共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Rock failure is observed around boreholes often with certain types of failure zones, which are called breakouts. Laboratory‐scale drilling tests in some high‐porosity quartz‐rich sandstone have shown breakouts in the form of narrow localized compacted zones in the minimum horizontal stress direction. They are called fracture‐like breakouts. Such compaction bands may affect hydrocarbon extraction by forming barriers that inhibit fluid flow and may also be a source of sand production. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of borehole breakouts using 3D discrete element method to investigate the mechanism of the fracture‐like breakouts and to identify the role of far‐field stresses on the breakout dimensions. The numerical tool was first verified against analytical solutions. It was then utilized to investigate the failure mechanism and breakout geometry for drilled cubic rock samples of Castlegate sandstone subjected to different pre‐existing far‐field stresses. Results show that failure occurs in the zones of the highest concentration of tangential stress around the borehole. It is concluded that fracture‐like breakout develops as a result of a nondilatant failure mechanism consisting of localized grain debonding and repacking and grain crushing that lead to the formation of a compaction band in the minimum horizontal stress direction. In addition, it is found that the length of fracture‐like breakouts depends on both the mean stress and stress anisotropy. However, the width of the breakout is not significantly changed by the far‐field stresses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Geotechnical experiments show that Lode angle‐dependent constitutive formulations are appropriate to describe the failure of geomaterials. In the present study, we have adopted one such class of failure criteria along with a versatile constitutive relationship to theoretically analyze the effects of Lode angle on localized shear deformation or shear band formation in loose sand for both drained and undrained conditions. We determine the variation in the possible stress states for shear localization due to the introduction of Lode angle by considering the localized deformation as a bifurcation problem. Further, similar bifurcation analysis is performed for the stress states along a specific loading path, namely, plane strain compression at the constitutive level. In addition, the plane strain compression tests have been simulated as a boundary value finite element problem to see how Lode angle affects the post‐localization response. Results show that the inclusion of a Lode angle parameter within the failure criterion has considerable effects on the onset, plastic strain, and propagation of shear localization in loose sand specimens. For drained condition, we notice early inception of shear localization and multiple band formation when the Lode angle‐dependent failure criterion is used. Undrained localization characteristics, however, found to be independent of Lode angle consideration. 相似文献
3.
随着页岩气开采、废水回注和CO2地质封存工程活动的进行,储层应力环境改变诱发地震的问题得到广泛关注,研究储层岩石变形破裂和声发射规律对于理解诱发地震活动具有重要意义。本文选取了页岩、致密砂岩和白云岩开展三轴压缩声发射试验,获取了空间裂缝形态,揭示了不同类型储层岩石的变形破裂过程和声发射特征。结果表明:(1)页岩的扩容应力与峰值应力比最高,其次为白云岩和致密砂岩,表明页岩主要发生脆性破坏。(2)岩石结构对裂缝扩展和强度具有明显影响,页岩层理发育,抗压强度和裂缝形态各向异性显著。当层理角度为0°时,试样发生剪切-拉张复合型破坏。当层理角度为30°和60°时,试样主要发生剪切破坏。当层理角度增大至90°时,试样主要发生拉张破坏。致密砂岩破裂形成剪切主裂缝,白云岩形成两条剪切主裂缝和微裂缝。(3)不同类型储层岩石破裂过程声发射特征差异显著。页岩在扩容应力点附近有少量声发射活动,达到峰值应力时,声发射活动迅速增强。致密砂岩仅在破裂瞬间有少量声发射活动。相比之下,白云岩在裂缝非稳定扩展阶段和峰后阶段声发射活动显著。因此,在工程实践中需要根据微震监测调整施工措施,避免页岩作为储盖层发生脆性破坏和白云岩储层改造诱发地震。 相似文献
4.
