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1.
《Applied Geochemistry》1999,14(6):707-718
Poorly crystalline Al components of the clay fraction are often neglected in soil mineralogical studies. In this study 7 B horizons from podzolised soils in Sweden were analysed using a combination of infrared (IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selective extractions. It was found that most Bhs and Bs horizons contained allophane, imogolite and more or less hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite. Some Bhs and Bs horizons also contained small amounts of kaolinite and/or gibbsite. In one acid Bh horizon organically complexed Al was the only reactive Al fraction of importance. The vertical patterns of vermiculite and allophane/imogolite suggested that both had formed during the podzolisation process, but due to different mechanisms. The pattern of kaolinite and gibbsite occurrences indicated that these minerals were mostly inherited from the parent material. Oxalate and pyrophosphate extractions suggested that allophane and imogolite constituted the most important reactive inorganic Al fraction in the soils. This shows that allophane and imogolite seem to be the typical, rather than the occasional, reactive inorganic Al phases that form in the B horizon as a result of podzolisation. 相似文献
2.
This study demonstrates the capability of the longer wavelength (L-band) and fine mode images of the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), and the optical spectral bands of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) to map sedimentary formations and structures of the Marmul region, Central Oman. Results of study shows that the principal components image of the visible and near infrared–shortwave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) spectral bands of the ASTER have potential to discriminate the occurrence and distribution of marine and Quaternary sedimentary formations of the region. The color composite image developed using PALSAR data (R:HH?+?HV; G:HH; B:HV) has capable to differentiate the occurrence of the sedimentary formations and structures of the region. We developed ratios images by summing the HH intensity as a numerator and the HV intensity as a denominator (R:HH+(HH?+?HV)/HV, G:HH?+?HV, B:HH/HV), and by summing the HV intensity as a numerator and the HH intensity as a denominator (R:HV+(HH?+?HV)/HH, G:HV?+?HH, B:HV/HH) to study better the sedimentary formations and structures. The images discriminated well the occurrence of the limestones and shale formations of the marine deposits, the wadi alluvium of the Quaternary deposits and the manmade building structures of the region. We studied the minerals of the sedimentary formations using VNIR-SWIR spectral bands of the ASTER by spectral angle mapper (SAM) image processing method. The study showed presence of carbonates, silicates and OH bearing aluminosilicate minerals in the formations. The image interpretations are verified in the field and confirmed by the laboratory studies. 相似文献
3.
Insoluble organic matter (IOM) isolated from 22 carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites spanning a wide range of groups and petrologic types were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Based on common IR spectral features, it is observed that IOM falls into 4 molecularly distinct groups (designated here as A through D). Spectral group A includes type 1 and 2 chondrites and exhibits intense aliphatic C-H and carboxyl vibrational peaks. Spectral group B includes the least metamorphosed type 3 chondrites and Tagish Lake, and exhibits weaker aliphatic and carboxyl vibrational intensity. Spectral groups C and D include metamorphosed type ?3.1 chondrites and a heated CM chondrite. The carbonyl stretching features in spectral groups C and D differ from that in spectral groups A and B and from each other. In spectral group C, the carbonyl stretching is assigned to cyclic unsaturated lactones; in spectral group D carbonyl exists predominantly in the form of unsaturated ketone moieties. Both spectral groups C and D have a relatively narrow band structure around 1210 cm−1 (assigned to aromatic skeletal modes) as compared with spectral groups A and B, which is consistent with the formation of more condensed aromatics by extensive thermal metamorphism. The differences in carbonyl structures in spectral groups C and D are not the result of different effective metamorphic temperatures, rather these differences likely result from variation in the activity of water and oxygen at different stages of parent body metamorphism. Such environmental variations must be local phenomena in the parent bodies as there is no correlation between spectral grouping and chondrite class or group. 相似文献
4.
高山峡谷区影响土壤测量找矿效果的元素表生活动特性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究发现，高山峡谷区内土壤中元素的表生活动以表生富集作用为主，元素表征富集作用的程度、富集层位和粒级等受矿化作用和自然风化作用双重影响。非矿化地段土壤中元素的表生富集程度较矿化带处土壤中元素表生富集程度更强；矿化带处B层土壤比A层土壤中元素的富集强度稍大，元素明显地富集在粗粒级组分中；近矿（化）带的非矿化地段，A、B两层土壤仍受到矿化组分的影响，A层土壤比B层土壤受到的影响更加明显，粗粒级组分比细粒级组分反映敏感，C层土壤中元素在细粒级组分中轻微富集。根据本次研究结果，调整了高山峡谷区土壤测量工作方法，经试点测量验证，找矿效果良好。 相似文献
5.
