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1.
Soil gas radon measurements were made in Chamba and Dharamshala regions of Himachal Pradesh, India, to study the correlation, if any, between the soil gas radon, radium activity concentration of soil, and the geology/active tectonics of the study region. Soil gas radon surveys were conducted around the local fault zones to check their tectonic activities using the soil gas technique. Soil gas radon activity concentration at thirty-five different locations in Dharamshala region has been found to be varying from 13.2 ± 1.5 to 110.8 ± 5.0 kBq m?3 with a geometrical mean of 35.9 kBq m?3 and geometrical standard deviation of 1.8. Radon activity concentration observed in the thirty-seven soil gas samples collected from the Chamba region of Himachal Pradesh varies from 5.2 ± 1.0 to 35.6 ± 2.5 kBq m?3, with geometrical mean of 15.8 kBq m?3 and geometrical standard deviation of 1.6. Average radium activity concentrations in thirty-four soil samples collected from different geological formations of Dharamshala region and Chamba region are found to be 40.4 ± 17 and 38.6 ± 1.7 Bq kg?1, respectively. It has been observed that soil gas radon activity concentration has a wide range of variation in both Dharamshala and Chamba regions, while radium activity concentrations in soil samples are more or less same in both the regions. Moreover, soil gas radon activity concentration has a better positive correlation with the radium activity concentration in soil samples collected from Chamba region as compared to Dharamshala region.  相似文献   

2.
The Choptank River, Chesapeake Bay’s largest eastern-shore tributary, is experiencing increasing nutrient loading and eutrophication. Productivity in the Choptank is predominantly nitrogen-limited, and most nitrogen inputs occur via discharge of high-nitrate groundwater into the river system’s surface waters. However, spatial patterns in the magnitude and quality of groundwater discharge are not well understood. In this study, we surveyed the activity of 222Rn, a natural groundwater tracer, in the Choptank’s main tidal channel, the large tidal tributary Tuckahoe Creek, smaller tidal and non-tidal tributaries around the basin, and groundwater discharging into those tributaries, measuring nitrate and salinity concurrently. 222Rn activities were <100 Bq m?3 in the main tidal channel and 100–700 Bq m?3 in the upper Choptank River and Tuckahoe Creek, while the median Rn activities of fresh tributaries and discharging groundwater were 1,000 and 7,000 Bq m?3, respectively. Nitrate-N concentrations were <0.01 mg L?1 throughout most of the tidal channel, 1.5–3 mg L?1 in the upper reaches, up to 13 mg L?1 in tributary samples, and up to 19.6 mg L?1 in groundwater. Nitrate concentrations in tributary surface water were correlated with Rn activity in three of five sub-watersheds, indicating a groundwater nitrate source. 222Rn and salinity mass balances indicated that Rn-enriched groundwater discharges directly into the Choptank’s tidal waters and suggested that it consists of a mixture of fresh groundwater and brackish re-circulated estuarine water. Further sampling is necessary to constrain the Rn activity and nitrate concentration of discharging groundwater and quantify direct discharge and associated nitrogen inputs.  相似文献   

3.
Soil-gas radon concentrations and exhalation rates have generally been observed to be anomalously high along active faults in many parts of the world. The soil-gas method is based on the principle that faults and fractures in rocks are highly permeable pathways along which gases can migrate upward from deep crust and mantle to soil cover, retaining their source signatures. The present study summarizes the influence of fault zones on anomalous radon concentrations in soil by integrated geophysical and geo-structural analyses in three study areas of Central-Northern Calabria (Southern Italy). Soil-gas radon surveys have been carried out by means of an alpha scintillation counting system, at 12,509 locations between 2002 and 2004. A geostatistical approach has been used to estimate the spatial distribution of soil radon concentrations. Relations among soil-gas distribution and geo-structural features have been evaluated by ordinary multi-Gaussian kriging. Highest soil radon concentrations (ca. 90 kBq m?3) have been measured in the Rossanese sector. In the three study areas, no appreciable differences can be noticed among lithotypes, with the highest concentration values (ca. 89 kBq m?3) measured in alluvial deposit and in clay. Measurements of soil-gas radon reveal anomalies clearly connected to the tectonic structures. Increased signals are linearly distributed along regional WNW–ESE trending shear zones, with main pathways of concentration also recognizable along the E–W fault system in the Rossanese sector, the N–S fault system in the Crati Graben and the Catanzaro Trough, and the NE–SW fault system in the Catanzaro Trough. The distribution of epicentres of historical earthquakes occurred between 1184 and 2001 confirms the recent activity of the same fault systems. Soil-gas radon concentrations generally increase, as expected, with decreasing distance to the faults.  相似文献   

