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1.
Himalayan orogenic belt is the highest and largest continental collision and subduction zone on the Earth. The Himalayan orogenic belt has produced frequent large earthquakes and caused several geohazards due to landslides and housing collapse, having an impact on the safety of life and property along a length of over 2500 km. Here we took three earthquake clusters as examples, which occurred at Nepal Himalaya, eastern Himalayan syntaxis and western Himalayan syntaxis, respectively. Here we calculated the earthquake locations and fault plane solutions based on the waveform data recorded by seismic stations deployed in source areas by the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. We found that at the Nepal Himalayan, the Main Himalayan Thrust is the major tectonic structure for large earthquakes to occur. At the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, most earthquakes are of the reverse or strike-slip faulting. The major tectonic feature is the combination of the NE-dipping thrust with the southeastern escape of the Tibetan plateau. At the western Himalayan syntaxis, intermediate-depth earthquakes are active. These observations reveal the geometry of the deep subduction of the continental plate with steep dipping angle. 相似文献
2.
GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN ARUN TECTONIC WINDOW1 BordetP .Recherchesg啨ｏｌｏｇｉｑｕｅｓｄａｎｓｌ’ＨｉｍａｌａｙａｄｕＮ啨ｐａｌ,r啨ｇｉｏｎｄｕＭａｋａｌｕ[R].EditionsduCNRS ,Paris ,196 12 75 .
2 BordetP .G啨ｏｌｏｇｉｅｄｅｌａｄａｌｌｅｄｕＴｉｂｅｔ (Himalayacentral) [J].M啨ｍｏｉｒｅｓｈｏｒｓｓ啨ｒｉｅｄｅｌａＳｏｃｉｅｔ啨ｇ啨ｏｌｏｇｉｑｕｅｄｅＦｒａｎｃｅ,1977,8:2 35～ 2 5 0 .
3 BurcfielBC ,ChenZ ,HodgesKV ,etal.TheSouthTibetanDetachmentSystem ,Hima… 相似文献
3.
喜马拉雅东构造结是全球构造活动最强烈、地质环境最复杂、地质灾害最频发的地区之一, 工程规划建设面临板块构造带的构造错断、深埋工程灾变、松动山体失稳、流域性地质灾害链等灾难性地质安全风险。如何在活动构造带内选择相对稳定与安全的场址, 实现工程规划建设与运营的地质安全风险最小化, 是当前工程地质领域的重要课题。文章系统梳理了东构造结地区重大地质安全问题, 发现传统的工程选址理论已无法满足喜马拉雅东构造结工程选址的要求, 工程选址面临地质演化过程与工程区地质建造不清、构造活动性与强震灾害风险突出、深部构造应力场与灾变研究薄弱、超高位超远程地质灾害链形势严峻等重大地质安全挑战。为此, 文章从"区域地质演化与工程地质问题" "活动断裂及工程安全风险" "复杂地应力场及工程灾变风险" "流域性地质灾害链工程风险" "东构造结工程选址理论方法"共5个方面提出工程选址主要研究方向, 为完善工程选址风险评价与防控方法提供思路。 相似文献
4.
Pierre Courjault-Radé José Darrozes Philippe Gaillot 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(7):1705-1719
This paper presents a combination of seismic imaging, geomorphologic, and tectonic data and an interpretation of the M = 5.1 1980 Arudy earthquake sequence putting in relation the seismicity, the inherited faults, and the geomorphologic (Würm
and postwürm) markers in this region of the Pyrenees. Since the anticlockwise rotation of the regional compression axis in
Oligocene time, western Pyrenees are under a dextral regime and the resulting motion is accommodated along major inherited
E–W dextral strike-slip faults. The Arudy aftershocks sequence is controlled by antecedent horsetail splay faults built at
the boundary between two shallow Mesozoic crustal blocks most probably due to their differing rheology. This boundary has
played the role of a seismic barrier stopping the E–W slip motion. The Arudy earthquake has reactivated the eastern segment
of the main E–W strike-slip fault, while the post-seismic aftershocks correspond to local relaxation processes in normal tectonic
behavior. 相似文献
5.
