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1.
在前人研究基础上，对塔中I号断裂带地层进行岩石力学试验，并用相似材料地质力学模拟试验研究塔中I号断裂带在后期应力场作用下演化过程。结果表明，塔中I号断裂对塔中地区的地质构造起控制性作用。张裂和剪裂为该区地层的主要破裂机制，所产生的裂缝集中发育于中部的奥陶纪和寒武纪地层。 相似文献
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千枚岩岩石微观破裂机理与断裂特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岩石的宏观断裂与其内部微结构和微缺陷紧密相关,建立岩石微观破裂机理和宏观断裂之间更直观的联系是当今断裂力学的难题之一。本文以金沙江上游泥盆系中统中段的绢云母千枚岩与硅质板状千枚岩为研究对象,利用扫描电镜与力学试验等多种测试手段,通过对2种千枚岩岩石断口的微观形貌特征的研究,揭示了千枚岩岩石微观破裂形式、破裂机理与其矿物组成之间的联系。指出绢云母千枚岩岩石以沿晶面擦花的微观破裂形式为主,是典型的微观脆性剪断,而硅质板状千枚岩岩石既有沿晶断裂的拉断破裂,又存在切晶擦花的剪切微破裂形式,是属于拉、剪破裂并存的微观破裂机制。进一步结合岩石断裂的力学特征,分析千枚岩微观破裂与宏观断裂之间的联系。结果显示:千枚岩岩石在外力作用下的断裂形式与其微观破裂形式是可对应的。这一结论为建立起岩石微观破坏机制和宏观断裂特征的桥梁提供了依据,具有一定的理论意义。 相似文献
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大型工程开挖中,高地应力环境下高储能脆性岩体通常会通过脆性破裂快速释放应变能,产生岩爆。针对这类岩爆现象进行了一系列理论探讨,认为:(1)开挖条件下脆性岩体的岩爆破坏主要为张破裂或者张剪性破裂,破裂角一般较小,呈薄片状或刀口状。笔者认为开挖产生次生张应力和压剪应力条件下微裂纹裂尖出现张应力是可能的,因此采用格里菲斯强度理论研究开挖岩体破裂是有效的;(2)以格里菲斯强度理论为基础,分析了岩体在二维和三维情形下的岩爆破裂应力判据和破裂角,指出在有张应力的条件下,岩体的剪破裂角会减小,直至为零,这就解释了开挖面附近薄片状、刀口状破裂现象的原因;(3)分析了脆性岩体岩爆破裂的能量过程,指出张性破裂所耗能量较小,而张剪性和压剪性破裂耗能较高。认为岩爆破裂消耗的能量主要转化为新生裂纹的表面能和破裂碎片的动能,并指出表面能所占比例较动能为小。由此解释了脆性岩体岩爆破坏以动力效应为主的特征;(4)本文理论分析成果的工程应用价值在于:可以预示开挖脆性岩体破裂部位、破裂方式和破裂范围;提出岩爆破裂的张性应力控制依据。 相似文献
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水力压裂作为一种改造储层渗透性、压裂增产的技术,对页岩气开采具有重要意义。为研究射孔附近水力压裂过程中页岩各向异性特征对破裂压力及裂缝扩展的影响规律,开展了单轴试验条件下不同层理角度的页岩水力压裂试验。研究表明:页岩的破裂压力存在明显的各向异性,破裂压力随层理角度的分布曲线呈U型分布,其中0°和90°破裂压力最大,30°最小;页岩的破裂形态主要有两种,一种为沿着最大主应力方向即竖直方向起裂并延伸,另一种模式为裂缝先沿着最大主应力方向起裂并延伸,延伸过程中直接穿过层理面,随后渐渐转向为沿层理面方向扩展;破裂机制则包括拉张破坏和拉张剪切混合破坏。研究结果对于深入了解页岩裂缝起裂和延伸机理、水力压裂施工设计等具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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剪裂角是表征岩石共轭节理裂缝形态特征的重要参数，是岩石破裂程度及形态特征的重要体现，论文基于南川地区龙马溪组页岩的发育特征，利用野外观察、实验测试等手段梳理了研究区页岩节理剪裂角的发育情况，并探究了其发育规律。结果表明：研究区节理剪裂角发育具有一定的方向性，构造特征是影响节理剪裂角发育情况的重要因素，构造演化影响剪裂角发育方向，构造条件越复杂，节理剪裂角越发育；页岩成分通过影响页岩脆性系数，影响着节理剪裂角大小的发育情况，两者分布呈负相关关系；岩石力学性质是影响节理剪裂角发育的内在因素，岩石内摩擦角越大，节理剪裂角越小。 相似文献
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泥页岩单轴抗压破裂特征及UCS影响因素 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
正确认识泥页岩单轴抗压破裂特征及UCS影响因素对探究泥页岩破裂机制、钻完井设计、压裂评价、微裂缝预测、测井解释及地震响应等方面均具有重要参考价值。本文在对国内外近些年有关泥页岩单轴抗压及UCS研究系统调研及近期研究成果全面分析基础上,对泥页岩破裂特征及UCS影响因素进行了综合分析。研究结果表明,泥页岩单轴加载曲线的非弹性段变形机制受微裂缝的滑动、新微裂缝的产生、扩展及孔隙坍塌的综合影响。泥页岩单轴抗压破裂呈张性或张剪性,张性破裂易发生于刚度较高、固结程度较强的部位;而剪性破裂易发生于刚度较低、固结程度较弱的部位。S型破裂准则可以较为准确的描述泥页岩从单轴到三轴发生破裂时所对应的强度变化。从地质学角度,对影响泥页岩UCS的因素进行了归纳,分别为矿物组成、层理面角度、分选性、微组构、有机质含量及分布、孔隙度、水分、微裂缝8方面因素,详细分析了不同影响因素的影响机制。在这些影响因素中,微裂缝由于分布特征复杂,其对泥页岩单轴抗压破裂及UCS的影响机制研究尚不深入。因此建议未来应加强泥页岩微裂缝参数的定量化研究,从微观尺度研究微裂缝对泥页岩单轴抗压破裂的具体影响机制,该研究可以为页岩油气勘探、开发提供科学指导。 相似文献
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利用测井资料建立地层剪破裂模型是对现有张破裂的有效补充,有利于完善钻井、压裂等石油工程中的破裂机理。运用FMI（地层微电阻率扫描成像）测井资料能识别钻井诱导缝和剪破裂的方位、数量和密度。本文通过对地层剪破裂的理论研究和影响因素分析,利用内摩擦系数与矿物含量之间的非线性假设,建立了地层剪破裂的临界剪应力模型。研究发现,地层中的黏土矿物含量、内摩擦系数、内聚强度和应力大小是诱发剪破裂的重要因素。利用内摩擦系数（或内摩擦角）与泥质体积分数之间的统计回归模型简化了地层剪破裂模型,并增强了模型的适用性。实际资料表明,地层发生剪破裂时的临界剪应力与钻井诱导缝数量之间呈反比关系,理论研究与实际资料具有良好的一致性。 相似文献