The analysis of three cataclastic band sets from Provence (France) reveals that the band density, their conjugate angles, their ratio of shear displacement to compaction, and the amount of cataclasis within the bands differ and can be expressed as functions of tectonic setting and petrophysical properties. We identify (1) a dense and closely spaced network of shear-enhanced (reverse) compaction bands; (2) a regularly spaced less dense network of reverse compactional shear bands; and (3) a localized network of normal shear bands. The field data show that strain localization is favored in an extensional regime and is characterized by shear bands with a large shear to compaction ratio and a small conjugate band angle. In contrast, distributed strain is favored in a contractional regime and is characterized by compactional bands with a low ratio of shear to compaction and a large conjugate band angle. To explain the mechanical origin of this strain localization, we quantify the yield strength and the stress evolution in extensional and contractional regimes in a frictional porous granular material. We propose a model of strain localization in porous sands as a function of tectonic stresses, burial depth, material properties, strain hardening and fluid pressure. Our model suggests that stress reduction, inherent to extensional regime, favors strain localization as shear bands, whereas stress increase during contraction favors development of compactional bands. 相似文献
5.
Conventional triaxial compression and “reducing confining pressure” experiments were carried out for red sandstone by an MTS815 Flex Test GT rock mechanics experimental system. Our results show that the post-peak axial deformation characteristics of red sandstone changed as the confining pressure was increased from 5 to 65?MPa. Young’s modulus of red sandstone increased nonlinearly with increasing confining pressure, but Poisson’s ratio remained unaffected. Using our new data, the compactive and dilatant behavior, strength and failure characteristics of sandstone under triaxial compression are further discussed. For our data, the nonlinear Hoek-Brown criterion better reflects the peak strength properties than the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. However, the residual strength shows a clear linear relationship with confining pressure, which can be best described using the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. The peak and residual strengths were not directly related to the two different loading paths. The onset of dilatancy (C′), the switch from compaction-dominated to dilatant-dominated behavior (D′) and the stress at zero volumetric strain all increased linearly with the confining pressure. In our conventional triaxial compression experiments, the failure mode changed from mixed tension and shear fracture (single shear fracture) to shear fracture with double slippage planes with increasing confining pressure. However, the failure mode in our “reducing confining pressure” experiments was more complicated and results mainly from the unstable failure characteristics of the rock during the reduction in confining pressure. Finally, based on our acoustic emission (AE) locations, at a confining pressure of 35?MPa, a detailed analysis of the evolutionary process of internal cracks is presented for the entire loading process. 相似文献
6.
Knowledge of compactant behavior and the associated subsidence for high porosity carbonate formations is crucial in applications such as enhanced oil recovery. To gain insights into inelastic compaction and failure modes of a porous chalk under different loading histories, triaxial compression experiments were conducted on a high porosity (45 %) chalk, tested using three stress paths: no precompaction (virgin rock), precompacted to 30 MPa, and precompacted to 60 MPa. For the virgin chalk with no precompaction under triaxial compression, the transition from axial splitting to shear fracturing to compaction banding was observed. By precompacting the specimens to mean stresses of 30 and 60 MPa, the brittle failure regime expanded. In 60 MPa precompacted specimens, shear fracture was observed over a larger range of mean stress. Furthermore, precompaction increased the internal friction angle due to permanent volume change, but the cohesion decreased due to damage. 相似文献
7.
高温后砂岩动力特性应变率效应的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用MTS652.02高温炉与φ50 mm分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验系统,对800 ℃加热后的砂岩试样进行单轴冲击压缩试验,分析17.904～62.600 s-1应变率范围内砂岩动力特性的变化规律。结果表明：800 ℃后砂岩动态应力-应变曲线大致经历压密、近似线弹性变形、微裂纹演化、裂纹非稳定扩展、应变软化以及卸载6个阶段;随着应变率提高,砂岩动态弹性模量、峰值应力随应变率的提高基本呈对数形式逐渐增加,峰值应变近似呈对数形式逐渐降低;较低应变率下,砂岩破坏为典型的张拉破坏,随着应变率的升高,剪切破裂面所占比例逐渐升高,砂岩破坏型式具有从张拉破坏向剪切破坏的变化趋势;800 ℃热处理后,砂岩破坏程度随应变率的提高逐渐提高,并且高应变率下破坏程度的应变率敏感性更加显著。 相似文献
8.