Vuthy Monyrath Yasuo Sakura Akinobu Miyakoshi Takeshi Hayashi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(5):923-932
Previous studies and borehole temperature measurements suggest that subsurface temperature distribution on the west side of
Tokyo Bay (from Tokyo to Yokohama) is higher than that of the east side (Chiba side). To understand the groundwater flow and
other factors which may contribute to the subsurface temperature discrepancy such as geological setting in the study area,
groundwater temperature profiles were measured in 119 boreholes around the Tokyo Bay from 2002 to 2007. The data were analyzed
and compared with previous studies. Horizontal distribution of subsurface temperature at the depths of −50 and −100 m was
made to show the distribution of thermal regime. A cross-section across the bay of Tokyo was made to see the isothermal lines
and distribution of hydraulic heads in a vertical perspective. These results show that the highest subsurface temperature
zone is in the Tokyo area, along the river valley. Subsurface temperature at the depth of 50- and 100-m below sea level in
the western part of the bay is comparatively higher than its eastern side at the same elevation and distance from the bay.
This fact suggests that there is a regional groundwater flow system in the area and it is strongly affected by the geological
structure, particularly buried valley systems of the bay during the Paleo-Tokyo River and the topographical driving force
which is the result of the different elevation of recharge areas. Groundwater discharge is concentrated along the buried valley of Paleo-Tokyo River. 相似文献
6.
喜马拉雅造山带是地球上海拔最高、规模最大的陆陆板块俯冲碰撞带在这条长达2 500 km的板块边界上,近年来多次发生破坏性地震,造成大规模的滑坡、房屋倒塌等次生灾害,给人民生命和财产安全造成严重的威胁。分别选取尼泊尔喜马拉雅、喜马拉雅东构造结和喜马拉雅西构造结地区近期发生的3个地震震群作为研究实例,基于中国科学院青藏高原研究所在研究区架设的区域流动地震台站记录的波形资料,对地震的震源位置和震源机制解进行计算。结果表明,在尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区,主喜马拉雅逆冲断裂是大地震的主要发震构造;东构造结地区的地震以逆冲和走滑型为主,表明印度板块向北东方向的逆冲推覆和青藏高原向东南逃逸的侧向挤出是该地区的主要构造背景;西构造结地区中深源地震多发,揭示了高角度大陆深俯冲的几何形态。 相似文献
7.
A research programme underway in south–east Spain has the overall aim of developing a long-term landscape evolution model
for the Tertiary depositional basins that lie within the eastern part of the Betic cordillera. As part of the work it has
become apparent that there are multiple natural hazards to development in the region, and the nature and distribution of these
is presently under investigation. For one hazard, namely landsliding, a database of over 300 cases has been compiled within
one defined 425 km2 river catchment, namely the Río Aguas. Evaluation of the database has demonstrated that the contemporary distribution of
landslides correlates with areas of steepest slopes across a range of the different lithologies. However, the “slope” component
of the landscape is controlled by a wave of incision associated with a river capture event c. 100000 years ago which locally
increased erosion by between 5 and 10 times. This event was a function of differential uplift between the depositional basins
and resulted in over-steepened slopes within parts of the catchment which have yet to reach equilibrium in this evolving landscape. 相似文献
8.
