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波流边界层水动力模拟对研究波流相互作用和泥沙运动具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。开发了波流边界层1DV垂向一维水动力数值模型,可用于模拟漩涡沙波床面和平底床面水动力特征。模型的构建基于边界层控制方程,平底床面采用k-ε模型,沙波床面采用双层模型,提出了漩涡层和紊动扩散层交界面紊动动能和紊动耗散率表达式。试验资料验证表明,模型较好地模拟了波浪-水流-床面共同作用下的边界层水动力特征,包括波周期内不同相位流速分布、紊动动能、剪切应力等以及波致时均流速分布和波流相互作用下的时均流速分布等。根据所建模型,讨论了不同床面和波流组合条件下的水动力特征。该模型可为研究波流边界层内水动力特征提供工具。 相似文献
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在一定的水动力条件下,不同水生植物对水流结构改变的程度及对底泥再悬浮的影响由于其形态结构的差异有所不同.在玻璃水槽中铺设太湖底泥并种植天然沉水植物(水蕨)和挺水植物(菖蒲),通过水槽实验,用三维声学多普勒流速仪ADV对植物段紊流特性进行测量研究,分析含水生植物明渠水流的水力特性及底泥再悬浮规律.结果表明:含沉水植物和挺水植物明渠水流的垂向流速分布各自遵循不同的规律;其紊动强度和雷诺应力具有明显的各向异性特性;在沉水植物冠层交界处及挺水植物的茎杆和枝叶分叉处,紊流强度及雷诺应力均出现最大值;在一定条件下沉水植物和挺水植物均能抑制底泥再悬浮,但当雷诺数达到一定数值时,水生植物的存在反而加剧了底泥的再悬浮,与挺水植物相比,沉水植物对底泥再悬浮的抑制效果要更好. 相似文献
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与顺直明渠水流相比,明渠交汇水流由于存在分离区和自由剪切面,其紊动特性引起的阻力较为复杂,交汇水流除床面阻力外还受到较强的阻力。基于数值模拟与实验比较分析表明,分离流与自由剪切流所产生的阻力(紊动粘性阻力)对于交汇水流数值模拟具有重要影响。同时,由于平面二维模型对二次流影响的忽略,断面环流较强时数值模拟会产生较大的阻力(环流阻力),而断面环流较弱时,交汇水流的三维特性相对较弱,采用平面二维模型和k-ε紊流模型能达到较好的模拟效果。因此,紊动及环流阻力的计算对交汇水流数值模拟的精度至关重要。 相似文献
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灌区分水口多为直角, 附近普遍存在冲刷、淤积及结构破坏现象。天然河流分、汇流多为锐角, 为探索非直角分水口区域明渠水流紊动特性, 以30°分水角明渠为研究对象, 采用声学多普勒点式流速仪测量各断面上的三维瞬时流速, 分析典型断面上的时均流速、环流强度、紊动强度、紊动能和床面剪切应力分布规律。试验结果显示: 分水口处水流横向流速沿渠宽方向变化较大, 易形成环流, 导致局部冲淤现象明显; 靠近口门侧水流紊动强度变化剧烈且分布无规律, 最大值出现在口门上唇断面; 分水口处下层水体紊动能明显大于上层水体, 紊动能较大值多集中在口门附近; 口门断面下唇附近床面剪切应力较大, 易出现冲刷侵蚀, 破坏渠道稳定; 与直角分水口相比, 分水角为30°时, 泥沙颗粒不易进入侧渠道, 水流对渠底及边壁侵蚀速率较低。研究结果可为灌区渠系设计及运行提供参考。 相似文献
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通过水槽试验研究浅水非线性波作用下沙纹床面底层流动特性,利用CCD图像技术观测分析非对称沙纹的形成和演化规律。利用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)测量非对称沙纹底床上的流场,得到了不同波高、周期、水深条件下的沙纹峰顶和谷底断面的瞬时速度。试验结果分析表明,浅水非线性波作用下床面上形成非对称沙纹,其近底流速具有较强紊动特性,随着距床面距离的增大紊动强度逐渐减弱。在水流方向改变时,沙纹背部具有明显漩涡运动。沙纹背后形成的漩涡能起到维持沙纹的作用。浅水非线性波作用下,沙纹的形成原因主要是床面泥沙颗粒在非对称流动和床面近壁粘性底层中漩涡结构动力作用下,作受迫摆动、推移所致。 相似文献
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河冰是陆地冰冻圈的重要组成要素,在生消演变过程中影响水流运动规律,受冰凌影响河流流态可分为明流、完全冰封和部分冰封。为探究冰盖下水流的紊动特性,采用声学多普勒三维测速仪测量3种流态的恒定均匀流场,对比分析纵向时均流速、雷诺应力和紊动强度的分布规律。结果表明：完全冰封流纵向时均流速垂向上呈不对称“■”型分布,雷诺应力在垂向上线性分布,紊动强度在基于双层假定划分的冰盖层和床面层均符合指数分布律;部分冰封流纵向时均流速垂向分布兼具明流和完全冰封流的特性,存在横向动量交换,导致冰盖区、明流区和过渡区的雷诺应力和紊动强度在水深方向上也存在明显的差异。试验结果可为冰凌灾害防治和供水安全保障提供理论指导。 相似文献
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为解析波流边界层内泥沙运动,建立了基于水动力-泥沙-床面互馈过程的波流边界层1DV泥沙数学模型,可用于模拟不同床面形态下粉沙-沙的含沙量过程。床面形态模块提供床面形态类型和相应参数;给出了平底和沙波床面粗糙高度和泥沙扩散系数的确定方法;采用了适宜粉沙及沙的制约沉速、底部参考浓度和起动剪切应力等公式;引入含沙量层化效应和制约沉降反映水动力与泥沙之间的相互影响。水槽试验资料验证表明,建立的模型较好地模拟了不同床面不同波流组合条件下的含沙量剖面。在此基础上,讨论了不同床面含沙量剖面模拟方法的差异,指出床面形态是决定含沙量变化的重要因素之一,仅通过改变床面粗糙高度不足以反映漩涡沙波床面的含沙量剖面特征。该模型可为研究波流边界层内泥沙运动和物质输运提供工具。 相似文献
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Scour holes and ripples occur below the hydraulic smooth to rough transition of movable beds 
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下载免费PDF全文 Maarten G. Kleinhans Jasper R. F. W. Leuven Lisanne Braat Anne Baar 《Sedimentology》2017,64(5):1381-1401
Scour holes often form in shallow flows over sand on the beach and in morphodynamic scale experiments of river reaches, deltas and estuarine landscapes. The scour holes are on average 2 cm deep and 5 cm long, regardless of the flow depth and appear to occur under similar conditions as current ripples: at low boundary Reynolds numbers, in fine sand and under relatively low sediment mobility. In landscape experiments, where the flow is only about 1 cm deep, such scours may be unrealistically large and have unnatural effects on channel formation, bar pattern and stratigraphy. This study tests the hypotheses that both scours and ripples occur in the same conditions and that the roughness added by sediment saltation explains the difference between the ripple–dune transition and the clear‐water hydraulic smooth to rough transition. About 500 experiments are presented with a range of sediment types, sediment mobility and obstructions to provoke scour holes, or removal thereof to assess scour hole persistence. Most experiments confirm that ripples and scour holes both form in the ripple stability field in two different bedform stability diagrams. The experiments also show that scours can be provoked by perturbations even below generalized sediment motion. Moreover, the hydraulic smooth to rough transition modified with saltation roughness depending on sediment mobility was similar in magnitude and in slope to ripple–dune transitions. Given uncertainties in saltation relations, the smooth to rough transitions modified for movable beds are empirically equivalent to the ripple–dune transitions. