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洮河流域中游位于甘肃省南部,属泥石流高发区。耳阳河是洮河流域中游的一条重要支流,泥石流灾害尤其严重。为研究甘肃省南部小流域泥石流灾害的危险性,以耳阳河流域为研究对象,选取流域内居民相对集中的6条泥石流沟,用FLO-2D模型模拟了2012年5月10日实际降雨条件下的泥石流运动特征和堆积特征,得到了泥石流流量随时间的变化曲线、泥石流流体深度和流速在沟谷不同地段的空间分布,对“5·10”泥石流灾害过程进行了重现。模拟结果表明:泥石流爆发15～30 min后达到洪峰,约3 h后流量逐步回落;泥石流流动速度在流通区快,到沟口迅速下降,固体物质淤积阻塞河道。通过野外现场调查和遥感解译,发现模拟得到的泥石流发生过程、堆积区分布、泥石流影响区与现场调查和访问得到的实际情况基本相符。进而,采用相同的方法和参数,对2.0%和0.2%降水频率下泥石流的堆积范围、深度和流速进行了模拟分析,分别制作了上述工况下的泥石流危险性分区图,圈定了潜在威胁较大的人口聚集区,为耳阳河流域泥石流灾害的预防和治理提供了依据,也为类似泥石流提供了一种危险性分析的技术方法。 相似文献
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冕宁县安宁河流域为地质灾害密集分布区,安宁河断裂穿越于此,构造复杂,冷渍沟在上游左岸发育。在强降雨条件下,该沟就会暴发泥石流,堵塞安宁河流域和掩埋杀叶马村房屋和道路。冷渍沟泥石流具有流域面积小,主沟长度短,沟床纵比降大等特征,为了研究安宁河流域内泥石流的危险性,以冷渍沟为例,分析不同降雨周期下的泥石流暴发强度,模拟泥石流的运动过程并进行危险性评价。模拟的最大流速、最大堆积深度和降雨强度三者结合建立冷渍沟泥石流危险性评价模型。研究结果表明,冷渍沟泥石流危险范围内高危险区域占27%,主要集中在松散固体物质较多的沟道,中危险性区域和低危险区域各占56%和17%,该结论为危险范围内的居民和重点设施的风险管控提供参考。 相似文献
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泥石流危险性分区及其在泥石流减灾中的应用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
泥石流是一种突发性山地灾害,至今尚缺乏准确有效的预报方法。减灾工程也只能对一定规模的泥石流起到防御作用。泥石流危险性分区在泥石流减灾中具有重要作用。以泥石流运动数值模拟为基础,以数值模拟获得的流速和流深等参量为分区指标的危险性分区是泥石流危险性分区研究的重点和发展方向。其中,泥石流危险性动量和动能分区充分反映了泥石流的破坏能力,可以提供更为精确的定量化的分区结果。该类分区方法在城镇等有重要危害对象的泥石流减灾中具有广泛的应用。不仅可以应用于泥石流危险区和安全区的划定、泥石流灾害预估、泥石流临灾预案制定、泥石流抢险救灾方案制定和泥石流灾情评估等,还可以应用到山区土地利用规划、山区城镇建设规划和财产保险评估等领域,并起到防灾和减灾的作用。 相似文献
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以天水地区渭河南岸大砂沟泥石流沟为研究对象,通过野外地质调查以及历史资料的统计,初步了解该泥石流的形成条件、松散物源的补给条件、活动历史;详细研究了该泥石流的运动特征,并提出了相应的治理措施。结果表明:该泥石流沟上游三面不稳定斜坡体上的堆积物和大砂沟沟道内的松散堆积物为该泥石流的主要物源;通过统计分析,在极端降雨天气条件下计算得到洪峰流量为355. 26 m3/s。该泥石流沟仍存在暴发大规模泥石流的可能性,一旦泥石流发生,将对下游甘谷县城居民的生命财产安全造成严重的威胁。研究成果可为天水地区泥石流的防灾减灾提供科学依据。 相似文献
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甲学沟泥石流属暴雨一沟谷型稀性泥石流,历史上曾多次爆发泥石流,对下游居民和公路造成危害。在对甲学沟实地跟踪调查的基础上,将泥石流沟划分为形成区、形成流通区、堆积区三个分区。研究该泥石流沟的地质环境条件及发育特征,查明泥石流的成因机制,有针对性的提出防治措施,对类似地质灾害的评价及治理具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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《四川地质学报》2022,(Z1):109-112
为了更好服务皮山县防灾减灾,有必要对典型泥石流沟进行详细调查评价。通过野外调查,结合天地图实体勾绘,了解该泥石流沟地质环境、分区特征;对该泥石流沟15项影响因素、直接损害、潜在威胁对象调查统计以及相关数据收集和公式计算,定性-半定量评价该泥石流沟易发程度、危害性和危险性,了解该泥石流动力参数特征和演变特征。根据研究发现,该沟为标准泥石流沟,分区明显,形成区(流通区)-堆积区;该泥石流处于活跃期且易发,其规模等级为中型,危害等级为中型;潜在危险性等级为极高,活动性等级为高级。按50年一遇的频率计算,该泥石流沟最大流速为1.54 m/s;峰值流量为1917.43m3/s;一次泥石流总量为5.79×103/s;一次泥石流总量为5.79×104 m4 m3,固体物质总量为3.76×103,固体物质总量为3.76×104 m4 m3。 相似文献
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岷县是甘肃南部泥石流频发地区。岷县泥石流多分布于洮河干支流两岸,为群发性泥石流。为了研究群发性泥石流的运动及堆积特征,选取了甘肃岷县麻路河流域为研究区域,以流域内2012年“5·10”暴发泥石流造成重大损失的6条泥石流沟作为整体研究对象,并考虑主河对泥石流堆积物的冲刷携带,运用FLO-2D模拟降雨前主河流动情况及不同降雨频率条件下主河及泥石流的流动情况。根据野外调查结果对比2%降雨频率条件下泥石流模拟结果,验证模型的可靠性。基于模拟结果用ArcGIS进行危险性评价,识别流域内高危险泥石流沟并划定高危险居民区,统计受冲击范围,为泥石流防治和预警工作提供科学依据。 相似文献
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藏东南嘎龙曲冰川泥石流的物源特征及其对扎墨公路的影响 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
在全球气候变暖的大背景下,冰川消融加剧,冰舌后退,冰川泥石流加剧。扎墨公路是目前通往西藏墨脱的唯一公路,公路必经的嘎龙曲发育藏东南地区典型的海洋性冰川泥石流,针对嘎龙曲冰川泥石流的物源特征,经现场调查得出,嘎龙曲冰川泥石流物源类型有冰碛物物源、崩塌型物源以及沟道堆积型物源三类,总结分析了三种物源类型的分布特征和启动模式。通过建立物源计算模型,定量计算嘎龙曲沟域内可参与泥石流活动的松散固体物源动储量为366.28×104 m3,其中冰碛物物源为主要的动储量物源,物源补给特征在藏东南海洋性冰川发育区域具有一定代表性。嘎龙曲沟域内水动力分布的不均一特性决定了物源启动参与泥石流活动的不均一性,随着全球气候变暖影响下水动力条件的增强,嘎龙曲冰川泥石流对扎墨公路的危害会愈加严重。 相似文献
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西藏干线公路泥石流防治工程评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
泥石流是影响道路建设、发展及畅通的最严重的山地灾害之一。由于特殊的地理条件，西藏泥石流十分发育，但目前其防治工程不多，且存在防治技术应用不尽合理及造价过高等问题。随着向西部大开发，西藏公路等级提高，西藏将大规模地开展泥石流防治。因此，研究西藏现有的防治工程，总结其不足，以提高泥石流防治水平十分必要。笔者在对西藏干线公路泥石流防治工程考察的基础上，从青藏线及川藏线公路中选取6条具有代表性的典型泥石流沟，争析了泥石流沟的特点，针对其防治工程设计及实际运营状况进行了工程评价。指出防治工程中存在的不足之处并提出优化防治措施。在总结的基础上，提出泥石流防治工作建议。 相似文献