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干湿交替作用后砂岩破裂过程实时观测与分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用岩石破裂全过程的细观力学试验系统进行了天然状态及干湿交替作用后的完整和含预制圆孔砂岩试件的单轴压缩破裂试验。利用显微镜观察了砂岩裂纹萌生、扩展以及试件的失稳破坏过程。经过干湿交替作用后岩样更容易在较低的应力状态下发生裂纹的扩展,并且裂纹扩展的初始阶段一般表现为拉破裂。完整试件的裂纹是随机性的三维扩展,而有预制圆孔试件一般是从预制圆孔周边开始扩展。天然状态下的预制圆孔试件在起裂时从圆孔的压应力集中区产生剪切裂纹;而干湿交替作用后,起裂时可能先从拉应力集中区产生拉裂纹,并且裂纹演化过程更为复杂一些,破裂形式多样化。与天然状态相比,经过干湿循环作用后的砂岩破坏脆性降低,强度等力学参数也随干湿交替次数增加而逐渐降低。 相似文献
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韧性剪切带向剪破裂的转化与成岩成矿作用 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
岩石应力-应变实验表明,在中等载荷(等于或大于岩石蠕变极限)作用下,岩石蠕变最终可导致破裂;三轴差应力实验后的试件中,多见极小的韧性剪切带中存在剪破裂;研究发现,糜棱岩并不一定有利于后来断层的叠加,然而二者共存一处的现象却十分普遍;牵引褶皱和剪切断层的应变速率差别极大,只能先牵后断。由此可见,韧性剪切带在同一构造层次情况下,可在变形较强的部位产生剪破裂;此时温度较高和压力骤降,导致部分熔融和流体卸载,这一转化过程产生的温度、压力和流体浓度等梯度变化,促使流体(物质)运移与富集导致成岩成矿。这一认识对解释动力成岩成矿、断层双层结构模式等诸多问题有重要意义。 相似文献
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Initiation and formation of folds and the Kazerun high-angle fault zone, in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt, were related to the continuing SW–NE oriented contraction that probably initiated in the Late Cretaceous, and intensified, starting in Miocene, when the Arabian and Eurasian plates collided. The contraction that led to folding and thrusting of the Phanerozoic sequence in the belt has led to the strike–slip reactivation of basement faults that formed during the Precambrian. Two major systems of fractures have developed, under the same regional state of contraction, during the folding and strike–slip faulting processes. Folding led to the formation of a system of fold-related fractures that comprises four sets of fractures, which include an axial and a cross-axial set that trend parallel and perpendicular to the confining fold axial trace, respectively, and two oblique sets that trend at moderate angles to the axial trace. Slip along high-angle, strike–slip faults formed a system of fractures in the damage zone of the faults (e.g., Kazerun), and deformed folds that existed in the shear zone by rotating their axial plane. This fault-related fracture system is made of five sets of fractures, which include the two sets of Riedel shear fractures (R and R′), P- and Y-shear fractures, and an extensional set.
Remote sensing analysis of both fracture systems, in a GIS environment, reveals a related kinematic history for folding outside of the Kazerun shear zone and faulting and deformation (fracturing and rotation of folds) within the Kazerun fault zone. Rotation of the folds and formation of the five sets of the fault-related fractures in the Kazerun shear zone are consistent with a dextral motion along the fault. The mean trends of the shortening directions, independently calculated for the fold- and fault-related fracture systems, are remarkably close (N53 ± 4°E and N50 ± 5°E, respectively), and are perpendicular to the general NW–SE trend of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. Although segments of the Kazerun fault are variably oriented within a narrow range, the angular relationships between sets of fault-related fractures and these segments remain constant. 相似文献
