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1.
《煤田地质与勘探》2021,49(5):190-199
The Cretaceous is a typical period for studying the greenhouse climate and the earth system interactions, and the world's most extensive terrestrial strata are mainly in East Asia, especially in China. Continental sediments can effectively reflect the paleo-climate change, but the previous studies of the Late Cretaceous paleo-climate, based on the combined characteristics of continental climate-sensitive sediments, were barely found in China. To obtain the Late Cretaceous paleo-climate characteristics of China, the distribution characteristics of different continental climate-sensitive sediment types in the early, middle and Late Cretaceous in China were studied in detail. According to the distribution and combination characteristics and types of continental climate-sensitive sediments, seven climate types can be divided: 1) warm-humid and warm-dry climate; 2) hot and dry climate; 3) hot-dry and arid climate; 4) hot-dry and semiarid climate; 5) hot-dry and hot-wet climate; 6) hot-dry and warm-humid climate; 7) hot-dry and warm-dry climate. The results show that in the early Late Cretaceous, the hot and dry climate was the most widespread, followed by warm-humid and warm-dry climate, but the climate was drier than the paleo-climate of the previous study of Early Cretaceous. Hot and dry climate zone became wider in the Coniacian and Maastrichtian; furthermore, it covered Xinjiang to the east of China from east to west after the Santonian Period. The hot-dry and semiarid climate zone was nearly latitudinally distributed from the northwest to the southeast and it shows a further increase in aridification. Global geological events, paleogeographic features and regional tectonic evolution had significant impacts on the paleoclimate of China in the Late Cretaceous, such as global eruptive events of volcanoes led to the temperature increase in China in the early Late Cretaceous; coastal mountain ranges in southeastern China led to the drying of the Late Cretaceous climate in southern China; Xuefeng Mountains, Wuling Mountains, Nanling Mountains and Tai-hang Mountains were the dividing line between the hot and dry climate zone and hot-dry and arid climate zone in the early Late Cretaceous, and Altun Mountains were the dividing line between the southeastern section of the hot and dry climate zone in western China in the middle Late Cretaceous. 相似文献
2.
西藏金沙江缝合带西段晚三叠世碰撞作用与沉积响应 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：17
青藏高原是由若干条缝合带和其间所夹的沉积盆地构成,其中晚三叠世北羌塘盆地位于金沙江缝合带南缘,盆地的充填实体显示为南薄北厚,为楔形沉积体;在垂向上,以不整合面为界可将该套充填地层划分为两个构造层序,下部构造层序以复理石建造为特征,上部构造层序以磨拉石建造为特征,具有典型的前陆盆地充填序列;盆地具双物源和双古流向体制,沉降中心和沉积中心具有不一致,显示其为金沙江缝合带南侧的周缘前陆盆地,从而确定了晚三叠世北羌塘前陆盆地与金沙江缝合带的成因关系。在此基础上,结合在金沙江缝合带西段新发现和确定的蛇绿岩的最小年龄和碰撞型花岗岩的年龄,本文根据下部构造层序复理石的年龄、前缘隆起的形成年龄、冲断带隆升成为地貌高地的年龄、下部不整合面的时代和前缘隆起型碳酸岩缓坡的形成时间标定了金沙江缝合带碰撞事件的时代下限,根据上部构造层序磨拉石的年龄、上部不整合面的年龄、花岗岩和构造碎裂岩成为物源的年龄标定了金沙江缝合带碰撞事件的时代上限,表明金沙江缝合带初始碰撞事件为卡尼克期与诺利克期之间,最终碰撞事件介于诺利克期与瑞替克期之间. 相似文献
3.
Shi-zhen Li Zhi Zhou Hai-kuan Nie Lei-fu Zhang Teng Song Wei-bin Liu Hao-han Li Qiu-chen Xu Si-yu Wei Shu Tao 《China Geology》2022,5(1):110-135
The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×1012m3,which includes about 20×1012m3 of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments,namely marine,marine-continental transitional,and continental shales,which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic.The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas,and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas,with a shale gas production of up to 20×109m3 in 2020.China has seen rapid shale gas exploration and development over the last five years,successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata.The details are as follows.(1)Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas(burial depth:less than 3500 m)has been realized,with the productivity having rapidly increased;(2)breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas(burial depth:3500-4500 m),and the ultradeep shale gas(burial depth:greater than 4500 m)is under testing;(3)breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas,and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated;(4)shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata,exhibiting a great prospect.Based on the exploration and development practice,three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China.(1)in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments,organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas;(2)in terms of high-quality reservoirs,the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation;(3)in terms of preservation conditions,weak structural transformation,a moderate degree of thermal evolution,and a high pressure coefficient are the key to shale gas enrichment.As a type of important low-carbon fossil energy,shale gas will play an increasingly important role in achieving the strategic goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.Based on the in-depth study of shale gas geological conditions and current exploration progress,three important directions for shale gas exploration in China in the next five years are put forward. 相似文献
4.