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that scours form by turbulence caused by localized flow separation under low boundary Reynolds numbers, and do not form under generalized flow separation over coarser particles and intense sediment saltation. Furthermore, this suggests that ripples are a superposition of two independent forms: periodic bedforms occurring in smooth and rough conditions plus aperiodic scours occurring only in hydraulic smooth conditions. 相似文献
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Current knowledge of flow and turbulent processes acting across the sand bed continuum is still unable to unequivocally explain the mechanism(s) by which ripples become dunes. Understanding has been improved by comparative high-resolution studies undertaken over fixed bedforms at different stages in the continuum. However, these studies both ignore the role of mobile sediment and do not examine flow structure during the actual transition from ripples to dunes. The aims of the paper are: (i) to describe flow and turbulence characteristics acting above mobile bedforms at several stages across the transition; and (ii) to compare these data with those arising from experiments over fixed ripples and dunes. Laboratory experiments are presented that examine the turbulence structure across seven distinct stages of the transition from ripples to dunes. Single-point acoustic Doppler velocimeter sampling at three flow heights above a developing mobile boundary was undertaken. Time-averaged statistics and the instantaneous quadrant record reveal distinct changes in flow structure either side of the change from ripples to dunes. Initially, shear-related, high-frequency vortex shedding dominates turbulence production. This increases until two-dimensional (2D) dunes have formed. Thereafter, turbulence intensities and Reynolds stress decline and three-dimensional dunes exhibit values found over 2D ripples. This is the result of shear layer dampening which occurs when the topographically-accelerated downstream velocity increases at a faster rate than flow depth. Activity at reattachment increases due to high velocity fluid imparting high mass and momentum transfer at the bed and/or wake flapping. Suspended sediment may also play a role in turbulence dampening and bed erosion. Ejections dominate over sweeps in terms of event frequency but not magnitude. Strong relationships between inward interactions and sweeps, and ejections and outward interactions, suggest that mass and momentum exchanges are dependent upon activity in all four quadrants. The results contradict the notion present in most physical models that larger bedforms exhibit most shear layer activity. Consequently an improved model for the ripple–dune transition is proposed. 相似文献
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Interpreting the physical dynamics of ancient environments requires an understanding of how current‐generated sedimentary structures, such as ripples and dunes, are created. Traditional interpretations of these structures are based on experimental flume studies of unconsolidated quartz sand, in which stepwise increases in flow velocity yield a suite of sedimentary structures analogous to those found in the rock record. Yet cyanobacteria, which were excluded from these studies, are pervasive in wet sandy environments and secrete sufficient extracellular polysaccharides to inhibit grain movement and markedly change the conditions under which sedimentary structures form. Here, the results of flume experiments