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裂缝是朝阳沟油田储层的有效储集空间和主要渗流通道,其复杂分布严重影响该油田的开发生产。通过区域构造研究与岩心构造解析,结合地表露头和薄片观察,分析了区内裂缝的发育特征、成因机制及控制因素。该储层主要发育近SN向、近EW向、NW向和NE向4组构造裂缝,裂缝以低角度裂缝为主,主要包括挤压褶皱作用下形成的顺层滑脱裂缝和与逆冲挤压作用有关的低角度剪切裂缝,高角度裂缝主要包括扩张裂缝和中高角度斜缝。裂缝的充填及含油性表明它们大部分为有效缝,并反映在地层条件下的储渗作用。明水组沉积末期的反转构造期是裂缝的主要形成时期,主要形成近SN向和近EW向构造裂缝。裂缝的发育程度受岩性、层厚、断层、褶皱、深度等因素的控制,不同岩性,裂缝发育程度也不同;裂缝的平均间距与裂隙化的岩层厚度呈较好的线性相关关系;绝大多数构造裂缝与断层作用相关;褶皱的不同形成阶段发育不同类型的裂缝;随深度增加,裂缝发育程度明显降低。 相似文献
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形成于燕山期的黑牛洞铜矿分布在江浪变质核杂岩的伸展型韧性剪切带内,变基性火山岩附近矿化和蚀变强烈。伸展型韧性剪切带晚期具有张性或张扭性断裂叠加的构造特征。黑牛洞铜矿似属韧性剪切带型铜矿,其成矿物质具有多来源、成矿作用具有多期次、矿床具有多成因的特点,而最终使其成为富铜矿的重要控矿因素则是燕山期的伸展型韧性剪切作用及其晚期的脆性断裂叠加。建议找矿在伸展型韧性剪切带内,有变基性火山岩发育,矿化、蚀变显示良好,晚期叠加张性或张扭性断裂的有利地段展开。 相似文献
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油气储层中构造裂缝发育与有限应变状态关系密切,为了探索有限应变分析与构造裂缝预测的新技术方法,此次研究设计完成了一组单侧挤压收敛模型的物理模拟实验,并引入粒子图像测速(PIV,Particle Image Velocimetry)技术对实验过程进行了定量化分析。实验模型在垂向上为含粘性层的多层结构,实验结果形成了一个肉眼可见的箱状褶皱。通过PIV技术可以获取实验模型变形演化过程中各阶段的位移场数据,计算出各阶段的增量应变,实现从初始状态到褶皱形成之后整个变形过程的有限应变分析,探讨构造裂缝成因机制和分布规律,进行定量化裂缝预测。挤压变形过程初期,应变分布范围很广,有限应变较弱(约4%~8%),在挤压方向上的线应变表现为弱压应变,在垂向上的线应变表现为弱张应变,这种现象是褶皱和断层产生前平行层缩短和层增厚的纯剪变形结果,也是区域型张裂缝和剪裂缝形成的主要机制。褶皱和断层即将发育之时至发育之后,应变局限在断层发育的剪切带及附近区域,有限应变表现为较强(达20%)的剪切应变和剪切张应变,是断层面附近简单剪切变形作用的结果,也是局部型剪裂缝和张剪裂缝形成的主要机制。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT A conceptual model is proposed in which bulk transtension, or local transtension during bulk simple shear (resulting from mantle anisotropy contrasts or lithosphere rheology contrasts), of heterogeneously enriched lithospheric mantle, triggers localized K-rich magmatism, which focuses strain and causes nucleation of lithosphere-scale transtensional or strike-slip shear zones. Transtension-triggered magmatism is most likely to be located at sites of maximum metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle. Magma-generated fractures propagate upwards, nucleating zones of lithospheric weakness, which focus shear in narrow transcurrent faults or at basin margins. In this way, magmatism controls fault timing and location. Although volcanism will be coeval with fault development and volcanoes will appear fault-controlled, counterintuitively, our model suggests that faults are, in a sense, volcano-controlled. We suggest that this new transtension – K-rich magmatism – transcurrent faulting association represents a hitherto unrecognized genetic relationship as significant as, for example, the ocean island magma series. 相似文献
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Late Triassic and Early Jurassic bedrock in the Newark basin is pervasively fractured as a result of Mesozoic rifting of the east–central North American continental margin. Tectonic rifting imparted systematic sets of steeply-dipping, en échelon, Mode I, extension fractures in basin strata including ordinary joints and veins. These fractures are arranged in transitional-tensional arrays resembling normal dip-slip shear zones. They contributed to crustal stretching, sagging, and eventual faulting of basin rift deposits. Extension fractures display progressive linkage and spatial clustering that probably controlled incipient fault growth. They cluster into three prominent strike groups correlated to early, intermediate, and late-stage