A method is proposed for the prospecting prediction of subsurface mineral deposits based on soil geochemistry data and a deep convolutional neural network model.This method uses three techniques(window offset,scaling,and rotation)to enhance the number of training data for the model.A window area is used to extract the spatial distribution characteristics of soil geochemistry and measure their correspondence with the occurrence of known subsurface deposits.Prospecting prediction is achieved by matching the characteristics of the window area of an unknown area with the relationships established in the known area.This method can efficiently predict mineral prospective areas where there are few ore deposits used for generating the training dataset,meaning that the deep-learning method can be effectively used for deposit prospecting prediction.Using soil active geochemical measurement data,this method was applied in the Daqiao area,Gansu Province,for which seven favorable gold prospecting target areas were predicted.The Daqiao orogenic gold deposit of latest Jurassic and Early Jurassic age in the southern domain has more than 105 t of gold resources at an average grade of 3-4 g/t.In 2020,the project team drilled and verified the K prediction area,and found 66 m gold mineralized bodies.The new method should be applicable to prospecting prediction using conventional geochemical data in other areas. 相似文献
5.
Wei Xiong Xi Mei Bei-bei Mi Hao Yang Zong-zhu Han Yong Zhang Wen-chao Lu 《China Geology》2022,5(1):160-170
As a new type of pollutants in the marine environment,microplastics have attracted increasing attention from scientific researchers and environmental protection workers in China and abroad.However,for the microplastic pollution in sea areas in China,there are a very limited number of studies on its current status and few reviews of research on the microplastics.This paper reviews the surveys and researches of microplastics in the Bohai Sea,the Yellow Sea,the East China Sea,the South China Sea,and main estuaries in China carried out in recent years and proposes an outlook for future work,aiming to provide research suggestions and solutions for ecological protection against microplastic pollution in sea areas in China.Previous studies have shown that microplastics are widely distributed in water bodies and sediments in sea areas and major estuaries in China.The Pearl River Estuary,in the South China Sea suffers the most serious microplastic pollution,followed by the Bohai Sea.In contrast,the microplastic pollution in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea is comparatively slight.Microplastics in sea areas in China are mainly fibrous and are concentrated in offshore areas with developed industry and a dense population(especially around estuaries and bays).In addition,they are widely affected by human activities,such as shipping,aquaculture,industry,and sewage discharge.Here the authors suggest unifying measurement units and research methods and developing related standard systems to carry out researches related to microplastics.Furthermore,this paper also suggests further deepening researches on both the source-sink process of microplastics and nanoscale microplastics while enhancing the development and implementation of related policies,aiming to promote researches and control of microplastics in sea areas in China. 相似文献
6.
利用测井信息评价盐湖相烃源岩 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
盐湖相烃源岩富含膏、盐质成分,使其测井响应特征发生极大改变,给测井评价烃源岩带来困难。基于实测数据,分析了盐湖相烃源岩中普遍发育的纯泥岩、含膏(盐)泥岩和膏(盐)质泥岩有机碳含量的测井响应模式,发现纯泥岩和含膏(盐)泥岩TOC与AC和LogRt呈正比,与DEN呈反比,膏(盐)质泥岩TOC与DEN呈正比,与LogRt呈反比,并基于此建立了盐湖相烃源岩测井评价方法,即首先利用ΔGR区分岩性,再针对不同岩性建立TOC评价模型,最后根据实测S1+S2和TOC建立相关关系,就可以求取烃源岩的TOC和S1+S2。利用该方法对东营凹陷沙四下亚段烃源岩性质和展布进行分析,发现预测TOC与实测TOC吻合程度高,具有一定推广价值。 相似文献
7.