蚀变矿物短波红外(SWIR)光谱特征日趋广泛地应用于矿产勘查研究中。绢云母作为热液矿床中最为发育的蚀变矿物之一,通过SWIR光谱技术提取其谱学特征,进而建立与矿床基础地质信息之间的相关性具有重要意义。然而,前人对于绢云母短波红外光谱特征的研究主要集中于单个矿床,缺少不同矿床间的对比。基于此,文章梳理了混合矿物光谱曲线中对单一矿物相对含量的提取方式,系统总结了温度、流体化学成分、流体pH值、寄主岩石、矿物结构、矿物粒度及共(伴)生矿物等因素对绢云母谱学特征空间变化规律的影响,最后,从契尔马克替换效应角度出发,分析对比了5种不同成因类型矿床中近矿端绢云母波长变化。虽然将绢云母短波红外光谱特征有效地应用于矿产勘查仍存在诸多问题,但作者相信,应用绢云母短波红外光谱特征进行矿产勘查依然具有良好的前景。 相似文献
6.
ASTER传感器提供了包括可见光-近红外（VNIR）、短波红外（SWIR）、热红外（TIR）共14个波段的地物波谱数据。其中最高分辨率在VNIR波段达到了15m。另外,在获得地物波谱数据的同时,它还能利用在03N波段和03B波段以不同视角获得的图像组成立体像对,从而获得同一地区的高程数据。这些特点为该数据的地质应用提供了很大的方便。由于断裂构造能造成断裂带内及其两侧之间地质环境与地貌特征的差异,这种差异会造成相应地区遥感影像中地物的波谱特征及空间分布即纹理型式上的差别。反之,使用多种图像处理技术,通过增强图像的灰度差并获取纹理图像,可以使这种差异凸现出来分析图像中的这些差异,找出在灰度和纹理上的规律性变化,不但可以推断可能的断裂分布,并可确定它的性质.利用ASTER数据高空间分辨率、多波谱段及同时提供DEM数据的特点,将之用于甘肃白银地区断裂构造的识别和判读。试验表明,利用该数据判读的结果与实地调查结果有相当的一致性。 相似文献
7.
J. S. Choudhari 《Journal of Earth System Science》1987,96(3):203-210
Arid soils with slight variations in parent material, vegetation and climate were studied for their morphological, chemical
and mineralogical characteristics. Results show that the soils are at different stages of profile development. Varying degrees
of pedogenic features have been tied up with data on palaeoenvironment to develop a relationship between the soil and age
of the landform. Studies reveal that Dune and Shergarh sandy soils with least degree of manifestation belong to early Holocene
to latest Pleistocene, whereas Chirai sandy soil with weakly developed B horizon belongs to the upper Holocene. Soils (Khajwana
and Gajsinghpura) with well-developed B horizon and a calcic layer with lime segregations belong to mid-Pleistocene whereas
Pali and Pipar soils with illuvial clay in B horizon belong to early Pleistocene. 相似文献
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10.
基于ASTER数据的内蒙古东乌珠穆沁北部地区遥感蚀变信息提取 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
ASTER数据在短波红外和热红外波段光谱信息明显优于ETM,使得在ASTER波段范围内能够更为详尽地刻画地物波谱,尤其是具有特征谱带的岩石和矿物.选择内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗北部地区为工作区域,设计了用光谱角制图法提取矿化蚀变信息的技术方案.通过波段组合和增强处理,ASTER数据对含Fe-OH(如黄钾铁矾,含铁白云母)、Al-OH(如粘土类矿物、明矾石、绿泥石、绢云母)和Fe~(3+) (如褐铁矿,赤铁矿)3种类型蚀变信息的刻画能力明显比ETM更好.野外查证了提取结果的可靠性. 相似文献
11.
The southeastern part of the central Iranian Cenozoic magmatic belt contains many areas with copper mineralization. In an analysis of this region, we used the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) images to map the distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks, based on their mineral assemblages. The spectral measurements, based on the field samples and satellite‐image‐derived spectra, show dominantly Al–OH (sericite and clays) and Fe–O absorption features in the visible–near infrared to shortwave infrared regions of the spectrum. Silica–bearing rocks, as well as silicic alteration, show an intense Si–O vibrational feature in the thermal infrared wavelength region. We analyzed ASTER/ETM+ images, performed a directed principal component analysis, and used spectral angle mapper to map areas of hydrothermal alteration and iron oxide/hydroxide minerals. The individual principal component images compiled by directed principal component analysis reveal the distribution of individual alteration minerals such as sericite, kaolinite, chlorite, epidote, and quartz. The best results, in terms of mapping the distribution of alteration, were obtained using the spectral angle mapper method. The altered areas were then sampled and the samples subjected to X–ray diffraction analysis, spectral analysis, and thin sections were observed under a microscope. Field observations reveal that more than 98% of the known copper mineralization occurs within the interpreted alteration areas. The present results indicate the great potential of ASTER and ETM+ data for mapping the distribution of alteration and exploring for copper mineralization in areas with a similar climate and geological setting to those of the present study. 相似文献
12.