揭示致密砂岩的破裂机制对致密油气储层压裂设计和压裂缝网改造具有重要的指导意义。本文采用鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长6储层致密砂岩试样,开展了不同围压下的常规三轴压缩试验,分析了围压对岩石力学性质的影响。采用声发射定位技术研究了试样破裂过程,分析了不同围压下声发射定位事件的信号特征及其时空演化序列。此外,对破裂后试样进行了CT扫描,基于CT切片图像观测了试样内部破裂特征。得到以下几点认识:（1）不同围压下,声发射时空演化差异主要表现在压密阶段。随着围压的增加,声发射事件主要发生时段后移。（2）围压对声发射特征参数累计振铃计数的影响主要表现在压密阶段,其他阶段累计振铃计数呈相似变化趋势。不同围压下均可将累计振铃计数快速增加的瞬间作为岩石即将破裂的标志。（3）随着围压的增加,岩石破裂形态趋于简单化,由拉张破裂为主的复杂形态逐渐转变为单一的剪切破裂形态。（4）CT扫描切片直观地反映了试样的破裂形态,与声发射定位所得试样整体破裂形态相吻合,并且在声发射定位的基础上进一步刻画了裂纹分布情况与各裂纹相互作用过程。采用声发射定位技术与CT扫描双重方法,研究试样破裂过程,对于深入研究岩石破裂机制具有一定的意义。 相似文献
9.
准确确定Kaiser点是研究声发射测量地应力的关键.通过对模拟岩心的水泥块进行单轴受压破坏过程的声发射试验,得到了试件在试验过程中的应力-应变曲线、应力、声发射强度、声发射累积数与时间的关系图.分别对试样用突变点法、最大曲率法、双切线法、重加载法（抹录不尽现象、两次加载相减法）、多方面综合判定法以及声发射强度信号的统计分析法进行了分析.从不同的方面认识了试样的Kaiser点的特性,总结并分析了确定Kaiser点的方法以及各自的适应性,并进行了优选.研究表明,试验确定了试样的物理特性,各种方法都能从不同角度和机理上解释Kaiser点现象,综合判定法能相对更加全面、准确地确定Kaiser点. 相似文献
10.
本文模拟了巷道开挖之后,围岩发生局部破坏过程中的声发射及能量释放的演变规律,其中考虑了围岩的峰后扩容特性。介绍了FLAC中扩容角的引入方法,对于剪切而言,仅第3塑性主应变的增量才与扩容角有关。阐述了统计声发射及能量释放的方法,前者仅统计事件的数目,而后者可以考虑事件的大小。研究发现,扩容角的增加会使巷道围岩中的剪破坏单元数及所释放的能量提高;会使V形坑变大、变钝、变深,这是由于第3主应力与剪切带之间的夹角增加的结果。解释了设置固定的抗拉强度,单元却发生拉伸软化及释放拉伸应变能的原因。从与能量释放有关的量的演变规律中一般能发现V形坑式破坏的前兆,而从声发射数上则不然,这反映了统计事件大小的优势。如果将扩容角置零,会低估围岩的破坏范围及释放的能量,但是对于巷道围岩的再次平衡却是有利的。 相似文献
11.
剪切带倾角尺度律与局部化启动跳跃稳定研究 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：9
研究了剪切带倾角是如何依赖于岩样高度以及剪切带的不稳定性。建立了准脆性材料试件剪切带倾角尺度效应模型,得到了剪切带倾角尺度效应的解析解,且与实验结果比较相符。研究结果表明:剪切带倾角随着试件高度的增加而增加,但其增加幅逐渐减缓,最终趋于稳定值。笔者还对剪应变局部化启动、跳跃和稳定进行了理论分析,解释了实验所观测到的剪切带跳跃现象和砂岩岩样应变局部化较煤样滞后的原因。剪应变局部化是否发生跳跃,关键取决于全程应力-应变曲线软化段是否存在拐点。对于没有拐点的情形,宏观剪切带图案不跳跃。局部化是导致准脆性材料试件剪切带倾角尺度效应的原因。 相似文献
12.
This paper is devoted to numerical analysis of strength and deformation of cohesive granular materials. The emphasis is put on the study of effects of confining pressure and loading path. To this end, the three-dimensional discrete element method is used. A nonlinear failure criterion for inter-granular interface bonding is proposed, and it is able to account for both tensile and shear failure for a large range of normal stress. This criterion is implemented in the particles flow code. The proposed failure model is calibrated from triaxial compression tests performed on representative sandstone. Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data. In particular, the effect of confining pressure on compressive strength and failure pattern is well described by the proposed model. Furthermore, numerical predictions are studied, respectively, for compression and extension tests with a constant mean stress. It is shown that the failure strength and deformation process are clearly affected by loading path. Finally, a series of numerical simulations are performed on cubic samples with three independent principal stresses. It is found that the strength and failure mode are strongly influenced by the intermediate principal stress.