Xiongqi Pang Chengzao Jia Junqing Chen Maowen Li Wenyang Wang Qinhong Hu Yingchun Guo Zhangxin Chen Junwen Peng Keyu Liu Keliu Wu 《地学前缘(英文版)》2021,12(2):695-711
The discovery and large-scale exploration of unconventional oil/gas resources since 1980s have been considered as the most important advancement in the history of petroleum geology;that has not only changed the balance of supply and demand in the global energy market,but also improved our understanding of the formation mechanisms and distribution characteristics of oil/gas reservoirs.However,what is the difference of conventional and unconventional resources and why they always related to each other in petroliferous basins is not clear.As the differences and correlations between unconventional and conventional resources are complex challenging issues and very critical for resources assessment and hydrocarbon exploration,this paper focused on studying the relationship of formations and distributions among different oil/gas reservoirs.Drilling results of 12,237 exploratory wells in 6 representative petroliferous basins of China and distribution characteristics for 52,926 oil/gas accumulations over the world were applied to clarify the formation conditions and genetic relations of different oil/gas reservoirs in a petroliferous basin,and then to establish a unified model to address the differences and correlations of conventional and unconventional reservoirs.In this model,conventional reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field with high porosity and permeability located above the boundary of hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit.Unconventional tight reservoirs formed in confined hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and permeability located between hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit and hydrocarbon accumulation depth limit.Shale oil/gas reservoirs formed in the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and ultra-low permeability within the source rock layers.More than 75%of proved reserves around the world are discovered in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field,which is estimated to contain only 10%of originally generated hydrocarbons.Most of undiscovered resources distributed in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field and the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field,which contains 90%of original generated hydrocarbons,implying a reasonable and promising area for future hydrocarbon explorations.The buried depths of hydrocarbon dynamic fields become shallow with the increase of heat flow,and the remaining oil/gas resources mainly exist in the deep area of“cold basin”with low geothermal gradient.Lithology changing in the hydrocarbon dynamic field causes local anomalies in the oil/gas dynamic mechanism,leading to the local formation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field or the occurrence of oil/gas enrichment sweet points with high porosity and permeability in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field.The tectonic movements destroy the medium conditions and oil/gas components,which leads to the transformation of conventional oil/gas reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field to unconventional ones or unconventional ones formed in confined and bound hydrocarbon dynamic fields to conventional ones. 相似文献
8.
2007年4月,笔者等在进行云南1：5万大同幅区域地质测查中,在云南省师宗县大同镇一带蔡家冲组中发现炭兽类化石。经中旧科学院古人类与古脊椎动物研究所鉴定,为先炭兽（Anthracokeryx sp．）．这是至今为止首次在蔡家冲组中发现的先炭曾．化石 相似文献
9.
WEN Bin ZHANG Yuanhou YANG Wanzhi DU Shangze WANG Peng LIU Jinwei CHEN Lei 《《地质学报》英文版》2022,96(1):135-146
The Aqishan lead-zinc deposit,located in the Jueluotag metallogenic belt of eastern Tianshan,Xinjiang,Northwest China,has a stratiform occurrence in the marine volcanic tuff of the Yamansu Formation.The ore body has a typical double-layer structure,having a stratified,stratoid,lenticular upper part and a veined,stockwork-like lower part.The occurrence of the upper orebody is consistent with that of the volcanic tuff wall rock.The ore minerals are mainly chalcopyrite,pyrite,sphalerite,galena and magnetite,the altered minerals mainly being silicified,such as sericite,chlorite,epidote,garnet.The garnetized skarn,being stratiform and stratoid,is closely related to the upper part of the orebody.Geological observations show that the limestone in the ore-bearing Yamansu Formation is not marbleized and skarnized.Spatially,it is associated with the ferromanganese deposits in the marine volcanic rocks of the Yamansu Formation.These geological features reflect the likelihood that the Aqishan lead-zinc deposit is a hydrothermal exhalation sedimentary deposit.The results from the EPMA show that the garnet is mainly composed of grossular-andradite series,contents being in a range of 34.791-37.8%SiO2,32.493-34.274%CaO,8.454-27.275%FeO,0.012-15.293%Al2O3,0.351-1.413%MnO,and lower values of 0.013-1.057%TiO2.The content of SiO2 vs.CaO and FeO vs.Al2O3 has a significant positive correlation.The results of ICP-MS analysis for the garnet show that the REE pattern is oblique to right in general.The total amount of rare earth elements is relatively low,ΣREE=71.045-826.52 ppm,which is relatively enriched for LREE and depleted for HREE.LREE/HREE=8.66-4157.75,LaN/YbN=23.51-984.34,with obvious positive Eu and Ce anomalies(δEu=2.27-76.15,δCe=0.94-1.85).This result is similar to the REE characteristics of ore-bearing rhyolite volcanic rocks,showing that the garnet was formed in an oxidizing environment and affected by clear hydrothermal activity.The U-Pb isotopic dating of garnet by fs-LA-HR-ICP-MS gives an age of 316.3±4.4 Ma(MSWD=1.4),which is consistent with the formation time of the Yamansu Formation.According to the study of deposit characteristics and geochemical characteristics,this study concludes that the Aqishan lead-zinc deposit is a hydrothermal exhalation sedimentary deposit,the garnet being caused by hydrothermal exhalative sedimentation. 相似文献
10.