4.
This study was conducted primarily to measure and map radon activity concentration in soil gas and to understand the effect of geology and lithology and meteorology on radon concentration. Portable radon meter has been used for the measurement of soil gas radon at 30 different locations around Uro and Korn area in eastern Nuba Mountain South Kordofan State. The results indicate that the activity concentrations of 222Rn in soil gas fall within the range of 20–1,359 Bq/m3 with geometric mean of 102.80 Bq/cm3. The obtained data show that samples around Uro have anomaly of 222Rn concentrations than the sample around Korn. The reason could be attributed to differences in the geological structure, lithology and climate parameters. GIS predicative map has shown that the elevated levels of radon concentration were measured in North study area. Upon comparing the results with global data, it was found that the obtained values are far below the reported range of India, Slovenia, Portugal and Syria. However, the range of 222Rn concentrations in the soil observed in this study is significantly high relative to similar data reported from Libya. The regression analysis has shown that no correlation was noted between radon concentrations, climatic parameters and trace element.  相似文献   

5.
The combined use of geophysical and soil gas composition exploration methods allows to rapidly obtain at relative low cost information that might be related to seismic activity conditions. In this study, we carried out geochemical soil gas sampling (222Rn, 220Rn and CO2), electrical resistivity tomography and seismic refraction profiles in two selected zones near the town of Amer in the Spanish Pyrenees, where the presence of recent fractures is evident in the field. Data analysis clearly reveals anomalous values for each gas at specific positions along the electrical imaging transects. Geomorphologic and hydrogeologic data and the integration of geophysical data and soil gas measurements indicate that: (1) endogene gases radon (222Rn) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are released from the meta-sedimentary basement rocks across the main fractured zones with higher permeability values, while lower Cenozoic detrital sedimentary formations act as an impervious boundary; (2) sites with highest radon concentrations (52?kBq?m?3) coincide with the zones in the Amer fault showing more recent geomorphic evidence of activity, and more specifically with those areas covered by thinner surficial formations; (3) the lowest 222Rn values (0.2?C0.4?kBq?m?3) were recorded just on the master active fault plane. This pattern could be explained by a dilution effect resulting from high rates of soil CO2 efflux (267?g?m?2?day?1); (4) soil thoron (220Rn) activity is maximum (143?kBq?m?3) in areas with high surficial fracturing; (5) groundwater pumping may cause important distortions in the natural flow dynamics and in the measured concentrations of gases. The agreement between the different data (geochemical, geophysical, and hydrogeological) and field observations (geology and geomorphology) leads us to propose a preliminary tectonic-gravitational model for the study area.  相似文献   

6.
Understanding the spatial distribution and variability of geochemical tracers is crucial for estimating groundwater influxes into a river and can contribute to better future water management strategies. Because of the much higher radon (222Rn) activities in groundwater compared to river water, 222Rn was used as the main tracer to estimate groundwater influxes to river discharge over a 323-km distance of the Big Sioux River, eastern South Dakota, USA; these influx estimates were compared to the estimates using Cl? concentrations. In the reaches overall, groundwater influxes using the 222Rn activity approach ranged between 0.3 and 6.4 m3/m/day (mean 1.8 m3/m/day) and the cumulative groundwater influx estimated during the study period was 3,982–146,594 m3/day (mean 40,568 m3/day), accounting for 0.2–41.9% (mean 12.5%) of the total river flow rate. The mean groundwater influx derived using the 222Rn activity approach was lower than that calculated based on Cl? concentration (35.6 m3/m/day) for most of the reaches. Based on the Cl? approach, groundwater accounted for 37.3% of the total river flow rate. The difference between the method estimates may be associated with minimal differences between groundwater and river Cl? concentrations. These assessments will provide a better understanding of estimates used for the allocation of water resources to sustain agricultural productivity in the basin. However, a more detailed sampling program is necessary for accurate influx estimation, and also to understand the influence of seasonal variation on groundwater influxes into the basin.  相似文献   