相似文献13.
双向加载煤岩变形与声发射特性颗粒流研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了明确煤岩双向应力状态下的强度和损伤特性,通过煤岩的单轴试验测得其力学参数,然后利用颗粒流和fish程序结合试验结果获得煤岩细观力学参数,进行了煤岩双向加载下的强度、变形和损伤声发射特征的研究。获得以下主要结论:双向加载煤岩变形破坏过程中,中间主应力对屈服阶段影响最显著,而对峰后软化阶段基本没有影响,这与三向加载下围压对峰后软化阶段的影响不同,从而表明双向加载条件下煤岩峰后基本不存在脆性-延性转化的特征。双向加载下煤岩的体变经历线性体缩、非线性扩容和线性扩容阶段,中间主应力对非线性扩容阶段影响显著,而对其他两个阶段基本没有影响。煤岩损伤破坏过程中,在弹性阶段声发射呈线性增加趋势但增速较小,屈服阶段声发射进入非线性快速增加阶段,在峰值附近增速最快,峰后初期达到最大强度,随后声发射强度急剧减小。声发射最大强度有一定的滞后效应,随着中间主应力的增大,最大声发射强度的滞后效应相对减弱,且随着中间主应力的增大,声发射最大强度持续时间段明显延长。 相似文献
14.
为了解盐岩在压剪受力状态下的损伤特性,设计了不同放置角度的盐岩压剪试验和声发射信号采集试验,研究了盐岩试件在不同剪切角度下的损伤力学特性和声发射信号特征。针对压剪受力状态,从一般力学模型入手,讨论建立了关于剪应力和正应变的剪切损伤模型。试验结果表明,随放置角度的增大,盐岩的力学特性由塑性为主要特征逐渐转为脆性为主要特征;试验中放置角度越大,盐岩试件峰值剪应力越小,试件整体承载能力也呈下降趋势,试件的变形能力减弱,抗变形能力则随放置角度增大而先增大后减小,45°时达到最大。声发射信号表明,盐岩由于其自身的结构和损伤破坏特征,盐岩在压剪受力状态下的声发射信号比较明显;试件的放置角度为55°、65°时,在屈服阶段AE计数波动相对越剧烈,试件破坏的也越快;试件的放置角度小于45°时,AE计数呈递增式增长,峰值一般出现峰值应力附近。 相似文献
15.
M. Mohammadi 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2015,10(1):57-67
In this study the relationship between brittle rocks’ behaviour and uniaxial compression stress is obtained based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and the behavioural characteristics of brittle rocks under uniaxial compression stress are investigated. According to the laboratory uniaxial compression tests on granite rocks, and also available results in the literature, required parameters in the study are obtained. It is indicated that the behaviour of brittle rocks which is affected by uniaxial compression is function of cohesion. In the other words, cohesion changes as the uniaxial compression increases. Also, in yield point where its stress is equivalent to the uniaxial compressive strength, the cohesion maximises. By suggesting a new viewpoint to the Mohr’s circle, normal stresses on failure plane, shear stresses tangential to the failure plane and hydrostatic stresses are investigated. Results show that, normal stress on the failure plane in yield point of the behavioural curve equals zero and shear stress tangential to the failure plane is maximum which is equal to the maximum rocks’ natural strength. Also, in this point the strength is equi-pressure, therefore the stress is of hydrostatic type. 相似文献
16.