tectonic events reflecting about 50– 60° of counterclockwise rotation of incremental stretching directions. Finite strain analyses show that extension fractures allowed the stretching of basin strata by a few percent, and these fractures impart stratigraphic dips up to a few degrees in directions opposing fracture dips. Fracture groups display three-dimensional spatial variability but consistent geometric relations. Younger fractures locally cut across and terminate against older fractures having more complex vein-cement morphologies and bed-normal folds from stratigraphic compaction. A fourth, youngest group of extension fractures occur sporadically and strike about E–W in obliquely inverted crustal blocks. A geometric analysis of overlapping fracture sets shows how fracture groups result from incremental rotation of an extending tectonic plate, and that old fractures can reactivate with oblique slip components in the contemporary, compressive stress regime. 相似文献
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The nature and development of microscopic feather fractures (mff) are investigated in experimentally deformed intact and precut cylinders of room-dry Tennessee and Coconino Sandstone. All specimens are deformed at 25° C, and at a shortening rate of 10−4 sec−1 ; the intact ones are at confining pressures from 0.5 to 2.5 kbar; and the precut specimens at 1.0 and 1.5 kbar. Mff occur in grains adjacent to induced shear fractures or faults; they are wedge-shaped and die out within one or two grain diameters from the fault; and they make acute angles with the fault such that arrows directed into the apices of these angles on either side of the fault define its sense of shear. Occurrence of mff only after slip on precut surfaces clearly demonstrates that they form as a result of shear displacement. The average angle between the mff and fault is 10° greater than that between the load axis and the fault, and it increases with increasing confining pressure in initially intact specimens. Data suggest that the abundance of mff (mean number per grain) increases with increasing normal stress across the fault and with displacement. The wedgeshaped character of many mff and their consistent orientation at 10° to the load axis are distinguishing characteristics. Mff are shown to be parallel to the local maximum compressive stress and thus are extension microfractures. They are not to be confused with precursive micro fractures developed prior to macroscopic fracture, nor to Riedel shears developed during faulting. 相似文献
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We monitored acoustic emission (AE) events during an in-situ direct shear test on a specimen composed of a slate-dominant alternation of slate and sandstone, measuring 0.5 m long, 0.5 m wide and 0.2 m high. The test was conducted in a survey tunnel for an underground powerhouse in central Japan. The AE epicenters located on a fractured plane are compared with the locations of joints and a loosening seam, the height distribution of the fractured plane, and the horizontal movement of the test block prior