星叶石族矿物红外光谱研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在新测定的星叶石晶体结构资料的基础上,对星叶石矿物进行了详细和红外光谱研究,对比了单斜及三斜星叶石的红光谱特征,并对星叶石中工外吸收振动的归属问题进行了讨论。 相似文献
13.
We identified geological units in the Francistown area in northeastern Botswana by using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) thermal infrared (TIR) data, which contains both surface temperature and spectral emissivity information. A scatter plot of ASTER L1B daytime TIR digital values and L2 daytime temperature indicates that in the ASTER L1B daytime TIR data, bands 10, 11, and 12 contain spectral emissivity and temperature information, whereas surface temperature dominates the spectral emissivity information in bands 13 and 14. Visual interpretation of the ASTER TIR false color composite (FCC) images generated by assigning red, green, and blue to band 14:band 12:band 10 using L1B daytime data allowed us to identify mafic-to-ultramafic units and quartz-rich felsic units. Mafic-to-ultramafic units such as gabbro, dolerite, and dunite appear white in ASTER L1B daytime TIR FCC images due to their high spectral emissivities in the 8–9 μm region (bands 10 and 12) and high surface temperatures. Mafic-to-ultramafic units have higher surface temperatures than other geological units because they absorb more solar radiation due to their lower albedos and they have a lower thermal inertia. Quartz-rich felsic units such as granite and dry river sand appear reddish in the ASTER L1B daytime TIR FCC image because the spectral emissivity of quartz is lower in the 8–9 μm region (bands 10 and 12) than in the 10–12 μm region (band 14). Mafic-to-ultramafic and granitic units are important targets for mineral exploration because they are potential geological units to host or accompany mineralization. The proposed ASTER L1B daytime TIR FCC images can be prepared very simply and they provide valuable information for geological mapping and mineral exploration. 相似文献
14.
紫金山铜金矿床中黄铁矿质量分数达（5．3～7．0）W（B）／10^-2,主要有2种晶体形态即结晶完好与致密块状。二者含量比例为37：63;其形成世代,结晶形态、所含其他元素的种类、含量及与其他矿物的共生关系差异显著。采用矿物鉴定仪器,化学分析、电子探针、光栅光谱、红外光谱等分析,对该黄铁矿进行矿物学方面研究,结晶完好黄铁矿的化学成分、电子探针面线扫描分析,表明其属于硫化矿床中常见黄铁矿类型;致密块状黄铁矿属于较特殊类型．其化学成分中Cu、As含量是结晶完好者的15倍～18倍,W、Zn、Ni等含量变化大。通过光片、砂光片、红外光谱分析、化学式计算、电子探针等系统分析,说明这些元素与主元素Fe、S不呈类质同象替代关系,并证实其中包裹有微细的蓝辉铜矿、硫砷铜矿或似黄锡矿等矿物,导致成分中Cu、As、W、Zn等元素偏高和波动。实测显微密度（5．031～4．987）g／cm^3,显微硬度Hv10=（90．02～94．1）Mpa,（Hm=6．55～6．35）,测得反射率（R）54．10～53．50（白）。 相似文献
15.
Podzol development, vegetation change and glacier variations at Haugabreen, southern Norway 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
CHRISTOPHER J. CASELDINE JOHN A. MATTHEWS 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1987,16(3):215-230
16.
The application of both thermoluminescence and infrared stimulated luminescence dating to the extensively studied “classical” Hungarian loess/paleosol sequences from Basaharc, Mende, and Paks provides a reliable chronological framework and climatostratigraphic reconstruction for the last interglacial/glacial cycle. Based on this combined luminescence dating study a new chronology is proposed for the “Young Loess” in Hungary. Luminescence dating suggests that the loess below the MF2 horizon formed during the penultimate glaciation. The MF1 horizon probably formed during an interstade within oxygen isotope stage 3. For the youngest loess, overlying MF1, a very high accumulation rate was determined. Large time gaps occur above MF2 and MF1, indicating that most of the record of the last glaciation is missing in the standard sections at Basaharc, Mende, and Paks. Either large discontinuities or a very low accumulation rate occurred in all three type sections during the soil-forming periods. High-resolution studies of climatic proxies using this combined luminescence dating approach provide a reliable chronological framework for loess and loess derivatives of the last glacial cycle in Hungary, although a precise and complete chronostratigraphic reconstruction cannot be achieved from the incomplete records found at these sites. 相似文献
17.