Depositional environment and provenance of Middle Siwalik sediments in Tista valley,Darjiling District,Eastern Himalaya,India 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The frontal part of the active, wedge-shaped Indo-Eurasian collision boundary is defined by the Himalayan fold-and-thrust
belt whose foreland basin accumulated sediments that eventually became part of the thrust belt and is presently exposed as
the sedimentary rocks of the Siwalik Group. The rocks of the Siwalik Group have been extensively studied in the western and
Nepal Himalaya and have been divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Subgroups. In the Darjiling–Sikkim Himalaya, the Upper
Siwalik sequence is not exposed and the Middle Siwalik Subgroup exposed in the Tista river valley of Darjiling Himalaya preserves
a ~325 m thick sequence of sandstone, conglomerate and shale. The Middle Siwalik section has been repeated by a number of
north dipping thrusts. The sedimentary facies and facies associations within the lithostratigraphic column of the Middle Siwalik
rocks show temporal repetition of sedimentary facies associations suggesting oscillation between proximal-, mid- and distal
fan setups within a palaeo-alluvial fan depositional environment similar to the depositional setup of the Siwalik sediments
in other parts of the Himalaya. These oscillations are probably due to a combination of foreland-ward movement of Himalayan
thrusts, climatic variations and mountain-ward shift of fan-apex due to erosion. The Middle Siwalik sediments were derived
from Higher- and Lesser Himalayan rocks. Mineral characteristics and modal analysis suggest that sedimentation occurred in
humid climatic conditions similar to the moist humid climate of the present day Eastern Himalaya. 相似文献
9.
Shillong Plateau in India is tectonically and geologically interesting entity in the subducted front of Indian Plate below
Burmese Plate to the southeast and Tibetan Plate to the north and associated with thrusts and shears along the plate boundaries.
Horse-tail geometry in the foothills of the Arunachal Himalaya, east of Jia Bhareli river, associated with south-convex foothill
ranges in the eastern Himalaya and exactly similar structural geometry in the eastern part of Shillong Plateau in Meghalaya
seems to develop due to resistance received by the plateau in its eastward journey. Wide separation of Karbi Anglong Plateau
and Shillong Plateau to the southeast as compared to northwestern part defines the shape of Kopili graben. Low seismic activity
in southeastern part of Shillong Plateau might be related to stress released field generated by its clockwise rotation. Satellite
derived images and digital elevation data from Landsat ETM+ and SRTM data shows that the central part of Shillong Plateau
possesses young topography with strong structural fabrics along with relatively high topography aligning NE-SW following Kolkota-Pabna-Mymansingh
High and if extended passes through western part of Arunachal Pradesh in eastern Himalayas. This alignment has been observed
in Precambrian gneissic complex west of the Proterozoic intracratonic Shillong Basin. The epicentral plot for the period 1918
to 2009 shows their high concentration within the Shillong Plateau aligning along this trend. The active geodynamics of Shillong
Plateau is reflected in its seismic activity pattern in relation with the structural fabrics, northward migration of the Brahmaputra
in the north front of the Plateau and by shrinking pattern of Chandubi Lake in the Kulsi river catchment, a north-flowing
tributary of the Brahmaputra in the north-central part of the plateau. 相似文献
10.
Erman Özsayın 《Geodinamica Acta》2016,28(4):241-253
Western Anatolia is one of the world’s most seismically active regions. A nearly N–S-oriented extension caused the formation of E–W- and NE–SW-trending major grabens, creating the potential for earthquakes with magnitudes ≥ 5. The fault segments of the NE-trending Çameli Basin were evaluated using geomorphic indices, common tools for assessment of relative tectonic activity in such areas. Quantitative measurement of geomorphic indices including mountain-front sinuosity (Smf; 1.35–2.39), valley floor width-to-height ratios (Vf; 0.08?0.37), and hypsometric integral (HI; 0.31–1.05) suggest relatively higher tectonic activity along western and southern part of the basin. Hypsometric curves for all segments of the faults mostly exhibit concave or straight profiles, signifying existence of young mountain fronts in the Çameli Basin. These calculations indicate that the Çameli Basin is tectonically active and, southern/south-western areas of this depression have earthquake potential, consistent with epicentres of recent earthquakes, occurred along some fault segments. Possible reason of this activity seems to be related to the E–W-trending corridor lying between the Gulf of Gökova and south-eastern part of the Çameli Basin, represented by active normal faults. These findings should be valid beyond the Çameli Basin for similar situations along the Isparta Angle’s western margin. 相似文献
11.