using cyanobacteria‐inoculated quartz sand are reported which demonstrate that microbes strongly influence the behaviour of unconsolidated sand. In medium sand, thin (ca 0·1 to 0·5 mm thick) microbial communities growing at the sediment–water interface can nearly double the flow velocity required to produce the traditional sequence of ripple→dune→plane‐bed lamination bedforms. In some cases, these thin film‐like microbial communities can inhibit the growth of ripples or dunes entirely, and instead bed shear stresses result in flip‐over and rip‐up structures. Thicker (ca≥1 mm thick) microbial mats mediate terracing of erosional edges; they also, foster transport of multi‐grain aggregates and yield a bedform progression consisting of flip‐overs→roll‐ups→rip‐ups of bound sand. 相似文献
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Mauricio M. Perillo James L. Best Miwa Yokokawa Tomohiro Sekiguchi Tomohiro Takagawa Marcelo H. Garcia 《Sedimentology》2014,61(7):2063-2085
The development of bedforms under unidirectional, oscillatory and combined‐flows results from temporal changes in sediment transport, flow and morphological response. In such flows, the bedform characteristics (for example, height, wavelength and shape) change over time, from their initiation to equilibrium with the imposed conditions, even if the flow conditions remain unchanged. These variations in bedform morphology during development are reflected in the sedimentary structures preserved in the rock record. Hence, understanding the time and morphological development in which bedforms evolve to an equilibrium stage is critical for informed reconstruction of the ancient sedimentary record. This article presents results from a laboratory flume study on bedform development and equilibrium development time conducted under purely unidirectional, purely oscillatory and combined‐flow conditions, which aimed to test and extend an empirical model developed in past work solely for unidirectional ripples. The present results yield a unified model for bedform development and equilibrium under unidirectional, oscillatory and combined‐flows. The experimental results show that the processes of bedform genesis and growth are common to all types of flows, and can be characterized into four stages: (i) incipient bedforms; (ii) growing bedforms; (iii) stabilizing bedforms; and (iv) fully developed bedforms. Furthermore, the development path of bedform; growth exhibits the same general trend for different flow types (for example, unidirectional, oscillatory and combined‐flows), bedform size (for example, small versus large ripples), bedform shape (for example, symmetrical or rounded), bedform planform geometry (for example, two‐dimensional versus three‐dimensional), flow velocities and sediment grain sizes. The equilibrium time for a wide range of bed configurations was determined and found to be inversely proportional to the sediment transport flux occurring for that flow condition. 相似文献
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On the transition between 2D and 3D dunes 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Sediment transport in sand-bedded alluvial channels is strongly conditioned by bedforms, the planimetric morphology of which can be either two- or three-dimensional. Experiments were undertaken to examine the processes that transform the bed configuration from two-dimensional (2D) dunes to three-dimensional (3D) dunes. A narrowly graded, 500 μm size sand was subjected to a 0·15 m deep, non-varying mean flow ranging from 0·30 to 0·55 m sec−1 in a 1 m wide flume. Changes in the planimetric configuration of the bed were monitored using a high-resolution video camera that produced a series of 10 sec time-lapsed digital images. Image analysis was used to define a critical value of the non-dimensional span (sinuosity) of the bedform crestlines that divides 2D forms from 3D forms. Significant variation in the non-dimensional span is observed that cannot be linked to properties of the flow or bedforms and thus appears