ZHANG Gongcheng WU Aijun LI Hongyi QU Hongjun LI Youchuan XIAO Lingli ZHANG Zhenyu SHEN Jiao 《《地质学报》英文版》2021,95(1):192-207
Beibuwan B asin is an important offshore oil and gas bearing basin of China.However,the distribution of oil and gas in different sags is uneven,and the rule of hydrocarbon accumulation and main controlling factors have not been clearly understood in this basin.Based on abundant seismic,well and analytical data,the differences and main controlling of tectonic evolution,sedimentary filling and source rock quality in sags are analyzed,and combined with the study of geothermal filed,the main controlling factors of differential hydrocarbon generation in sags of the Beibuwan Basin are clarified.On the basis of the research above,the hydrocarbon enrichment of the basin is clarified through the systematic analysis of reservoir-caprock assemblage and accumulation characteristics of different structural units.The results show that there are four NE-trending sag zones in the basin,and under the influence of fault activity,the scale of sags is regularly distributed.The scale of rifts in different sag zones decreases gradually from northwest to southeast and the scale of rifts in the middle of a single sag zone is normally larger than that at two ends.Under the control of the sag-controlling faults activity,paleoproductivity and organic matter preservation conditions,the quality of source rocks in sags of the Beibuwan Basin decreases from northwest to southeast.The hydrocarbon-rich sags in the Beibuwan Basin were formed under the control of source rocks and geothermal field,and the distribution of large-medium scale fields is controlled by the favorable structural traps in the rift strata of inner gentle slope zone.The understanding of the hydrocarbon enrichment and main controlling factors in the Beibuwan Basin also provides a significant guidance for the oil and gas exploration in other rift basins. 相似文献
11.
为研究EPS颗粒混合轻量土的密度、强度和变形特性,对不同水泥掺量、EPS颗粒掺量、含水率和龄期的轻量土进行密度无侧限抗压强度试验。试验配置轻量土无侧限抗压强度范围为103.2~1359.0 kPa,且随水泥掺量的增大呈指数关系增大的趋势,随EPS颗粒体积比的增大而呈线性关系减小的趋势。在大于最优含水率情况下,含水率越高,无侧限抗压强度越低,两者为指数关系,而龄期的增长能够使得轻量土的无侧限抗压强度呈双曲线增大的趋势。EPS颗粒混合轻量土的应力-应变关系曲线主要表现为应变软化型,含水率和EPS颗粒体积比的增大会使得轻量土的应力-应变关系曲线逐渐向硬化型转化。水泥掺量和龄期的增大能够增强轻量土的脆性特征,增大刚度。而含水率和EPS颗粒体积比的增大则使得轻量土的延性特征增强,刚度减小。研究成果对实际工程应用具有参考价值。 相似文献
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13.
强风化软岩路基填筑适宜性研究 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
通过对强风化软岩压实特性试验研究表明，填料的承载比（CBR值）随压实度的增大而增大，填料具有良好的压实性能，可用于高等级公路路基填筑：同时，利用室内三轴剪切仪模拟接近实际的应力路径，对强风化软岩进行干-湿双线平行试验和在复杂应力状态下不同压实度的湿化变形试验，试验结果表明：路面不发生开裂或塑性破坏的临界应变值为2％：随着压实度的增大，湿化变形随之减小；在围压200kPa时，随着偏应力的增大，剪胀也增大。将试验成果用于湘潭市昭山大道路基填筑，提出了路基95区换填黏性土、湿法填筑和提高90区压实度等施工措施。 相似文献
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提速条件下粉土铁路路基动态稳定性研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
路基的动态响应及稳定直接决定了提速列车运行的舒适度和安全性。通过室内循环三轴试验，模拟了路基在湿度变化与提速列车动荷载作用下的动态特性。根据试验结果，结合既有线提速路基的动应力变化规律发现：在最优含水率附近，当压实系数为0.90，提速情况下路基可保持稳定状态；若压实系数为0.85，在动应力不超过70 kPa时，路基稳定性较好，但随着动应力水平增加和加载频率增大，路基的累积变形加剧并产生动强度破坏。列车提速使路基的弹性变形增大，但对路基的回弹模量影响较小。路基湿度增加导致临界动应力、回弹模量显著降低，而回弹应变、循环累积应变迅速增加，有可能导致路基产生动强度破坏，因此，雨季时应限速行车。 相似文献
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Deformation modulus of fly ash is one of the most important mechanical properties generally used in different design problems
and also as an input parameter to sophisticated numerical techniques employed to assess the response of different structures
resting on fly ash fill or embankment made of fly ash. Deformation modulus is usually expressed in terms of compressive strength.
