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表面张力是固体表面重要的物理化学参数之一,其大小与温度和界面两相物质的性质有关。基于Young方程的推导,使用接触角测量法计算固体表面张力已被广泛应用于表面科学和工程领域。宝玉石材料大多具有光洁的表面,在接触角测量的准确性方面较其他表面不均一的固体材料具有明显的技术优势。本文运用现代仪器(FTA200动态接触角测量仪)测量了15个天然和合成宝玉石品种(钻石、合成碳硅石、合成立方氧化锆、碧玺、托帕石、翡翠、琥珀等),以及经覆膜和充填2种处理方法的宝玉石样品(镀膜钻石、覆膜托帕石、覆膜翡翠、覆膜琥珀、充填碧玺)的表面接触角,并运用公式计算其表面张力。测试数据表明,不同品种宝玉石的接触角数值存在差异,如钻石的接触角值为56.68°,其仿制品立方氧化锆的接触角值为37.79°;覆膜处理与未经覆膜处理的天然宝玉石的接触角数值差异明显,如琥珀的接触角值为92.49°,覆膜琥珀的接触角值为66.49°;充填处理宝玉石接触角的测试由于控制液滴的大小受条件限制操作难度较大,测试结果不能准确表达为裂隙中充填物的接触角数值,故充填处理的宝石不宜采用此方法进行区分。研究表明,对于部分宝玉石品种和覆膜处理宝玉石,其表面接触角及表面张力数值差异显著,可以作为宝玉石品种的辅助鉴定依据;尤其是运用接触角的差异对于宝玉石鉴定具有较好的判别性,能够对不同品种的天然宝玉石与表面覆膜的宝玉石样品进行有效区分。与常规宝石检测方法(如红外光谱、折射率测量方法)对比,接触角测量方法具有测量准确、操作简便,不破坏样品的特点,符合宝玉石无损鉴定的基本原则,且能够安全快速地测量高折射率宝石,可以解决宝玉石表面覆膜等与表面物性相关的检测疑难问题。 相似文献
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Peter Lyckberg 《地质科学译丛》2012,(2):58-71
1背景介绍
自20世纪70年代,芬兰东南部维堡地块环斑花岗岩便以其晶洞状伟晶岩而闻名。部分品洞产出顶级烟晶以及优质无色或蓝色托帕石。自1984年以来还发现了世界级的金绿柱石晶体。 相似文献
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因宝石检测常附带无损要求、宝石评价具科学性和不确定性等特点,X射线衍射(XRD)在宝石学这门矿物学的分支学科中的应用具有特殊性,其应用领域主要集中在三个方面。①宝石鉴定领域:对单晶宝石和多晶宝石进行物相鉴定、宝石产地特征研究以及宝石矿物多型的种类划分等。例如根据XRD图谱,可将品种繁多的微晶石英隐晶质变种玉髓中不同的SiO2质矿物相精确区分;通过黏土矿物成分及其含量可将鸡血石中"地"的种类进行划分。②宝石矿物的晶体结构研究:对成分复杂的单晶宝石进行晶体化学分析、获取矿物类质同象替代情况、利用结晶度划分宝石品质。例如晶格参数中的c/a比值可将绿柱石的Al八面体类质同象替代和Be四面体类质同象替代进行区分;软玉中通过XRD数据计算出的结晶度与软玉的品质关系密切。③宝石学研究技术的开发:对宝石的优化处理过程进行监测,在宝石合成过程中检验矿物晶形大小、结晶质量及内应力等,以有机宝石的晶体结构为基础的人工养殖技术研究。例如尖晶石在热处理过程中,Mg离子由四面体中的T位迁移至八面体中的M位,导致M-O和T-O键长随温度变化,并反映在尖晶石的色调中;在托帕石合成过程中,XRD数据显示770~800℃时形成含氟托帕石(与天然托帕石结构相同),而在950℃和1000℃出现含氟托帕石离解成刚玉和莫来石。目前,我国在宝石学的XRD应用方面起步较晚,国外在宝石鉴定、优化与合成方面的应用相对成熟。本文认为,该技术与扫描电镜、质子探针等分析技术的联用仍有很大发展空间。 相似文献
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氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)应用于测定地质样品中的痕量硒具有较高的灵敏度,但复杂的基质仍会增加分析难度,尤其是富含有机质样品与硫化物样品中的有机碳、复杂配合物和共存离子等带来的干扰,故样品前处理十分重要。采用常规的巯基棉(thiol cotton fibre, TCF)富集分离方法处理富含有机质样品与硫化物样品时,常会出现回收率不稳定、TCF过早饱和的现象。因此,本文针对富含有机质样品,使用双TCF柱法,通过两次吸附可以有效减少有机质的干扰;针对硫化物样品,可通过增加TCF的用量或者减少称样量来提高硒的回收率。标准物质和实际样品的测定结果表明优化的方法可满足分析要求,对富有机质样品,硒的回收率大于95.1%±0.37%;对硫化物样品,硒的回收率大于95.5%±1.92%。同时,研究也表明,采用微波消解处理样品,能够有效地避免硒在消解过程中的损失。改进后的方法提升了富集分离效果,适用于有机质和硫化物地质样品中的痕量硒(ng/g～μg/g级)分析要求。 相似文献
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在分析测试靖宇中生代煤系泥质粘土样品时,发现一种规则的伊利石/蒙脱石间层矿物。经实验研究测得定向样品平均层厚 d001=26.0×10~(-10)m 乙二醇饱和平均厚度为28.6×10~(-10)m。DTA 和 TG 分析表明,都与标准的累托石相符合,因此定名为累托石。1980年国际新矿物和矿物命名委员会明确规定累托石为二八面体钠云母和蒙脱石1:1规则间层矿物。1981年出版的《矿物百科大全》认为累托石是由带少电荷具膨胀性的类贝得石层与带多电荷非膨胀性类云 相似文献
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Summary In the area of the Ghundao Hill (Northern Frontier Province, Pakistan) an orange-yellow to cherry-red topaz is found in calcite,
quartz, white mica veins crosscutting the schistosity of probably Silurian to Devonian gray limestones. Topaz with such a