random. Images also reveal that, once 2D bedforms are established, minor, transient excesses or deficiencies of sand are passed from one bedform to another. The bedform field appears capable of absorbing a small number of such defects but, as the number grows with time, the resulting morphological perturbations produce a transition in bed state to 3D forms that continue to evolve, but are pattern-stable. The 3D pattern is maintained by the constant rearrangement of crestlines through lobe extension and starving downstream bedforms of sediment, which leads to bifurcation. The experiments demonstrate that 2D bedforms are not stable in this calibre sand and call into question the reliability of bedform phase diagrams that use crestline shape as a discriminator. 相似文献
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Jeremy G. Venditti Jeffrey A. Nittrouer Mead A. Allison Robert P. Humphries Michael Church 《Sedimentology》2019,66(6):2538-2556
A distinct suite of sand bedforms has been observed to occur in laboratory flows with limited sand supply. As sand supply to the bed progressively increases one observes sand ribbons, discrete barchans and, eventually, channel spanning dunes; but there are relatively few observations of this sequence from natural river channels. Furthermore, there are few observations of transitions from limited sand supply to abundant supply in the field. Bedforms developed under limited, but increasing, sand supply downstream of the abrupt gravel–sand transition in the Fraser River, British Columbia, are examined using multi‐beam swath‐bathymetry obtained at high flow. This is an ideal location to study supply‐limited bedforms because, due to a break in river slope, sand transitions from washload upstream of the gravel–sand transition to bed material load downstream. Immediately downstream, barchanoid and isolated dunes are observed. Most of the bedform field has gaps in the troughs, consistent with sand moving over a flat immobile or weakly mobile gravel bed. Linear, alongstream bedform fields (trains of transverse dunes formed on locally thick, linear deposits of sand) exhibit characteristics of sand ribbons with superimposed bedforms. Further downstream, channel spanning dunes develop where the bed is composed entirely of sand. Depth scaling of the dunes does not emerge in this data set. Only where the channel has accumulated abundant sand on the bed do the dunes exhibit scaling congruent with previous data compilations. The observations suggest that sediment supply plays an important, but often overlooked, role in bedform scaling in rivers. 相似文献
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Flows with high suspended sediment concentrations are common in many sedimentary environments, and their flow properties may show a transitional behaviour between fully turbulent and quasi‐laminar plug flows. The characteristics of these transitional flows are known to be a function of both clay concentration and type, as well as the applied fluid stress, but so far the interaction of these transitional flows with a loose sediment bed has received little attention. Information on this type of interaction is essential for the recognition and prediction of sedimentary structures formed by cohesive transitional flows in, for example, fluvial, estuarine and deep‐marine deposits. This paper investigates the behaviour of rapidly decelerated to steady flows that contain a mixture of sand, silt and clay, and explores the effect of different clay (kaolin) concentrations on the dynamics of flow over a mobile bed, and the bedforms and stratification produced. Experiments were conducted in a recirculating slurry flume capable of transporting high clay concentrations. Ultrasonic Doppler velocity profiling was used to measure the flow velocity within these concentrated suspension flows. The development of current ripples under decelerated flows of differing kaolin concentration was documented and evolution of their height, wavelength and migration rate quantified. This work confirms past