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1.
西天山阿吾拉勒埃达克质岩石成因：Nd和Sr同位素组成的限制 总被引：28，自引：11，他引：28
西天山阿吾拉勒二叠纪钠质英安岩和钠长斑岩具有与埃达克岩一致的高Sr,低Y、Yb和Eu正异常等独特岩石地球化学特征。系统的Nd和Sr同位素组成研究表明，其（^143Nd/^144Nd)i为0．512384－0．512470，εNd(t)为正值（＋1．57－＋3．26）；（^87Sr/^86Sr)i为0．0751－0．7054，与本区同时代幔源玄武岩的Nd和Sr同位素组成特征相似，但与俯冲洋壳部分熔融成因埃达克岩的Nd和Sr同位素组成有显著区别。结合这些埃达克质岩石形成二叠纪后碰撞阶段构造背景，认为本区埃达克质岩浆最有可能由新底侵的玄武质下地壳在角闪岩相向榴辉岩相过渡或榴辉岩相的条件下部分熔融形成，是西天山晚古生代后碰撞阶段地幔玄武岩浆底侵作用和地壳垂向增生的重要岩石标志。 相似文献
2.
变质玄武岩体系相平衡及矿物 熔体微量元素分配：限定TTG/埃达克岩形成条件和大陆壳生长模型 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
埃达克质岩石是高Na、Al和Sr、低Y和HREE以及Nb、Ta亏损的钠质花岗质岩石,奥长花岗岩-英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩(TTG)是早期(太古宙)大陆壳主要组分,成分与埃达克质岩石相似,这些成分独特的岩石总体上认为是俯冲洋壳、下地壳和拆沉的下地壳中变质玄武岩部分熔融的产物。文中综述我们近年来在变质玄武岩体系相平衡和矿物-熔体微量元素分配实验研究成果:相平衡实验和熔体微量元素特征研究表明,变质玄武岩部分熔融过程中金红石是导致TTG/埃达克岩浆Nb、Ta亏损的必要残留矿物,从而否定了前人“TTG由无金红石的角闪岩熔融产生”的观点;证实金红石仅仅在压力1.5GPa以上才能稳定存在,从而限定TTG/埃达克岩熔体必定产生在大约50km以上,表明TTG/埃达克岩是在相对较深的含金红石榴辉岩相条件下熔融产生的。矿物(石榴子石、角闪石,单斜辉石和金红石)-熔体微量元素分配系数测定和部分熔融模拟结果进一步限定俯冲洋壳和下地壳起源的TTG/埃达克岩浆由含金红石角闪榴辉岩熔融产生,而拆沉下地壳起源的埃达克岩浆的产生要求软流圈地幔高温,由无水或含有少量含水矿物的榴辉岩熔融产生。 相似文献
3.
阿尔金南缘早古生代岩浆作用及碰撞造山过程 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
阿尔金南缘发育着大规模多种多样的早古生代岩浆岩,对不同阶段岩浆作用时限、源岩特征及其形成机制的系统研究,对全面理解该地区早古生代洋-陆转换、大陆深俯冲、板片断离等地球动力学过程具有重要的科学意义。本文通过对早古生代岩浆岩的时空分布、岩石类型、同位素定年数据和岩石地球化学资料的综合分析,研究岩浆活动期次和岩石成因机制,结合区域资料,将阿尔金南缘早古生代构造-岩浆演化过程分为4个阶段:1500Ma,由E-MORB、N-MORB型基性—超基性岩浆岩和O型埃达克岩组成,为"南阿尔金洋盆"洋脊扩张和板片俯冲消减作用阶段;2497~472Ma,由I型和S型花岗岩组成,具C型埃达克岩特征,是上地壳砂质岩和下地壳玄武质岩石高压部分熔融的产物,属于碰撞造山的陆壳深俯冲阶段;3469~445Ma,由OIB型碱性基性-超基性岩和I型-S型花岗岩组成,具板片断离后同折返岩浆岩特征,前者形成与陆内伸展裂解环境,后者以低Sr(或高Sr)、高Y和低Sr/Y为主(少量高Sr、低Y),是上地壳折返减压部分熔融(局部仍为挤压作用)的产物,属于初始后碰撞伸展的地壳折返阶段;4424~385Ma,由具低Sr、高Y特征的A型岩浆岩组成,是上地壳砂质-泥质岩高温低压部分熔融的产物,为后碰撞伸展拉张阶段。根据岩浆活动特征和构造演化过程,提出了阿尔金南缘早古生代构造-岩浆演化模式图。 相似文献