David C. Edwards Steen B. Nielsen Thomas G. Spiro 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(13):3237-3248
The deprotonation and iron complexation of the hydroxamate siderophore, desferrioxamine B (desB), and a model hydroxamate ligand, acetohydroxamic acid (aHa), were studied using infrared, resonance Raman and UV-vis spectroscopy. The experimental spectra were interpreted by a comparison with DFT calculated spectra of aHa (partly hydrated) and desB (reactive groups of unhydrated molecule) at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. The ab initio models include three water molecules surrounding the deprotonation site of aHa to account for partial hydration. Experiments and calculations were also conducted in D2O to verify spectral assignments. These studies of aHa suggest that the cis-keto-aHa is the dominant form, and its deprotonation occurs at the oxime oxygen atom in aqueous solutions. The stable form of iron-complexed aHa is identified as Fe(aHa)3 for a wide range of pH conditions. The spectral information of aHa and an ab initio model of desB were used to interpret the chemical state of different functional groups in desB. Vibrational spectra of desB indicate that the oxime and amide carbonyl groups can be identified unambiguously. Vibrational spectral analysis of the oxime carbonyl after deprotonation and iron complexation of desB indicates that the conformational changes between anion and the iron-complexed anion are small. Enhanced electron delocalization in the oxime group of Fe-desB when compared to that of Fe(aHa)3 may be responsible for higher stability constant of the former. 相似文献
18.
The 20-cm radio continuum fluxes of 91 HII regions in a previously compiled catalog have been determined. The spectral types of the ionizing stars in 42 regions with known distances are estimated. These spectral types range from B0.5 to O7, corresponding to effective temperatures of 29 000–37 000 K. The dependences of the infrared (IR) fluxes at 8, 24, and 160 μm on the 20-cm flux are considered. The IR fluxes are used as a diagnostic of heating of the matter, and the radio fluxes as measurements of the number of ionizing photons. It is established that the IR fluxes grow approximately linearly with the radio flux. This growth of the IR fluxes probably indicates a growth of the mass of heated material in the envelope surrounding the HII region with increasing effective temperature of the star. 相似文献
19.
In recent years, the Neoproterozoic Huqf Supergroup formations of the Oman Salt Basins have been the target for oil exploration. The present study maps the surficial exposure of the Huqf Supergroup in and around Khufai Dome of the Huqf area in the Sultanate of Oman using low-cost multi-spectral remotely sensed satellite data and image processing methods such as decorrelation stretching, principal component analysis (PCA) and spectral angle mapper (SAM), as alternative to expensive and time-consuming tools, which have the capability and potential to be used by geoscientists for oil exploration. In this research, the study of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) spectral bands 8, 3 and 1 by decorrelation stretching well discriminated the Masirah Bay, the Khufai, the Shuram and the Buah Formations of the Nafun Group, the source rocks of Huqf Supergroup with the Quaternary deposits. The analysis of visible and near infrared–shortwave infrared spectral bands of ASTER by PCA clearly showed the occurrence and spatial distribution of such formations in the RGB principal component images (R:PC1, G:PC2, B:PC3). The spatial distributions of such formations are assessed by confusion matrix after using maximum likelihood (ML), spectral angle mapper (SAM) and spectral information divergence (SID) algorithms. The matrix of ML algorithm has provided the best overall accuracy of 92.93% and kappa coefficient of 0.92. The minerals of the formations were detected by SAM. Further, the detection of such mineral groups was confirmed through the ASTER thermal infrared (TIR) spectral indices image developed using the carbonate index (CI), quartz index (QI), and mafic index (MI). All results of image analyses are evaluated in the field and laboratory studies. The study also evaluates the satellite data and image processing methods for the formations of Jabal Akhdar, the equivalent formations of the Khufai Dome, to show the sensor capability and the use of the image processing methods to study the source rocks. The results of the study provided similar discriminations comparable to the Khufai Dome. Therefore, the data and the techniques are recommended to the exploration geologists for use in similar regions of the world. 相似文献
20.
西北荒漠草甸植被光谱反射特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选取位于西北干旱内陆地区的安西荒漠草场为观测试验区,分别对盐生低地草甸、极旱荒漠草甸和荒漠灌丛三类草地进行了地面反射光谱测定,并分析了主要荒漠草甸植被光谱反射的一般特征和红边参数特征,进而探讨了形成草地光谱特征差异的主要内在原因和影响因素。结果表明:在近红外波段,由于荒漠植被类别间叶片内部结构变化大,因此冠层光谱反射率差异较大;同一植被冠层光谱反射率的大小主要受植被长势的影响;受沙地背景的影响,在近红外波段,植被冠层的光谱反射率要明显小于叶片的光谱反射率;荒漠植被冠层光谱的红边也具有“双峰”现象,红边特征的参数表现为:沙地植被>绿洲植被>沙漠植被。对安西荒漠植被光谱特征的分析研究,对于研究干旱区荒漠植被的理化性能、遥感反演、植被分类、植被调查等都具有重要的意义。 相似文献