range of colours is traded as Imperial Topaz. Low fluorine contents of about 15 wt.%, oxygen isotope thermometry, K/Ar age
determination on white mica, fluid inclusion data and mineral textures indicate that the topaz from Ghundao Hill crystallized
at temperatures of about 230 °C during the Eocene Himalayan tectonothermal event and not from a late to postmagmatic granite-related
fluid. The pink Topaz from Ghundao Hill shares the coexistence with carbonates, low fluorine content and a crystallization
at low temperature and pressure during a regional tectonothermal event with the Imperial Topaz from Ouro Preto (Brazil) and
from the Sanarka/Kamenka rivers (South Urals, Russia). The efficiency of topaz to remove fluorine from fluids at low temperature
explains how topaz can be formed from metamorphic fluids that are typically poor in fluorine. High CO2 activity produced in the fluids by metamorphic decarbonatisation reactions and Al buffering by white mica prevented fluorination
of carbonates stabilising topaz relative to fluorite. 相似文献
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Mineralogy and origin of dumortierite from Girola area,Bhandara district,Eastern Maharashtra 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Dumortierite an aluminium borosilicate mineral occurring as aggregates of fibrous, nodular and displaying variable colours
is found at Girola hill of Bhandara district. It is associated with kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, muscovite (sericite),
quartz, topaz, rutile, tourmaline and pyrophyllite. It is pink, violet and blue (indigo blue) in colour associated with quartz
veins. It shows strong pleochroism from colourless to light pink and pale blue to violet (azure blue). 相似文献
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为探究不同颜色电气石中致色元素的化学状态及其化学环境,利用X射线光电子能谱方法对绿色调（墨绿色、蓝绿色、淡绿色）和粉红色调电气石样品进行分析。结果表明,绿色调和粉红色调电气石样品中均含有少量的过渡金属离子,如Fe,Mn,Ti,Cr,且不含Li和Be。不同颜色的电气石晶体中过渡金属阳离子的化学状态相同,且分别为Fe3＋,Mn4＋,Ti4＋,Cr3＋,但其与阴离子配位的环境有所差别。绿色调电气石样品中虽然Fe的质量分数有较大的差别,但均有部分Fe元素与F结合,即占据晶体结构中的Y位;粉红色电气石样品中,Fe离子没有与F形成配位,仅占据结构中的Z位。相反,在粉红色电气石样品中,Mn主要与F结合配位的方式存在,占据结构中的Y位,而绿色调电气石样品中大部分的Mn与O配位成键,只有少部分的Mn与F结合配位。由于Fe3＋,Mn4＋离子对之间电荷转移的可能性不大,故电气石的颜色可能主要由于d—d电子跃迁和氧与金属离子（O2--M）间电荷转移吸收引起,尤其是由于化学环境的差异（包括配位阴离子种类、杂质缺陷、结构畸变等）所引起。 相似文献
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页岩储层中的裂缝和微纳米级孔隙是页岩油的主要赋存空间。岩心样品高效无损洗油是页岩孔隙结构表征和页岩油赋存研究的关键,但是目前的实验方案并不统一。通过调研总结常用的洗油方法,针对现行广泛使用的浸泡抽提法、快速萃取法以及气驱+索氏抽提法对大港油田沧东凹陷孔二段页岩(块样,1 cm×1 cm×1 cm)进行洗油测试,利用Rock-Eval 热解仪和气相色谱仪对洗油前后的样品以及萃取出的可溶有机质进行了实验效果对比和三种方法之间的优劣性分析。研究结果表明,随着实验时间的延长萃取物中重烃含量逐渐增加,且低孔低渗的页岩岩心在常温常压下难以达到理想的洗油效果。升温和增压可以提高洗油效率,但长时间的高温作用会使部分重烃和吸附组分裂解,当裂解的速度大于轻烃组分被萃取的速度时,S1值会出现随着洗油时间上升的现象;合适的压力条件可以有效促进洗油速率,但如果条件控制不好会造成样品破碎或者内部孔隙被破坏。建议在洗油过程中采用较低的压力、常温或者稍微加温以加快实验速度,驱替法和抽提法结合会有更好的效果。 相似文献