中国喜马拉雅构造运动的陆内变形特征与油气矿藏富集 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
在前人研究的基础上,结合近年来在油气勘探中不断积累的地质资料和地质认识,提出了中国喜马拉雅构造运动的陆内变形特征及其分布规律受控于小型克拉通板块拼贴的基底结构和印/欧碰撞与太平洋板块俯冲所主导的双重控制因素;喜马拉雅构造运动的发育特征主要表现为三种动力学机制:青藏高原隆升、盆地与造山带体制和东部拉张活动。喜马拉雅构造运动的大地构造格局及其构造变形分布规律集中体现为4个构造域:青藏高原隆升区、环青藏高原盆山体系、稳定区和环西太平洋裂谷活动区。我国沉积盆地在喜马拉雅构造运动中的构造特征分为三种类型:(1)东部渤海湾、松辽等盆地受拉张构造环境控制的裂谷沉降;(2)中部四川、鄂尔多斯等盆地受青藏高原的向东推挤、盆缘冲断、盆内抬升剥蚀;(3)西部的塔里木、准噶尔、柴达木等盆地受青藏高原的向北推挤、冲断挠曲沉降,表现为克拉通单边或双边的压缩挠曲沉降与克拉通内部的冲断隆升沉降等多种盆山耦合形式。喜马拉雅构造运动控制着中国油气晚期定位与富集成藏,主要体现在:盆地的沉积与成藏,形成新生界自生自储的含油气盆地和油气藏;圈闭形成与油气运聚成藏;早期油气藏的调整和再分配;油气藏的破坏。 相似文献
12.
To study neotectonics, the structural and morphotectonic aspects are studied along a part of mountain front region of Northeast
Himalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Unpaired river terraces are recognized near north of transverse Burai River exit, which
is cut by an oblique fault. Across this fault, fluvial terraces are located at heights of 22.7 and 3 m, respectively, on the
left and right banks. A water gap is formed along the river channel where the uplifted Middle Siwalik sandstone beds dipping
43° towards ENE direction, thrust over the Quaternary deposit consisting of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and sandy matrix. This
river channel incised the bedrock across the intraformational Ramghat Thrust along which the rocks of the Middle Siwalik Formation
thrust over the Upper Siwalik Formation. Recent reactivated fault activity is suggested north of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust
that forms the youngest deforming front of the Himalaya. The uplifting along the stream channel is noticed extended for a
distance of ~130 m and as a result the alluvial river channel became a bedrock river. The relative displacement of rocks is
variable along the length of strike–slip faults developed later within the Ramghat Thrust zone. Longitudinal and Channel gradient
profiles of Burai River exhibit knick points and increase in river gradient along the tapering ends of the profiles. The study
suggests active out-of-sequence neotectonically active thrusting along the mountain front. Neotectonics combined with climatic
factor during the Holocene times presents a virgin landscape environment for studying tectonic geomorphology. 相似文献
13.
Surface rupture and source fault of the 20 February 1956 Eskişehir earthquake have been a matter of debate that potentially
contributes towards the understanding of the active deformation and seismic risk in the highly populated NW Anatolia. Field
observations on the two fault segments (namely Kavacık and Uludere faults) in the north of the Eskişehir graben revealed evidences
of co-seismic surface rupture and mass movements during the Eskişehir earthquake. Surface rupture was observed as a 2.5m wide,
a 100m long and ca. 20 cm deep asymmetric depression in the Gümüşlü valley, 2 km east of the Uludere village. A trench dug
on this depression confirms a prominent high-angle south dipping fault (dominantly left lateral strike slip) and two faint
north-dipping antithetics as clear noticeable shear zones in organic-rich thick soil. Mass failures are particularly observed
in spring depressions filled with loose torrent and carbonaceous material in front of the fault scarp. Some rock slides of
several tens of meters in size that obviously require significantly high ground shaking were also developed on steep fault
scarps. The orientation of the principal stress tensor as deduced from the surface rupture of the Eskişehir earthquake displays
clear inconsistency with the geometry of prominent faults in the area. We concluded that this disagreement may be explained
by a curved surface rupture. The western and eastern tips of this rupture are EW trending and the probable NW-running part
in the middle would correspond to the bounding zone between two right-stepping faults. 相似文献
14.