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四川省都江堰市龙池地区泥石流危险性评价研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汶川地震灾区震后泥石流灾害较震前活跃,对灾区泥石流危险性进行评价是灾后重建过程中合理防灾减灾的基础工作。通过研究泥石流灾害事件中的泥石流规模、泥石流沟堆积扇面积及相应的灾害损失等基础资料,提出以泥石流在泥石流沟堆积扇上的平均堆积厚度替代泥石流规模作为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法。用该方法对汶川震区都江堰市龙池镇龙溪河流域2010年"8.13"泥石流事件中的29条沟谷型泥石流进行危险性评价,评价结果中9条为高度危险,12条为中度危险,8条为低度危险。用以泥石流规模为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法进行对比评价,2种评价方法中有65.5%的泥石流的危险性评价结果一致。以泥石流沟堆积扇平均堆积厚度为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法更能突出规模对泥石流综合危险度的贡献,能更好地反映小泥石流流域和小泥石流堆积扇的泥石流在中小规模的泥石流总量下的危险程度。 相似文献
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Landslides and debris flows that occur around residential areas are considered, globally, as significant disasters that cause damage to human life and property. With terrain slope defining the flow characteristics of debris flows, flow depth, flow velocity, and impact force vary by time and distance. In particular, when a structure is located in the flow path of debris flows, the flow characteristics of debris flows vary by terrain slope and direction angle. To simulate the flow characteristics of these debris flows, the simulation results obtained by FLO-2D were analyzed with six-stage conditions for the research area. In the analysis, the flow depth, flow velocity, and impact force were estimated on the basis of the outlet of the research area in the presence and absence of structure(s) at certain distances. With this, the variation of the impact force in accordance with the variation of the flow depth of the debris flows was highly similar to the simulation results obtained by FLO-2D, when the correction index (α) of the suggested dynamic impact force equation was 0.3–0.4. There were sections where the estimated value of the impact force was overestimated near the outlet, and it was judged that the fixed values of the terrain factors (width, roughness coefficient, slope, etc.) caused the impact force to be overestimated. However, the correlation analysis showed that the correlation index was above the normal ranges in the suggested dynamic impact force equation for debris flows with the application of the terrain factors. 相似文献
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Catastrophic debris flows triggered by a 14 August 2010 rainfall at the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
The Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 produced large amounts of loose material (landslide debris) that are still present
on the steep slopes and in the gullies. This loose material creates an important hazard as strong rainfall can cause the development
of devastating debris flows that will endanger the resettled population and destroy the result of reconstruction efforts.
On 14 August 2010, a total of 21 debris flows were triggered by heavy rainfall around the town of Yingxue, located near the
epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake. One of these debris flows produced a debris dam, which then changed the course of the
river and resulted in the flooding of the newly reconstructed Yinxue town. Prior to this catastrophic event, debris flow hazard
had been recognized in the region, but its potential for such widespread and devastating impacts was not fully appreciated.
Our primary objective for this study was to analyze the characteristics of the triggering rainfall and the sediment supply
conditions leading to this event. Our field observations show that even small debris flow catchment areas have caused widespread
sediment deposition on the existing fans. It is concluded that the whole of the area shaken by the Wenchuan earthquake is