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深部过程对埃达克质岩石成分的制约 总被引：45，自引：18，他引：27
埃达克岩、太古宙TTG和中国东部广泛出露的燕山期埃达克质中酸性火山-侵入岩在岩石地球化学特征方面有许多相似之处,也有一些显著的差异。与典型的埃达克岩相比,太古宙TTG具有相对高Si和低Mg^#的特点：中国东部埃达克质岩石多表现为低Mg^#贫A120,和高K特征。埃达克岩相对高Mg^#是由于俯冲洋壳部分熔融产生的原生埃达克岩熔体受到了地幔橄榄岩的混染,太古宙TTG多无明显的地幔混染印记,反映其可能主要形成于下地壳底侵玄武岩的部分熔融,而与洋壳俯冲没有直接联系。中国东部埃达克质岩石相对低Mg^#畜K,暗示其可能是下地壳底侵玄武岩部分熔融或拆沉-熔融的产物,而幔源富钾熔体的混合、壳内分异和混染过程都有可能影响其成分特征中国东部部分地区的高镁埃达克质岩石可能揭示了下地壳拆沉一熔融和地幔混染过程。钾质埃达克岩的源区可能是被小比例软流圈熔体交代富集的底侵玄武岩层(增厚的下地壳)。结合燕山期岩浆作用和构造转换的特点来看,埃达克岩的形成是中国东部晚中生代岩石圈强烈减薄和大规模岩浆作用产物的一部分,这一重大构造体制的转换可能与地幔柱上涌对岩石圈的侵蚀和导致的伸展作用有关。 相似文献
5.
新疆西准噶尔萨吾尔地区阿克塔木组(新建)为一套中性火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩夹少量酸性火山熔岩建造。流纹岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为337.9±0.77Ma,属早石炭世。安山岩地球化学特征表现为高Si O2(53.42%～64.74%)、A12O3(16.05%～19.23%),富Na2O(4.05%～8.13%)贫K2O(0.36%～3.65%),富Sr(448.1×10-6～1507×10-6),低Yb(0.94×10-6～1.79×10-6)、Y(8.48×10-6～16.92×10-6),高Sr/Y比值(36.6～89.0),富集LREE,亏损HREE,弱Eu正异常,明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常,具有典型的埃达克岩特征,为玄武质洋壳在石榴角闪岩相高度部分熔融的产物。阿克塔木组火山岩形成于与洋内俯冲有关的岛弧环境,为早石炭世额尔齐斯-斋桑洋南向俯冲的岩浆记录。俯冲板片边缘受到来自板片窗的高温软流圈物质加热,部分熔融形成的埃达克质熔体与地幔橄榄岩发生熔体-岩石反应,从而形成埃达克岩+富Nb玄武岩组合,同时发生与之相关的Cu-Au成矿作用。阿克塔木组早石炭世埃达克岩的发现,为西准噶尔地区晚古生代岩浆活动、构造演化和金属成矿等研究提供了可靠的依据。 相似文献
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埃达克岩的特征、成因及构造意义 总被引：26，自引：1，他引：26
与多数弧岩浆岩具有玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩的岩石组合不同,有一种弧岩浆岩以英安岩及与其成分相当的深成岩为主,由于其独特的地球化学特征被定义为埃达克岩。埃达克岩的显著特征是高Al2O3、Sr、Sr/Y、La/Yb、Zr/Sm而低Y、Yb、Sc。根据熔浆-矿物平衡热力学,岩浆被认为起源于榴辉岩相条件下俯冲板片的部分熔融。这样的熔融条件一般认为要求年轻(<25Ma)而热(≈10℃/km)的水化玄武质洋壳岩石发生俯冲作用,并在大约75～90km深处发生脱水部分熔融形成埃达克岩岩浆。在岩浆弧岩石成因体系中,这样的熔融条件最可能出现在板块俯冲的初始阶段。因此,埃达克岩概念的提出与研究可能具有重要的构造意义。 相似文献
7.