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改色黄玉的红外光谱研究及其鉴别的数学模型 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对天然黄玉与辐照改色黄玉的红外光谱研究发现,天然黄玉与辐照改色黄玉的透射红外光谱存在着一些差异,以这些差异为基础,利用数学方法把这些差异定量化,建立鉴别天然黄玉与辐照改色黄玉的数学模型,通过计算机编程,使宝石鉴定逐渐向自动化发展. 相似文献
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以老挝石和寿山石的岩相学为基础,对其矿物学上的差异性进行了对比分析研究.重点用电子探针（EMPA）分析了老挝石和寿山石组成的化学元素种类及含量.用X射线粉晶衍射（XRD）分析了老挝石和寿山石的矿物组成.研究结果表明,老挝石和寿山石两者在矿物学上的差异主要体现在颜色、成分等方面,老挝石的颜色主要为红、白、粉,较少出现黄色,寿山石颜色丰富多彩,有红、白、粉、紫、黄、绿等,不同品种颜色差异较大.造成老挝石和寿山石颜色差异的主要原因为Fe元素含量的变化,Fe含量越高,颜色越深.老挝石和寿山石的主要矿物组成大致相同,主要由地开石、高岭石和珍珠陶石等组成,但两者在矿物组成含量及种类上略有差异.寿山石品种不同,矿物组成略有差异,如寿山虎口石中出现黄铁矿和叶蜡石,这在老挝石的研究中没有发现. 相似文献
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F. A. Letnikov 《Petrology》2008,16(4):319-334
The paper presents the first data obtained on topaz granites from dikes in columbite-bearing granites of the Kokchetav block, northern Kazakhstan. The columbite-bearing granites (398 ± 3 Ma, Rb-Sr method) compose large massifs and ubiquitously contain columbite as an accessory mineral in amounts from a few to a few dozen grams per ton. The topaz granites make up dikes up to 70–100 m long and 0.4–1.5 m thick, which have sharp contacts with the host granites. The composition of the topaz granites is as follows: albite ～50%, potassic feldspar ～24–26%, quartz ～20%, topaz 3–5%, biotite and muscovite ～1%. Topaz occurs in inner contact zones in the form of large (3–4 cm) crystals, which grew inward from dike contacts and is ubiquitous in the fine-grained groundmass as small (no larger than 0.05 mm) crystals. The ore minerals in the topaz granites (zircon, thorite, bastnaesite, Y-cerite, monazite, Y-fluorite, W-ixiolite, tantalite, columbite, and uraninite) developed as very small grains, which can be identified only under a microprobe and electron microscope. W-ixiolite was found only in topaz crystals. The topaz granites are rich in albite, contain Na > K and F concentrations from 0.2 to 0.97 wt %. Compared to the host columbite-bearing granites, the topaz granites are 10–15 times richer in Ta and Li, 3-8 times richer in Rb, Cs, Nb, Sn, F, and Be but 1.2–2 times poorer in U, Th, and REE. The columbite-bearing granites have Ta/Nb = 1: 20, while this ratio in the topaz granites is 1: 3, a fact highlighting the enrichment of the granites in Ta and their geochemical autonomy with respect to columbite-bearing granites. 相似文献
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癞子岭黄玉云英岩中流体—熔融包裹体研究—黄玉云英岩成因的探讨 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
癞子岭黄玉云英岩矿物中流体－熔融包裹体研究揭示黄玉云英岩是岩浆－热液过渡阶段的结晶产物。而黄玉云英岩中岩浆作用与交代作用特征并存现象则是低温成岩熔体在结晶过程中共存的热液对已形成的矿物产生水岩反应的结果。 相似文献