more susceptible to debris flows, initiated by localized heavy rainfall, than had been assumed earlier. The results of this
study contribute to a better understanding of the conditions leading to catastrophic debris flow events in the earthquake-hit
area. This is essential for the implementation of proper early warning, prevention, and mitigation measures as well as a better
land use planning in this area. 相似文献
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Hazard assessment of debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area,South West China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Longxi river basin with the city of Dujiangyan, in the Sichuan province of South West China, belongs to the seismic area of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Lots of loose co-seismic materials were present on the slopes, which in later years served as source material for rainfall-induced debris flows. A total of 12 debris flows, were triggered by heavy rainfall on August 13, 2010 in the study area. The FLO-2D numerical analysis software was adopted to simulate debris flows intensity, including movement velocities and maximum flow depths. A comparison of the measured fan spreading with the simulation results, the evaluation parameter Ω was used to verify accuracy of simulation, the results show Ω values ranging between 1.37 and 1.65 indicating relative good simulation results. This study also estimated the flood hydrograph for various recurrence intervals (20, 100, and 200 years, respectively) to perform scenario simulations of debris flows, and followed Swiss and Austrian standards to establish a debris flow hazard classification model on the basis of a combination of the debris flow intensity and the recurrence period. This study distinguishes three hazard classes: low, medium, and high. This proposed approach generated a debris flow hazard distribution map that could be used for disaster prevention in the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area, South West China. 相似文献
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On 4 July 2013, three catastrophic debris flows occurred in the Hougou, Majingzi, and Xiongjia gullies in Shimian county and produced debris dams and river blockages, resulting in serious casualties and huge economic loss. Though debris flows have been identified prior to the catastrophic events, their magnitudes and destructive power were far beyond early recognition and hazard assessment. Our primary objective for this study was to explore the formation mechanism and typical characteristics and to summarize the lessons learned from these disastrous events in order to avoid the repeat of such disasters in the future. Based on field investigation and imagery interpretation of remote sensing carried out following the catastrophic events, four conclusions were drawn: (1) The catastrophic debris flows were initiated from surface-water runoff, and the triggering factor was attributed to the local intensive rainfall with an hourly intensity of more than 46.7 mm. (2) Entrainment was the most important sediment-supplying method for the debris flow occurrence, and the source materials transported by debris flows from the three gullies were estimated to be about 97?