This paper presents the deformation modulus of fly ash modified with lime alone or in combination with gypsum at different
strain levels. The values of deformation modulus obtained from both unconfined compression test and unconsolidated undrained
triaxial test results are presented herein. The specimens for unconfined compression test and for undrained triaxial tests
were cured up to 90 and 28 days, respectively. The effects of addition of lime (4–10%) and gypsum (0.5 and 1.0%) on the deformation
modulus of class F fly ash are highlighted. With addition of lime and gypsum, the class F fly ash achieved the deformation
modulus in the range of 190 MPa in UCS test and up to 300 MPa in triaxial test specimens tested under all round pressure of
0.4 MPa. Based on the present test results empirical relationships are developed to estimate deformation modulus of modified
fly ash from unconfined compressive strength and relationships between initial tangent modulus and secant modulus at different
strain levels are also developed. 相似文献
18.
Youliang Chen Rafig Azzam Ming Wang Shan Xu Lequn Chang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(1):29-36
The compressive and tensile strengths of frozen clay are important parameters for frozen wall design in artificial freezing
excavation of tunnels and foundation pits. Up to now, nobody has conducted the compressive and tensile test of frozen clays
in Shanghai area. In this paper, the unconfined compressive and tensile tests of frozen clay specimens drilled from the soil
horizons 3–5 in Shanghai area were conducted in Zwick-Z020kN High-low Temperature Materials Testing Machine and Frozen Soil
Triaxial Testing Machine, the corresponding constitutive equations were suggested; the temperature-unconfined uniaxial compressive
strength relation was discussed; the strain rate–unconfined uniaxial compressive strength and strain rate–uniaxial tensile
strength relations were studied. The relation between moisture content, dry density and unconfined uniaxial compressive strength
was analyzed, too. In addition, the uniaxial compressive elastic modulus of Shanghai frozen clays and its influence factors
were discussed. The research work of the current paper is very helpful for the design and theoretical studies of artificial
freezing excavation in soft soil areas. 相似文献
19.
重载铁路路基压实粗颗粒土填料动力破坏规律试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
重载铁路常常通过提高货车轴重来达到增加运量的目的,而大轴重货车运行会对路基粗颗粒土填料产生较大的循环动力作用,这容易导致路基塑性变形过大甚至使路基发生破坏,而这些病害均与粗颗粒土填料的动力破坏规律有关。为研究该类填料在动力作用下的破坏规律进行了一系列大型动三轴试验,分析了围压和含水率对填料塑性变形增长的影响,根据塑性变形增长的特点将试样分为了稳定试样和破坏试样,由此得出了临界动应力的表达公式,并探讨了不同轴重下路基破坏的可能性。此外,还分析了围压和含水率对粗颗粒土填料动强度的影响,结果表明,填料静、动强度之间具有很好的相关性,通过归一化处理提出了利用静强度推求相应动强度的公式。 相似文献
20.
水泥粉煤灰加固有机质土的试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对于高有机质含量的泻湖相软土,单纯采用水泥不能有效提高该软土的力学性能,因此提出了采用水泥和粉煤灰作为固化剂的加固方法。通过不同水泥掺入量、粉煤灰掺入量和龄期下水泥土的无侧限抗压强度试验,分析了水泥粉煤灰固化土的强度规律和变形规律,探讨了水泥和粉煤灰加固高有机质含量软土的机理。结果表明,粉煤灰对于水泥试块的早期强度影响较小,对后期强度影响较大;粉煤灰最佳掺入量为12％,超过此掺入量水泥土强度反而会降低,粉煤灰水泥土的破坏应变、E50也在粉煤灰掺量为12％时分别达到最低值和最大值。水泥掺加粉煤灰可有效地提高高有机质含量软土的强度。 相似文献