7.
Radon gas is a human health hazard; long-term exposure to high radon concentrations through inhalation is the second leading cause of lung cancer. Nova Scotia has been previously identified as a potential high risk region because of the geology. As such, the gas transport through Halifax’s fine grained leucomonzogranite (FGL) unit of the South Mountain Batholith needed to be quantified to further remediation efforts. Using controlled laboratory experiments, four different soil columns were created using the Halifax Regional Municipality’s (HRM) highest producing field tills and bedrock. Permeability, diffusivity, radon-222 gas concentrations, and gas transit time/speed were measured in both dry tills (field moisture) and wet tills (simulated rain event moisture). Columns with HRM till displayed the highest radon concentrations, and were less permeable with additional moisture. Radon diffusivity calculated from CO2 was 7.52 × 10?8 m2 (dry), and 3.37 × 10?8 m2 (wet); diffusivity calculated from 222Rn was 7.30 × 10?7 m2 (dry), and 6.47 × 10?7 m2 (wet). The average FGL transit time in a 60 cm column was 3.57 days (dry), and 3.82 days (wet). Locally this study presents two different methods for diffusivity calculations, for a unit lacking previous diffusivity information. The radon gas concentrations and transport speeds quantified the transport mechanisms within the till. Globally, the correlation between soil moisture, and radon/permeability values was established using these results. The link between diffusivity and permeability was also confirmed using field tills. Implications were made for building foundations, as well as the depth and type of material necessary to reduce radon gas from reaching the surface.  相似文献   

8.
A study of natural radionuclides and radon concentration of Hamirpur District of Himachal Pradesh, India is carried out using various methodologies. The activity concentration of the natural radionuclides viz. 226Ra, 232Th and 40K is measured using high-resolution-based HPGe detector. Indoor radon measurements in the dwellings of Hamirpur district is carried out using LR-115 type II cellulose nitrate films in the bare mode. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are 35.58, 54.95 and 580.58 Bq kg?1, respectively. The annual average indoor radon value in the study area varies from 173.90 to 198.25 Bq m?3, which is well within the recommended action level given by International Commission on Radiological Protection. The indoor radon values obtained in the present investigation are higher than the world average of 40 Bq m?3. Radon concentration in water samples is measured using RAD7, an active radon detector. The annual effective dose for stomach and lung is determined from the measured value of radon concentration in water. To assess the radiation hazard of the natural radioactivity in all samples to the people, the radium equivalent activity, external hazard index, lifetime fatality risk, absorbed dose rate and total annual effective dose is estimated. The results signify that the studied area does not possess any radiation hazards due to the presence of natural radioactivity concentration.  相似文献   

9.
Radon, thoron, and their progeny are largest contributors to the radiation dose received by human beings present in the natural environment. The indoor radon depends upon many factors such as building materials, meteorology, ventilation, and occupant’s behavior. This paper presents the measurements of indoor radon, thoron, and their progeny in four villages in rural area of district Kanshiram Nagar (Kasganj) in the state of Uttar Pradesh in Northern India. The concentration of indoor radon and thoron varies from 10.32 to 72.24 and 11.61 to 84.49 Bq m?3 with a geometric mean (GM) of 29.49 and 31.20 Bq m?3, respectively. The concentration of radon and thoron daughters was found to vary from 1.11 to 7.80 and 0.31 to 2.28 mWL, respectively. The annual exposure due to radon and thoron mainly vary from 0.05 to 0.30 WLM. The preliminary results (i.e., bare mode exposure of the LR-115 detectors fixed on cards) of this study have been separately published and compared this recent data with those results.  相似文献   

10.
Groundwater constitutes the major source of utility water in Ekiti State with the majority of the population depending on groundwater for drinking and other household uses. Soil in the area is commonly used as a component of building materials, which may produce radon in the indoor environment. Excessive concentrations of radon in water and soil can cause radiological health risks to human as witnessed by the increased cases of lung cancer among non-smokers in Nigeria, which may be traceable to the ingestion and inhalation 222Rn in drinking water and indoor air. In the present study, comparative in situ measurements of radon in groundwater and soil gas were carried out at one hundred selected locations across the Ekiti State in southwest Nigeria, using a RAD7 radon detector to generate a radon distribution map and to estimate radiation hazards due to radon. The concentrations of radon in groundwater ranged from 0.9 to 472 Bq L?1 with a mean of 34.7?±?4.4 Bq L?1, while those of soil gas ranged from 0.1 to 315 kBq L?1 with a mean of 38.9?±?1.4 kBq L?1. The total annual effective dose due to inhalation and ingestion of radon in groundwater amounted to 94.7 µSv year?1, which is lower than the reference dose of 100 µSv year?1 recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The radon map generated for groundwater and soil gas identified three distinct areas with radon levels ranging from low to high. The results of this study show that some locations (Emure, Gbonyin, Ijero and Ikole) show mean total annual effective doses which are higher than the recommended limit. It can then be inferred that the groundwater samples pose significant radiological hazards to the population and that the noticed increase in lung cancer cases may be attributed to the consumption of groundwater in the area.  相似文献   

