表明该花岗闪长斑岩高硅富碱(w(SiO2)平均为63.60%,w(Na2O+K2O)平均为7.09%,K2O/Na2O为0.51~0.68),属高钾钙碱性系列岩石。岩石稀土总量低(ΣREE在187.43×10-6和209.19×10-6之间),但轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损(ΣLREE/ΣHREE为15.00~16.49,(La/Yb)N为22.37~28.45),且具弱负Eu异常(δEu在0.75~0.83,平均为0.80)。同时,岩石富集大离子亲石元素(Rb,Ba,Th和U),而亏损高场强元素(Nb和Ta)。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年测得花岗闪长斑岩年龄为(138.3±1.4)Ma,表明该岩体的形成时代为早白垩世,与铜陵矿集区中生代主要成矿岩体的年龄(137.5 Ma±1.1Ma~151.8Ma±2.6Ma)一致。该花岗闪长斑岩形成于碰撞后构造环境,是由壳幔混合岩浆冷却结晶形成的。  相似文献   

5.
它温查汉西铁多金属矿床是东昆仑祁漫塔格成矿带新发现的又一典型矽卡岩型矿床,与成矿密切相关的花岗闪长斑岩和二长花岗斑岩成岩时代分别为236.0±2.3 Ma和229.9±2.0 Ma。二者均为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列,成因类型分别属于Ⅰ型和A型;二者稀土元素配分表现为富LREE、贫HREE以及中等Eu负异常的特征,微量元素具有Th、U、K、Zr、Hf相对富集和Nb、Ta、Ti、Sr、Ba相对亏损的特征。花岗闪长斑岩和二长花岗斑岩形成于晚古生代—早中生代构造—岩浆旋回的碰撞—后碰撞转化阶段,与区域上的大规模幔源岩浆底侵及壳—幔岩浆混合作用有关,从形成花岗闪长斑岩到二长花岗斑岩过程中地壳具有由厚减薄的趋势。  相似文献   

6.
云南宾川小龙潭矿区斑岩体位于扬子板块西缘程海断裂带东侧,属金沙江-红河富碱侵入岩带组成部分.本文对矿区内与成矿密切相关的花岗斑岩进行了岩石学、年代学及地球化学研究.结果显示:花岗斑岩由二长花岗斑岩(MGP)和钾长花岗斑岩(KGP)组成,二者岩相学特征相似,空间上无明显分带关系,呈过渡渐变关系,具典型斑状结构.二长花岗斑岩和钾长花岗斑岩均具富碱、低钛和准铝质-弱过铝质特征,属准铝质-弱过铝质钾玄岩系列富碱斑岩;二者富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、U),亏损重稀土元素(HREE)和高场强元素(Ta、Nb、Ti,Zr,Hf),具有较高Sr含量和Sr/Y值,中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.39～0.78),表现出C型埃达克质岩地球化学特征.二长花岗斑岩和钾长花岗斑岩具相似的地球化学特征,表明它们属同源岩浆演化产物.二长花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄为34.7±0.3 Ma,反映其形成于古近纪始新世,与金沙江-红河富碱侵入岩活动高峰期(45～30 Ma)吻合.综合研究表明,小龙潭矿区花岗斑岩属具C型埃达克质岩地球化学特征的花岗岩,起源于底侵作用带来的幔源岩浆与石榴角闪岩相加厚下地壳部分熔融的混合岩浆,是印度-欧亚板块晚碰撞期力学性质由挤压向伸展转化动力学背景下的产物,具备成矿作用发生的物质基础,有较好的成矿潜力.  相似文献   

7.
青海省囊谦县钾质碱性岩岩石化学成分富碱(Na2O+K2O=7.20%~10.6%),高钾(Na2O/K2O=0.56~0.93)和富钙 (CaO=1.65%~6.39%),富集 Rb,Ba,Th,U,Sr 等大离子亲石元素( LILE) 和 Pb, 亏损 Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,Ti 等高场强元素( HFSE)。∑REE 范围为 336.8×10-6~611.31×10-6,富集轻稀土(LREE/HREE=19.78~33.58)和铕异常不明显(δEu=0.96~1.05)。 粗面玄武岩、二长斑岩、正长斑岩 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年结果分别为 34.9±1.2 Ma,35.0±1.1 Ma,35.3±0.5 Ma,均属于古近纪, 相当于晚始新世。从本文定年结果还表明斑岩(花岗斑岩)成岩时间略早于火山岩,暗示该区的岩浆作用,有先侵入后喷 发的趋势。囊谦钾质碱性岩的成因与印度、欧亚两大陆碰撞有内在的联系。  相似文献   