to failure. We conclude that an initially intact region of rock bounded by the joints and the seam is fractured, generating the AE. Considering these results in connection with asperity models of seismogenic faulting for a subduction-zone earthquake, the significant contrast of stress conditions derived from the geological inhomogeneity and the uneven fractured plane is analogous to that due to subducted seamounts and horst-graben structures on a subducted oceanic plate. For an inland earthquake, the intact regions on an expected shear plane can be considered to be a portion of the fault asperity that causes strong ground motion, while the weakened portion can be considered to correspond to a region of aseismic creep. Consequently, large-scale inhomogeneous rock fracturing experiments such as the in-situ direct shear test may provide useful insights as analog models of seismogenic faulting. Furthermore, understanding of inhomogeneous rock-mass fracturing obtained from such experiments will not only contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of earthquakes but also provide valuable knowledge for AE monitoring applications in rock engineering, such as the predictions of rockbursts in mines and the monitoring of fractures around large underground chambers. 相似文献
20.
Glaciers, ice sheets and ice caps represent tectonic systems driven by gravity. Their movement can be studied in real time and the rheological properties and strength of ice determined from laboratory experiments and field measurements. All glacial ice has primary stratification, exhibited by variations in grain size, bubble content and debris content. As it deforms, with deformation dominated by plastic flow and recrystallization, accompanied locally by fracture under tension, a suite of structures develops that reflects the primary fabric of the ice and the anisotropy that develops as a result of cumulative deformation. Initial variations in solid impurity content and strain dependent anisotropy as a result of a crystallographic fabric give rise to effective viscosity increases or decreases compared to isotropic polycrystalline ice of about a factor of ten. Foliation develops from inherited (mostly stratification) or introduced (mostly ice veins or fracture traces) fabric elements and from dynamic recrystallization. It is largely dependent on the accumulated strain, which is highest at the base and near the margins of glaciers, ice sheets and ice streams. Folds develop largely passively due to initial amplification of irregularities in the primary stratification, to variations in flow with time or to inhomogeneous flow associated with shear zones and ductile accommodation around open fractures. Buckle folds and boudinage, mostly on a small scale, occur where viscosity contrast is large, mostly in basal ice. Thrusting and wrench faulting are documented in surging glaciers but theoretically most unlikely and rare or absent elsewhere. Many structures interpreted as faults are not due to shear failure but rather result from shear displacements during opening and closing of tensile fractures. 相似文献