11.
In this study, the environmental radioactivity measurements for Tokat and Sivas provinces in the northeast of Turkey were performed. Using gamma ray spectrometry, the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in soil and travertine samples (232Th, 226Ra, and 40K) were determined. The annual effective dose equivalent, the absorbed doses rate in air, the radium equivalent, and the external hazard index were obtained from these activities. The activity concentrations vary from 9.09 to 17.04 Bq kg?1 for 232Th, from 36.53 to 76.95 Bq kg?1 for 226Ra, and from 216.56 to 576.59 Bq kg?1 for 40K in soil samples. The activity concentrations in travertines vary from 15.99 to 21.01 Bq kg?1 for 232Th, from 19.89 to 67.71 Bq kg?1 for 226Ra, and from 179.89 to 314.43 Bq kg?1 for 40K. The average dose rate in air for soil and travertine samples was 43.41 and 41.05 nGy h?1 respectively. The obtained results are presented and compared with other studies, and the results of this study are lower than the international recommended value (55 nGy h?1) given by UNSCEAR ( 2000). The results show that the region has a background radiation level within the natural limits.  相似文献   

12.
Depth-discrete tracing of residual dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) sources in the subsurface is of great importance in making decisions related to contaminated groundwater remediation. Temporal variations in the natural tracer 222Rn and contaminant concentrations in groundwater contaminated with multiple chlorinated contaminants, such as trichloroethene, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform, were examined to trace residual multiple DNAPL contaminants at an industrial complex in Wonju, Korea. The 222Rn activities and multiple DNAPL concentrations in the groundwater fluctuated irregularly according to the groundwater recharge. The natural tracer 222Rn in groundwater present in the soil layer, originating from the underlying crystalline biotite granite, had a wide range from 29,000 to 179,000 Bq/m3, and total concentrations of chlorinated solvents ranged from 0.06 to 17.77 mg/l, indicating the ambiguous results of 222Rn for tracing the residual DNAPL sources. In this paper, a method is presented to locate zones with a high probability of containing depth-discrete residual multiple DNAPL sources using 222Rn and considering relative contaminant concentrations. The results demonstrate that the combination of the 222Rn activities as a natural tracer and the relative contaminant concentrations is able to be used as a useful tool for tracing residual DNAPLs.  相似文献   

13.
Concentration of natural radionuclides in three major staple food crops cultivated around a fertilizer plant in Onne, Rivers State Nigeria and the cultivated soil samples were determined using gamma spectroscopy operated on a Canberra vertical high purity 3″ × 3″ NaI(TI) detector. The average activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K was determined, for cassava flour (U 19.3 ± 5.0, Th 11.4 ± 3.3, K 426.9 ± 33.8) Bq kg?1, for yam flour (U 6.3 ± 1.8, Th 8.4 ± 2.6, K 227.0.9 ± 27.3) Bq kg?1 while for cocoyam flour (U 7.5 ± 2.7, Th 7.1 ± 2.3, K 195.8 ± 25.83) Bq kg?1. The mean activity concentration for soil samples is 18.7 ± 3.7 Bq kg?1, 18.0 ± 3.8 Bq kg?1 and 308.4 ± 22.4 Bq kg?1 for 238U, 232Th and 40K, respectively. These values obtained show enhanced 40K concentration which is attributed to the effluent discharge from a fertilizer plant and its applications to farmlands, but 238U, 232Th values are well within the global average and values reported in some regions and countries of the world. Radiation hazard indices obtained to estimate potential radiological health risk in both foodstuffs and soil samples are well below their permissible limit as set by UNSCEAR [Sources and effects of ionizing radiation (Report to the General Assembly), 2000]. The rate of radionuclides transfer from soil to crops was moderate with mean transfer factors of 232Th < 238U < 40K.  相似文献   