塔里木盆地北部奥陶系油气相态及其成因分析 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
塔里木盆地北部地区奥陶系是最重要的勘探层系,油气资源丰富;同时油气相态复杂多样,既有凝析气藏、正常油藏,也有稠油油藏、沥青等。通过对油气藏形成演化与保存过程的系统分析,结合油气地球化学和流体包裹体等分析数据,发现油气相态的多样性与油气多期次充注与次生蚀变作用有关。提出塔北隆起的东部奥陶系存在三期油气充注过程,分别发生在加里东运动晚期-海西早期、海西运动晚期、喜马拉雅运动晚期,原油主要来源于中、上奥陶统烃源岩,天然气主要来自与寒武系烃源岩有关的液态烃的裂解;塔北隆起的中西部奥陶系的油气充注主要发生在海西运动晚期。塔北奥陶系油藏形成以后,经历了三期明显的调整改造过程:海西早期构造抬升导致志留-泥盆系遭受剥蚀,东部源自寒武系油气的古油藏遭受破坏,形成沥青;三叠系沉积前的晚海西运动,使得奥陶系生源的油藏大范围遭受降解稠化;晚喜山期,来自于满加尔坳陷的天然气自东向西充注,致使隆起东部早期形成的油藏发生强烈的气侵改造,形成次生凝析气藏。而中西部奥陶系油藏在三叠系沉积前遭受降解稠化后,一直处于沉降深埋过程,油藏得到有效保存;由于成藏时间较早,轻质组分散失较多,气油比极低,油质较稠。研究认为,油气相态的多样性主要受晚海西期构造运动的抬升造成的生物降解作用和喜马拉雅晚期构造运动造成的天然气自东向西大规模充注对油藏进行气洗改造两大过程的控制。 相似文献
15.
16.
亚洲东部存在一个巨大的三角形地震构造区域,大体上,喜马拉雅山脉、帕米尔—天山—阿尔泰山—贝加尔和东经105°线是它的3个边界,主要覆盖中国和蒙古国西部众多高原、山脉及山间盆地。三角区内现今构造活动和地震广泛强烈,地壳破碎,显示不均匀的块体边界和块内变形;区外基本上是稳定的刚性陆块,地震很少,变形较弱,处于整体缓慢运动之中。这个宽阔的板内变形区起源于印度、菲律宾海—西太平洋和欧亚三大板块之间的动力作用以及深部地幔流的影响。向北快速运动的印度次大陆已近水平地插入到西藏板块下,沿喜马拉雅弧产生多种运动和变形,并向亚洲内部远距离地扩散。沿东经95°～100°,向北的地壳运动向东和东南方向偏转,阻截了喜马拉雅弧东端的北向运动;而在喜马拉雅弧西端,帕米尔继续向北挤进中亚,受天山—阿尔泰山—贝加尔一线西北側稳定地壳的限制,扩散的变形被中国、蒙古、俄罗斯边境地区一系列EW向和NW向的老断层吸收并在它们的西端终止。菲律宾海—西太平洋向欧亚大陆的消减-俯冲导致沿海沟-岛弧的漫长而狭窄的地震带,但对亚洲大陆的水平挤压较小,未能阻挡亚洲大陆东部向东移动。其部分原因可能是俯冲板片受到来自欧亚大陆下的ES向地幔流的推挤,这个ES向地幔流与来自印度下面的N向地幔流在西藏中部汇合并向东偏转,在大尺度上与GPS观测到的地表移动图像一致。 相似文献
17.