俯冲陆壳部分熔融形成埃达克质岩浆 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在岛弧背景，埃达克质岩浆形成于俯冲洋壳板片的部分熔融已得到共识，但在大陆碰撞背景，埃达克质岩浆是否形成于俯冲陆壳的部分熔融尚未有研究报导。对祁连山东南部关山花岗岩（229 Ma）的地球化学和岩石成因研究提供了俯冲陆壳部分熔融形成埃达克质岩浆的一个实例。关山花岗岩以高K（K2O=4.12%~5.16%，K2O/Na2O=0.97~1.64）、高Sr/Y比值（13.6~84.1）、低Y （6.8×10-6 ~15.7×10-6 ）和低HREE（eg. Yb=0.62×10-6~1.31×10-6）为特征，并具有强分异的稀土元素组成模式[（La/Yb）N=17.5~41.6]和演化的Sr-Nd同位素组成[初始87Sr/86Sr=0.70587~0.70714, εNd（t）=-10.9~-5.16, tDM=1.10~1.49 Ga]。这些地球化学特征表明关山花岗岩属于大陆型（C型）埃达克质岩石，而明显不同于俯冲洋壳板片或底侵玄武质下地壳部分熔融形成的埃达克岩。关山花岗岩Pb-Sr-Nd同位素组成与商丹断裂北侧的祁连山前寒武纪基底岩石、早古生代火山岩和花岗岩类存在显著差异，但类似于商丹断裂南侧秦岭早中生代花岗岩类的Pb-Sr-Nd同位素组成，由此认为具有埃达克质的关山花岗岩的岩浆来自于南部俯冲陆壳物质的部分熔融，并提出了大陆碰撞背景中埃达克质岩浆产生的一个新的地质模型。 相似文献
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本文通过对西昆仑西段地区晚古生代—中生代花岗岩的岩石类型、形成时代和岩石地球化学资料的综合分析,探讨花岗质岩浆活动期次、岩石成因,结合区域资料,探讨构造-岩浆演化特征和碰撞造山过程。将该地区晚古生代—中生代构造-岩浆演化分为7个阶段:(1)388~324 Ma(特提斯Ⅰ、Ⅱ支洋向北俯冲消减阶段),具富钠贫钾特征的低温TTG岩石组合,形成于陆缘弧环境;(2)339~291 Ma(奥依塔格弧后盆地演化阶段),由于南部特提斯Ⅰ支洋持续往北俯冲,导致西昆仑北缘发生弧后扩展而形成弧后盆地,形成拉斑质具强烈富钠贫钾特征的低温大洋花岗岩;(3)258~241 Ma(特提斯Ⅰ支洋闭合、碰撞造山阶段),岩石中发育石榴子石和白云母,普遍具片麻状构造,属于S型花岗岩,陆壳部分熔融的产物;(4)234~210 Ma(特提斯Ⅰ后碰撞伸展阶段):岩体规模较大,为I型→A型花岗岩,伴随着地幔岩浆底侵和强烈的壳幔岩浆混合作用;(5)198~150 Ma(特提斯Ⅱ支洋向南俯冲消减阶段):类似TTG的岩石组合,形成于与洋壳俯冲有关的岩浆弧环境;(6)148~118 Ma(特提斯Ⅱ支洋闭合、碰撞造山阶段):弱片麻状二云二长花岗岩,属C型埃达克岩,为陆-陆碰撞过程中陆壳加厚发生部分熔融的产物;(7)111~75 Ma(特提斯Ⅱ后碰撞伸展阶段):发育规模较大,钾玄质系列,是古老地壳部分熔融的产物。根据各阶段花岗质岩浆活动特征和构造演化过程,初步提出了西昆仑西段晚古生代—中生代大地构造演化模式图。 相似文献
9.