14.
Measurement of soil-gas radon in some areas of northern Rajasthan,India   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The health hazards of the radioactive gas radon on general public are well known. In order to understand the level and distribution of 222Rn concentrations in soil-gas in Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan, a 222Rn survey was carried out for the first time using RAD7, an electronic radon detector manufactured by Durridge Company (USA), at different locations covering a total area of 10,978 km 2, having a population of approximately 20 lakh. The measurement of 222Rn concentration in soil-gas was carried out at four different depths (10, 40, 70, and 100 cm). The radon concentration in soil-gas for 10, 40, 70, and 100 cm depths ranged from 0.09–4.25, 0.15–6.30, 0.50–9.18, and 0.72–10.40 kBq m ?3, respectively. The minimum value of radon concentration is observed in 33 GB village at 10 cm depth and maximum for Mohanpura village at 100 cm depth. As expected, our data show an increase of soil-gas radon concentration levels with depth. The present results are compared with the available radon data from other studies.  相似文献   

15.
The goal of the paper was to determine the activity of 137Cs and 40K radionuclides as well as heavy metals Zn, Cr, Pb in soil samples taken from the Tatra National Park in the south of Poland. The samples were obtained as cores (10 cm in diameter) from the top 10-cm layer of the soil. Each sample was divided into three subsamples (a, b and c), where a was the subsample closest to the surface and c was the deepest one. Activity of the radionuclides was determined by means of gamma spectrometry, while analysis of heavy metals was performed (after microwave digestion) using atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The highest activity of cesium-137 was detected (5112 ± 120 Bq kg?1) in the “a” layer of the core with the peak concentration of cesium-137 (14,452 ± 278 Bq m?2) in the whole soil core. The highest detected concentration of heavy metals was: Zn—52.8 ± 4.4 mg kg?1, Pb—260.1 ± 9.4 mg kg?1, Cr—52.8 ± 4.4 mg kg?1, respectively. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to examine the obtained data. Application of statistical analysis tools allowed specifying the interdependencies between the examined variables.  相似文献   

16.
Naturally occurring isotopes of radon (222Rn) and radium isotopes (223,224,226,228Ra) were used as tracers to assess submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into Little Lagoon, AL (USA), a site of recurring harmful algal blooms (HABs). The radium isotopic data suggests that there are two groundwater sources of these tracers to the lagoon, a shallow (A1) and deeper (A2) aquifer. We estimated the fraction of each source via a three-end-member mixing model consisting of Gulf of Mexico seawater, shallow and deep groundwater. The estimated lagoonwide SGD rates based on a radium mass balance and the mixing model were 1.22?±?0.53 and 1.59?±?0.20 m3 s-1 for the shallow and deep groundwater discharges, respectively. To investigate temporal variations in SGD, we performed several radon surveys from 2010 through 2012, a period of generally declining groundwater levels due to a drought in the southeastern USA. The total SGD rates based on a radon mass balance approach were found to vary from 0.60 to 2.87 m3 s-1. We observed well-defined relationships between nutrients and chlorophyll-a in lagoon waters during a period when there was an intense diatom bloom in April 2010 and when no bloom existed in March 2011. A good correlation was also found between radium (groundwater-derived) and nutrients during the April 2010 period, while there was no clear relationship between the same parameters in March 2011. Based on multivariate analysis of chemical and environmental factors, we suggest that nutrient-rich inputs during high SGD may be a significant driver of algal blooms, but during low SGD periods, multiple drivers are responsible for the occurrence of algal blooms.  相似文献   

17.
The gaseous state and chemical inert behavior of radon make it important tracer for the radon transport study through the building materials. The radon resistant property of building construction materials is important parameter to control the indoor radon levels in living and workplaces. The materials with higher radium content can be made less severe by the use of some building materials of low diffusion coefficient and diffusion length. This makes the study of radon diffusion through building material more important along with the study of exhalation and radioactivity content. Keeping this in mind the radon diffusion study was carried out through different building construction materials used for wall and floor by active and passive techniques. The diffusion coefficient from these building materials measured by passive methods varied from (0.9 ± 0.5) × 10?7 to (22.95 ± 13.19) × 10?6 m2s?1 and radon diffusion length varied from 0.21 to 3.31 m for cement, soil, sand, wall putty and plaster of Paris (POP) etc. The radon diffusion coefficient measured by active technique varied from 1.93 × 10?10 to 1.36 × 10?7 m2s?1 for samples with definite geometry like paper, polyethylene, marble, granite etc. The radon diffusion coefficient and diffusion length depend upon the porosity and density of materials for powder samples.  相似文献   