work over smooth, fixed beds which showed that, as clay concentration rises, a distinct sequence of flow types is generated: turbulent flow, turbulence‐enhanced transitional flow, lower transitional plug flow, upper transitional plug flow and a quasi‐laminar plug flow. Each of these flow types produces an initial flat bed upon rapid flow deceleration, followed by reworking of these deposits through the development of current ripples during the subsequent steady flow in turbulent flow, turbulence‐enhanced transitional flow and lower transitional plug flow. The initial flat beds are structureless, but have diagnostic textural properties, caused by differential settling of sand, silt and cohesive mud, which forms characteristic bipartite beds that initially consist of sand overlain by silt or clay. As clay concentration in the formative flow increases, ripples first increase in mean height and wavelength under turbulence‐enhanced transitional flow and lower transitional plug‐flow regimes, which is attributed to the additional turbulence generated under these flows that subsequently causes greater lee side erosion. As clay concentration increases further from a lower transitional plug flow, ripples cease to exist under the upper transitional plug flow and quasi‐laminar plug flow conditions investigated herein. This disappearance of ripples appears due to both turbulence suppression at higher clay concentrations, as well as the increasing shear strength of the bed sediment that becomes more difficult to erode as clay concentration increases. The stratification within the ripples formed after rapid deceleration of the transitional flows reflects the availability of sediment from the bipartite bed. The exact nature of the ripple cross‐stratification in these flows is a direct function of the duration of the formative flow and the texture of the initial flat bed, and ripples do not form in cohesive flows with a Reynolds number smaller than ca 12 000. Examples are given of how the unique properties of the current ripples and plane beds, developing below decelerated transitional flows, could aid in the interpretation of depositional processes in modern and ancient sediments. This interpretation includes a new model for hybrid beds that explains their formation in terms of a combination of vertical grain‐size segregation and longitudinal flow transformation. 相似文献
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A flume study on the development and equilibrium morphology of current ripples in very fine sand 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
JACO H. BAAS 《Sedimentology》1994,41(2):185-209
An empirical model is constructed for the development and equilibrium dimensions of small scale, unidirectional bedforms in sand with a median grain size of 0·095 mm, based on a series of steady flow experiments in a flume. Current ripples always attain a linguoid plan morphology with constant average height (13·1 mm) and wavelength (115·7 mm), provided that sufficient time is allowed for their formation. The development pattern of these ripples on a flat bed is independent of flow velocity, and involves four stages: (1) incipient ripples; (2) straight and sinuous ripples; (3) non-equilibrium linguoid ripples, and (4) equilibrium linguoid ripples. Straight and sinuous ripples are non-equilibrium bedforms at all flow velocities. The time needed to reach equilibrium dimensions is related to the inverse power of flow velocity and ranges from several minutes to more than hundreds of hours. At flow velocities where washed ripples are stable, the equilibrium wavelength is similar to that of equilibrium linguoid ripples, but the equilibrium height rapidly decreases from 13·1 mm to zero towards upper stage plane bed conditions. The results of the flume experiments correspond reasonably well with those of previous studies, provided that various complicating factors, such as different experimental methods, different sediment characteristics, shallow flow depths and non-equilibrium runs, are accounted for. 相似文献