东天山晚古生代埃达克岩成因及铜金成矿意义 总被引：18，自引：16，他引：18
东天山晚古生代岛弧带位于古亚洲洋成矿域的腹地,该区发育许多埃达克质的英云闪长岩、斜长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩小侵入体,本文选择尾亚北、三岔口、312国道东、312国道西、土屋-延东和巴仑台等小岩体进行了地球化学研究。这些岩石具有高Sr、Na2O和Al2O3,低Y和HREE等特征,与埃达克岩地球化学特征一致。绝大部分样品的εNd(T)为正值( 1．80 - 8．47),且(87Sr／86Sr)i很低(0．7026-0．7051),与现代MORB以及新生代俯冲洋壳熔融形成的埃达克岩的Nd和Sr同位素组成接近。东天山大部分埃达克质岩石具有高Mg#(>40)特点,且它们形成于晚古生代岛弧构造背景,暗示这些埃达克岩可能由俯冲洋壳熔融产生,并经历了与地幔楔橄榄岩的相互作用;三岔口英云闪长斑岩具有低Mg#(<40),且形成于碰撞后构造背景,可能是增厚下地壳熔融的产物。土屋-延东与埃达克岩有关的超大型斑岩铜矿的发现和突破使得东天山成为寻找斑岩铜金矿的重要靶区,本文新发现的埃达克岩无疑为在该区进一步寻找相关的矿床提供了有用的线索。特别是大部分埃达克岩由俯冲洋壳熔融产生,暗示其源区含有高丰度的Cu、Au和挥发份H2O、Cl等,且其岩浆可能在角闪岩相向榴辉岩相转变时产生,此时角闪石大规模分解有利于产生含丰富挥发份和成矿元素的埃达克质岩浆,暗示良好的成矿条件和成矿潜力。 相似文献
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阿拉善地块早古生代岩浆作用的成因研究，对理解阿拉善地块与古亚洲洋相互作用过程至关重要。本文在阿拉善地块中部新识别出一中志留世花岗岩体(噶顺花岗岩),其锆石U-Pb年龄为432Ma,以高Sr低Y为特征，属弱过铝质、中钾-高钾钙碱性花岗岩，εHf (t)=-8.8～-19.4,形成于古老下地壳岩石的部分熔融。本文同时总结了阿拉善地块其他晚奥陶世-早泥盆世岩浆岩的成分特征，发现阿拉善地块早古生代岩浆岩在成因上可分为两类：类型I,侵位于晚奥陶世-早中志留世，为典型幔源弧岩浆岩，形成于俯冲流体交代地幔楔的部分熔融；类型II,侵位于中晚志留世-早泥盆世，普遍高Sr低Y,形成于古老中基性地壳岩石的部分熔融。纵观阿拉善地块整个早古生代的岩浆作用，在晚奥陶世-早中志留世→中晚志留世-早泥盆世→中晚泥盆世期间，阿拉善地块的岩浆作用从幔源弧岩浆岩过渡到壳源高Sr低Y型花岗岩再到岩浆作用逐渐消失，反映了阿拉善地块陆缘弧从相对伸展环境向挤压弧的转变。这一岩浆作用演化记录了区域构造作用从典型洋陆俯冲到俯冲作用逐渐减弱(直至停止)或者俯冲角度(从陡俯冲向平俯冲)的转变过程；总体上，阿拉善地块早... 相似文献
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Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
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针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。 相似文献
13.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
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《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
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The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ 11= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ 22=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ 33= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α D (mineral)=∑ α D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (Vo) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of Vo in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect. 相似文献
18.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
19.
Geochemistry and petrology of selected coal samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Harvey E. Belkin Susan J. Tewalt James C. Hower J.D. Stucker J.M.K. O'Keefe 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(3-4):260-268
Indonesia has become the world's largest exporter of thermal coal and is a major supplier to the Asian coal market, particularly as the People's Republic of China is now (2007) and perhaps may remain a net importer of coal. Indonesia has had a long history of coal production, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, but only in the last two decades have government and commercial forces resulted in a remarkable coal boom. A recent assessment of Indonesian coal-bed methane (CBM) potential has motivated active CBM exploration. Most of the coal is Paleogene and Neogene, low to moderate rank and has low ash yield and sulfur (generally < 10 and < 1 wt.%, respectively). Active tectonic and igneous activity has resulted in significant rank increase in some coal basins. Eight coal samples are described that represent the major export and/or resource potential of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Detailed geochemistry, including proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, and major, minor, and trace element determinations are presented. Organic petrology and vitrinite reflectance data reflect various precursor flora assemblages and rank variations, including sample composites from active igneous and tectonic areas. A comparison of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) elements abundance with world and US averages show that the Indonesian coals have low combustion pollution potential. 相似文献
20.
The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements. 相似文献