H. N. Srivastava B. K. Bansal Mithila Verma 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(1):15-22
The largest earthquake (Mw 8.4 to 8.6) in Himalaya reported so far occurred in Assam syntaxial bend in 1950. However, some recent studies have suggested for earthquake of magnitude Mw 9 or more in the Himalayan region. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of seismological data extending back to 1200 AD, and show that earthquake in Himalayan region may not be expected to be as large as those of subduction zones. Also, there appears to be a lateral variation in the earthquake magnitude, being lesser in the western syntaxial bend when compared close to the eastern syntaxial bend. This is attributed to the difference in the plate boundary scenario; dominance of strike-slip and thrusting along the western syntaxis as against thrusting and remnant subduction along the eastern syntaxis. 相似文献
18.
Neotectonic Control on the Geomorphic Evolution of the Gangotri Glacier Valley, Garhwal Himalaya 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The paper records evidences of neotectonic activities in the Gangotri glacier valley that are found to be responsible for the present-day geomorphic set-up of the area since the last phase of major glaciation. Geomorphological features indicate the presence of a large glacier in the valley in the geological past. Prominent planar structures present in the rocks were later on modified into sets of normal faults in the present-day Himalayan tectonic set-up giving rise to graben structures. The block nearest the snout is traversed by the NW-SE trending Gaumukh fault. A number of terraces mark the entrenchment of Bhagirathi River in this part. The contrasting drainage morphometric parameters of two sides of the valley and asymmetric recessional patterns of the tributary glaciers further document movement along the fault. The distribution and orientation of debris fans also seem to be controlled by neotectonic activity. The neotectonic activity that followed the process of deglaciation has brought the glacially carved, wide U- shaped valley in contact with the present-day fluvially incised narrow and relatively deep valley. The wider segments have become sites of active deposition of glacially eroded debris. The low gradient and excessive filling has resulted in the river attaining a braided nature in these segments. 相似文献
19.
为了总结大同煤田构造特征及二叠系太原组赋煤边界形成条件,结合野外露头、钻孔岩性、三维地震等资料,分析了大同煤田构造区带划分、地层结构样式、构造演化及应力场特征,明确了二叠系赋煤边界成因机制。研究表明:晚古生代以来,大同煤田主要经历了印支、燕山和喜山期3期构造运动,其中燕山期构造最为复杂,具有幕式、挤压伸展交替演化特征,控制了煤田现今的构造格局;煤田由东部逆冲断裂构造带,中部向斜-单斜构造带和西部隆起构造带组成,煤田内部断裂多为NW-NWW和NE-NEE向,前者形成时期早,规模普遍较大;不同构造期应力作用控制着二叠系煤层的赋存特征,印支早期NS向挤压作用,控制煤田东北部边界,燕山期控制煤田东缘、西缘和西南缘边界。 相似文献
20.
Uplifted crust in parts of western India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
H. C. Tewari G. Surya Prakasa Rao B. Rajendra Prasad 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,73(4):479-488
During northward movement of the Indian sub-continent, after its breakup from the Gondwanaland in the Late Cretaceous, the
western part of India traversed over the Reunion plume. The Saurashtra peninsula and the Cambay Basin are two important geological
regions in this part. Two and half dimensional density models, based on the crustal seismic structure, were generated to establish
a relationship between these two regions. These models indicate that the crust is 32–33 km thick in the eastern Saurashtra
and the northern part of the Cambay Basin. The shallower crust is in a triangular region formed by the extension of the western
limb of the Proterozoic Aravalli trend in Saurashtra, its eastern limb and the Narmada fault in the south. Compared to 36–37
km thick crust to the west and 38–40 km to the east of this region the crust in the above triangular region is uplifted by
4 to 6 km. This uplift took place either after the deposition of Mesozoic sediments or was concomitant with the rise of Reunion
plume prior to the extrusion of the Deccan volcanics as the region was close to the axis of the plume. 相似文献