×?104 m3 in volume altogether. (3) As surface-water runoff eroded and entrained hillslope and channel materials persistently, debris flows were characterized by intensive incision at upper or middle reaches and significant magnification effect in flow discharge and volume downstream. Corresponding peak discharge surveyed at the outlets of the Hougou, Majingzi, and Xiongjia gullies was estimated up to 751.0 m3/s, 870.1 m3/s, and 758.7 m3/s, respectively. (4) Debris flows that occurred from the three gullies all belonged to viscous ones and the bulk densities were calculated more than 1.80 g/cm3, indicating a huge carrying capacity and destructive impacting power. In addition, the lessons learned from the catastrophic events were summarized, including recognition and assessment on debris flow hazard and utilization of deposition fan. In this paper, prevention suggestions on debris flow prone valleys with high-vegetation coverage and low occurrence frequency were also put forward. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding on the initiation mechanism, dynamic characteristics, and disaster mitigation of debris flows initiated from intense rainfall and surface-water runoff in mountainous areas. 相似文献
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泥石流危险度的划分是泥石流研究中的重点与难点,泥石流危险度的确定对于泥石流整体特征的把握具有十分重要的作用。采用熵值-理想点法建立了泥石流危险度划分模型,选取流域面积、主沟长度与泥石流沟相对最大高差等10个评价指标。利用现场3条泥石流沟作为工程评价对象,通过熵值法确定各评价指标的权重系数,并采用理想点法进行泥石流危险度的划分研究。根据模型分析结果,泥石流沟2与3属于高危险度(贴近度为0.79与0.83),泥石流沟1属于中危险度(贴近度为0.82)。泥石流危险度与现场情况及已有研究资料基本一致,证明了该法在泥石流危险度划分中的合理性与有效性。 相似文献
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雅鲁藏布江大拐弯附近晚更新世末次冰期—全新世发育多期次泥石流, 组合形成了现代大规模扇形堆积体。以派镇蹦嘎沟泥石流为例, 采用地面调查、钻孔及14C测年等方法, 研究泥石流形成年代序列、堆积深度、冲出范围等特征, 分析结果表明: 现代蹦嘎沟依然有小规模的支沟泥石流发育且广泛堆积于沟道内, 现存堆积扇区域尚未发现泥石流堆积; 距今8500年左右为蹦噶沟全新世泥石流活跃期, 单期次累积堆积深度约10.9 m; 滨湖浅水相沉积(河流相)形成的浅灰色粉细砂中的两处碳样表明雅鲁藏布江现代河床在40~100年左右沉积深度约0.4 m, 年平均沉积速率4~10 mm; 海拔2906.1~2896.7 m及2849.4~2848.2 m处钻孔依次揭露厚度为9.4 m和1.2 m饼状青灰色粉质黏土, 推测发生两次堵江事件。上述结果可为该区域全新世以来泥石流活动性特征研究提供参考。 相似文献
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We examine the magnitude, frequency, and precipitation threshold of the extreme flood hazard on 37 low-order streams in the lower Stehekin River Valley on the arid eastern slope of the North Cascades. Key morphometric variables identify the magnitude of the hazard by differentiating debris flood from debris flow systems. Thirty-two debris flow systems are fed by basins?<?6 km2 and deposited debris cones with slopes?>?10°. Five debris flood systems have larger drainage areas and debris fans with slopes 7–10°. The debris flood systems have Melton ruggedness ratios from 0.42–0.64 compared to 0.78–3.80 for debris flow basins. We record stratigraphy at seven sites where soil surfaces buried by successive debris flows limit the age of events spanning 6000 years. Eighteen radiocarbon ages from the soils are the basis for estimates of a 200 to1500-year range in recurrence interval for larger debris flows and a 450?±?50-year average. Smaller events occur approximately every 100 years. Fifteen debris flows occurred in nine drainage systems in the last 15 years, including multiple flows on three streams. Summer storms in 2010 and 2013 with peak rainfall intensities of 7–9 mm/h sustained for 8–11 h triggered all but one flow; the fall 2015 event on Canyon Creek occurred after 170 mm of rain in 78 h. A direct link between fires and debris flows is unclear because several recent debris flows occurred in basins that did not burn or burned at low intensity, and basins that burned at high intensity did not carry debris flows. All but one of the recent flows and fires occurred on the valley’s southwest-facing wall. We conclude that fires and debris flows are linked by aspect at the landscape scale, where the sunny valley wall has flashy runoff due to sparse vegetation from frequent fires.
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