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晶体形态是描述矿物最直观的数据。本文对江西漂塘钨矿床中的５个黄玉晶体进行了晶体测量、投影、计算和实际晶体的立体图绘制，并对其形态特征进行了分析和总结。 相似文献
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《International Geology Review》2012,54(2):125-128
The concentrations of aqueous solution from which quartz, feldspar, topaz, tourmaline and other minerals crystallize during the hydrothermal stage, is important to an understanding of pegmatite formation. Two opposing theories have been advanced on solution concentration: 1) Pegmatitic minerals separate from highly concentrated solution, without marked change in concentration, by gradual cooling. 2) Pegmatitic minerals separate as a result of flow and of renovation of the exhausted contents of solutions; this need is based on low solubility of silica in pure water. Study of liquid inclusions in minerals reveals that separation of hydrothermal minerals is known to occur from aqueous solutions heavily saturated with alkaline-halide salts, carbonates, borates, and free carbonic acid. From observations made on secondary liquid inclusions in topaz samples from pegmatites, it was found that one-third of the inclusion-cavity volume was occupied by the gas bubble and the remainder of the volume, largely, by small crystals of several solid phases. Inclusion contents could not be completely homogenized, because they exploded at 400° - 450° C; homogenization required temperatures above 500° C. Flattened inclusions, formed by healing of cracks parallel to the (001) cleavage plane, were examined. At room temperature, the included bubble was disk like; on heating to temperatures of 180° - 200° C, the bubble contracted revealing beneath it a circular crescent-shaped depression, probably an indication that crystal substance had been deposited on inclusion-cavity walls. Accordingly, crystal substance precipitated out after entrapment of solution in the cavity because redeposition occurred around the bubble; this could have been possible only after the solution had been completely enclosed and subsequently cooled. To determine the original amount of substance entrapped, measurements were made of inclusion-cavity volume, thickness of substance deposited within the cavity (found to be about 2 percent of inclusion-cavity height), and depth of crescent-shaped depression. From these data it was found that up to 2 percent volume of the topaz substance remained in dissolved state at relatively low temperatures. Deposition traces were found on walls of sufficiently flat inclusions where a large part of the wall surface was blocked by a flattened bubble; presence of these conditions was required in order to detect the deposited layer and measure its height. 相似文献