8.
首次发现扬子克拉通西缘古元古代晚期海孜斜长花岗斑岩岩体.本文报道了其锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄,为1730±15Ma(MSWD=4.0,n=15).岩石具有高SiO2(69.77％～73.83％)、高碱(ALK=5.46～6.65)、低钾(K2O/Na2O=0.02～0.14)含量.里特曼指数1.04～1.65,A/CNK值为1.11～1.25,平均值为1.18(＞1.1),10000 Ga/Al=3.96～7.34(均值为5.18＞2.6),较高的含铁指数[FeO/(FeO+MgO) =0.95～0.99],总体显示了低钾钙碱性过铝质(SP)铁质A型花岗岩的特点.岩石富集Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf等高场强元素,强烈亏损K、Sr和Ba等大离子亲石元素,稀土元素总量∑REE=390.70×10-6～674.91×10-6,LREE/HREE=1.74～3.29(均值2.18),轻稀土分异作用明显,相对富集,表现出强烈的负Eu异常.地球化学特征显示,海孜花岗斑岩岩体为形成于板内伸展构造环境,可能与同期基性岩浆活动的底侵作用相关.海孜花岗岩的年龄和地球化学表明,扬子克拉通西缘存在古元古代晚期与全球性Columbia超级大陆裂解同期的双峰式岩浆岩组合.  相似文献   

9.
材玛花岗岩体为班公湖-怒江成矿带西段日土-多不杂岩浆弧带的成矿岩体之一。对材玛岩体的中粒黑云二长花岗岩进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测试,结果为165.1±1.5Ma（n=17,MSWD=0.86）;全岩Rb-Sr同位素年龄为163.5±2Ma（n=5）,材玛岩体的形成年龄为163～165Ma（中侏罗世）。材玛岩体属于高钾钙碱性系列,ΣREE=109.5～225.2（10-6）,LREE富集,LREE/HREE=2.37～7.77,并伴随Eu的亏损。微量元素特征表现为着强烈的Ba、Nb、P、Ti亏损和Th、U、Pb富集,以及Zr的弱亏损。材玛岩体为班-怒带向北俯冲作用的产物,为岛弧型岩浆岩,物质来源为俯冲带之上的地幔部分熔融,并有地壳物质混熔。  相似文献   

10.
针对粤北长江铀矿田钻孔揭露的细粒黑云母花岗岩进行了岩相学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年学研究,旨在探讨其岩石成因类型、成岩构造背景及其与铀成矿关系。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年给出了123.9 Ma±1.3 Ma(MSWD=1.3),表明其形成于早白垩世。岩石具高硅[w(SiO_2):75.68%~77.79%]、富碱[w(Na2O+K2O):7.53%~8.83%]、钾大于钠特征,属弱过铝质(A/NCK为1.04~1.08)、高钾钙碱性系列,DI为93.42~96.39。稀土元素呈平缓型配分曲线,轻重稀土分馏不明显(LREE/HREE平均为1.46),Eu负异常明显(δEu平均值为0.05)。相对富集Rb,U,Th,Ta和Nd,相对亏损Ba,Sr,Zr和Eu,表明其为壳源成因。综合分析,认为细粒黑云母花岗岩属高分异S型花岗岩,源于以泥质岩为主的沉积岩部分熔融,形成于后碰撞的板内伸展拉张构造背景之下。其高含量铀的活化、迁出,可以为铀成矿过程提供部分铀源。  相似文献   

11.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

12.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

13.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

14.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

15.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

16.
Pools,riffles, and channelization   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects. Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications. Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization, which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress. Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools, and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability.  相似文献   

17.
Cretaceous climate, volcanism, impacts, and biotic effects   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Cretaceous volcanic activities (LIPs and CFBPs) appear to have had relatively minor biotic effects, at least at the generic level. Major biotic stress during the Cretaceous was associated with OAEs and related to nutrient availability largely from weathering, greenhouse warming, drowning of platform areas, and volcanism. The biotic effects of OAEs were often dramatic at the species level, causing the extinction of larger specialized and heavily calcified planktonic foraminifera (rotaliporid extinction) and nannoconids (nannoconid crises), the temporary disappearances of other larger species, and the rapid increase in r-selected small and thin-walled species, such as the low oxygen tolerant heterohelicids and radially elongated taxa among planktic foraminifera and thin walled nannofossils. Biotic diversity increased during cool climates, particularly during the late Campanian and Maastrichtian, reaching maximum diversity during the middle Maastrichtian. High biotic stress conditions began during greenhouse warming and Deccan volcanism about 400 ky before the K-T boundary; it reduced abundances of large specialized tropical planktic foraminiferal species and endangered their survival. By K-T time, renewed Deccan volcanism combined with a large impact probably triggered the demise of this already extinction prone species group.Evidence from NE Mexico, Texas, and the Chicxulub crater itself indicates that this 170 km-diameter crater predates the K-T boundary by 300,000 years and caused no species extinctions. The Chicxulub impact, therefore, can no longer be considered a direct cause for the K-T mass extinction. However, the K-T mass extinction is closely associated with a global Ir anomaly, which is considered too large, too widespread, and too concentrated in a thin layer to have originated from volcanic activity, leaving another large impact as the most likely source. This suggests that a second still unknown larger impact may have triggered the K-T mass extinction.  相似文献   

18.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

19.
Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):163-165
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20.
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians  相似文献   

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