为了研究粒状材料的各向异性力学行为与细观组构演化之间的关系,采用自主研发的双轴压缩试验系统,以圆形和椭圆形截面的金属棒状材料组成的二维堆积体为试验对象,对不同大主应力方向角?（沉积面与大主应力作用面的夹角）的试样进行了各向等压、常侧向压力、等p剪切3种应力路径试验,并通过分析试样在不同变形阶段的数字照片得到了其细观组构演化规律。发现对于椭圆形截面的试样存在一个卓越剪切方向,随剪应变增大,颗粒长轴呈现出向该方向偏转的趋势,并且在大变形条件下沿该方向形成剪切带;卓越剪切方向与沉积面方向关系不大,而与大主应力作用面方向夹角约为45°+ /2, 为残余内摩擦角;随卓越剪切方向与沉降方向夹角的不同,颗粒偏转程度的不同是导致剪胀特性和峰值强度各向异性的主要原因 相似文献
18.
交叉节理普遍存在于实际岩体中,但其对岩体力学破裂特性的影响至今未有全面深入的研究。制作了含3D打印交叉节理试样,采用声发射、CT扫描技术和数字图像相关技术(DIC)分析手段对单轴条件下含交叉节理试样的力学及破裂特性进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)主节理倾角较小时裂隙的分形维数DB与单轴强度、弹性模量和泊松比之间的变化关系比主节理倾角较大时的一致性更好,前者破裂模式的规律性好于后者。(2)主节理倾角较大时压密和弹性阶段节理和块体之间在张拉作用下会产生聚集性微破裂声发射事件,主节理倾角较小时不会产生这种现象。DIC应变云图中裂隙扩展路径上的微应变先于宏观破裂,可通过计算压缩条件下微应变最大区域预测破裂模式。(3)主节理对起裂角和裂隙扩展模式起主要作用,且声发射和分形特性具有统一性。次节理平行最大主应力时,总损伤主要由主节理扩展造成,累积声发射事件数量AAEE和DB均最大。AAEE和DB越大,破裂模式越复杂。(4)三维破裂模式以节理端部扩展产生的2~3个张拉翼裂隙面为主,内部三维宏观裂隙面上存在由不完全张拉破裂引起的非连续结构。 相似文献
19.
岩体内部赋存的裂隙很多表现为折线型,为探究这类岩体的断裂机制,制备含折线型裂隙砂岩试件并对其进行单轴压缩试验。采用数字图像相关(DIC)方法计算加载过程中的变形场演化,根据新生裂纹两侧的位移差异识别裂纹类型;运用扩展有限元法(XFEM)模拟断裂过程,根据应力分布特征解释翼型裂纹起裂与扩展机制。DIC计算结果表明,新生裂纹处出现应变局部化带,裂纹两侧发生相对分离;含直线型和折线型裂隙砂岩试件的翼型裂纹分别萌生于预制裂隙端部以及折角处,这是因为裂隙几何形态会改变拉应力集中位置;含折线型裂隙砂岩试件的起裂应力小于含直线型裂隙砂岩试件,这是因为相同加载条件下前者的最大拉应力值更大;这2类试件的裂纹扩展均是由于裂纹尖端集中的拉应力引起的,裂纹依然呈张开状态;裂隙几何形态未改变试件的最终破坏模式,均表现为对角剪切破坏。 相似文献
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为了探讨粒径对黄砂岩微观-宏观裂纹演化机制的影响,系统地开展了不同粒径黄砂岩单轴压缩声发射试验。基于声发射监测技术以及震源机制反演方法,对岩石变形破坏过程中微裂纹演化机制进行了研究,同时利用电镜扫描技术与几何分形理论,对破坏后的砂岩表面裂隙宏观形态及试件断口的微观形貌特征进行了分析。试验结果表明：粒径的大小、胶结物类型的不同均可影响岩石强度,通过室内试验得出随着黄砂岩粒径的逐渐增大,其峰值应力呈逐渐下降的变化趋势;对比不同粒径黄砂岩试件变形破坏过程中的声发射改进 b 值（ bI 值）与平均声发射能率,所有试件峰值破坏前平均声发射能率均存在“激增”与“激降”现象,且声发射 bI 值在砂岩试件达到峰值破坏时下降到最小值,该现象可以作为岩石的失稳破坏前兆特征;随着构岩矿物颗粒粒径的增大,岩石内部微裂纹的破坏模式由张拉型为主导向剪切型为主导进行转变;破坏后岩样表面宏观裂隙的分形维数随着岩石粒径的增加呈现下降的变化趋势,即粒径大小对岩石表面宏观裂隙演化过程具有一定控制作用。 相似文献