18.
The “Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme” (WSRS) is critically important to the hydrologic evaluation of the Yellow River estuary since a huge pulse of water and sediment are delivered into the sea during a short period. We used the natural geochemical tracers radium (223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra) and radon (222Rn) isotopes as well as other hydrological parameters to investigate the mixing variations and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in the Yellow River estuary under the influence of the 2013 WSRS. Dramatically elevated radium and radon isotopic activities were observed during this WSRS compared with activities measured during a non-WSRS period. Radium “water ages” indicated that the offshore transport rate nearly tripled when the river discharge increased from 400 to 3400 m3/s. We calculated the SGD flux in the Yellow River estuary based on a radium mass balance model as well as radium and radon time-series models. The SGD flux was estimated at 0.02~0.20 m/day during a non-WSRS period and 0.67~1.22 m/day during the 2013 WSRS period. The results also indicate that large river discharge tends to lead more intense SGD along the river channel direction with a large amount of fresh SGD.  相似文献   

19.
The Neoproterozoic olistostromes were first distinguished as a special geological unit in a generalised geological map of the Czech Republic on a scale 1:500,000. The olistostromes represent a tectonic mélange or subaquatic continental slope-slides formed by a mixture of black shales, greywackes, carbonates and shales, forming an extremely inhomogeneous geological environment. The extreme over-limit values of indoor radon (Rn, 222Rn) were first detected during check measurements performed for final building approval by team of the National Radiation Protection Institute in a house situated on bedrock of black shales—lithological component of olistostromes north-eastward from Plzeň. Additional measurements of soil gas Rn performed by the Czech Geological Survey were oriented to cover the whole olistostrome belt extending over 65 × 25 km area NE of Plzeň–Prague general direction. The increased concentrations both of soil gas and indoor Rn were confirmed in the whole extent of Neoproterozoic olistostrome belt compared to neighbouring geological units (Neoproterozoic metasediments on NW and Cambrian Palaeovolcanites and Ordovician sediments on SE). This observation lead to increasing the radon index of olistostromes to medium radon category (from the low one) both in general and detailed Rn index maps. Drawing the attention to this lithological type enables to improve the radon risk prevention for newly built houses and interest of remediation of existing houses not only in the specific area of the Czech Republic, but also in other European countries, where Neoproterozoic olistostromes form the geological basement.  相似文献   

20.
Indoor radon measurements were carried out in a total of 420 dwellings and 17 schools in Hail region of Saudi Arabia, using NTDs based radon dosimeters. The duration of the measurements was one year, from April 2008 to April 2009. The indoor radon concentrations varied from 4 to 513 Bq/m3 with an overall average of 45 Bq/m3 for all surveyed dwellings. These passive measurements were confirmed by the active measurements. The anomalous concentrations above 200 Bq/m3 were observed in 13 dwellings, representing 3.1 % of the total surveyed dwellings. In Inbowan village alone, it was found that 7.6 % of the dwellings have indoor radon concentration above 200 Bq/m3. The highest average indoor radon concentration of 64 Bq/m3 was found in Inbowan village while the lowest average of 24 Bq/m3 was found in Majasah village. The city of Hail showed an average indoor radon concentration of 49 Bq/m3. The average indoor radon concentration in one area located at the edge of the Aja Mountain in Hail city was 111 Bq/m3. The elevated indoor radon concentrations in many dwellings in the Hail region, prompted us to measure outdoor ground radon in such locations using gas monitor. It was found that radon concentrations at a depth of 0.5 m varied significantly from place to place ranging from 1.2 to 177 kBq/m3. The outdoor radon concentrations are generally correlated with the indoor radon measurements. Radon exhalations from construction materials and soil samples from the Hail region were also measured. It was found that radon exhalations from soil samples are higher than that of construction materials by a factor of at least 3 and reaching up to 11. These results indicate that soil is the main source of indoor radon. Geological interpretations of the results are also given.  相似文献   

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