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依据祖厉河流域上下游(会宁、靖远站) 2个水质监测断面2008-2017年的地表水水质监测数据,采用层次分析法研究各指标,应用模糊综合评价法对流域水质进行综合评价。采用Tennant法、近10年最枯月流量法、90%保证率最枯月流量法、月年保证率设定法分别计算了流域内2个断面的生态环境需水量。结果表明:(1)祖厉河流域上下游水质评价标准隶属度分别为0.954(汛期0.967)、0.706(汛期0.546),均属于Ⅴ类水质。(2)上游会宁站生态环境需水量为0.039 m3/s,下游靖远站生态环境需水量为0.413 m3/s,满足多年平均流量的10%以上。 相似文献
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叶尔羌河流域水文特性分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
介绍了叶尔羌河流域基本情况，根据流域内主要控制站的多年水文资料，从降水、蒸发、径流、洪水、泥沙、冰情、水质等方面对流域的水文特性进行了分析。 相似文献
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铜陵矿区主要河流水质分析与污染评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
铜陵矿区是长江下游重要的铜铁资源基地,也是典型的含硫多金属矿区,矿山酸性废水是矿业开发活动不可避免的环境问题,对地表水体有很大影响。本文以铜陵矿区主要河流为研究对象,通过野外调查采样和室内测试分析,从常规理化性质、矿山酸性废水和重金属元素三方面分析了的水质现状,采用单因子指数和内梅罗水质指数法进行了污染评价。结果表明:(1)矿区河流污染成分以有机污染和矿山酸性废水污染为主,其次是重金属污染。(2)在检测的46个河段中, 按综合污染指数大小分级,共计有93.48%的河段受到不同程度的污染,其中,水质严重污染的河段占 4.35%,水质重污染的河段占13.04%,水质污染的河段占 65.22%,水质轻污染的河段占10.87%;共计有6.52%的河段水质较好,均为清洁状态。(3)3条河流按污染程度大小依次为新桥河>顺安河>红星河,除顺安河外,其他均受到了矿山酸性废水污染。今后应重点关注矿山酸性废水的污染机理与风险评估,加强矿区水环境保护与恢复治理工作。 相似文献
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选用头道沟站2006年—2016年连续十年和下游石城子水库近10年的水化学资料,对哈密市头道沟河流域天然水化学特征及变化趋势进行分析,结果表明:流域内地表水体化学状况较好,主要以碳酸盐类Ca组Ⅱ型水为主,水质未受到大面积人为污染。矿化度范围在300~401 mg/L之间,总硬度在172~218 mg/L之间,矿化度较低,且属于软水,矿化度和总硬度呈现出明显季节性变化规律,但总体相对变化不明显,水质可以满足流域下游工农业和生活用水需求。 相似文献
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为了探索矿业活动对河流水质产生的影响,以秦岭某大型钼矿区下游的东川河流域为研究对象,通过现场采样与室内测试的方法,分析了地表水、沉积物、岩矿样品中重金属Cd的含量特征。采用污染超标倍数法、地累积指数法及Hakanson潜在生态风险评价法分别对东川河流域的河水和底泥样品进行了污染现状评价和生态风险程度评价,最后讨论了Cd的来源。结果表明:东川河主沟16个河水采样点位中,有11个点位的Cd含量明显高于未受矿业活动影响的对照区各点位Cd含量值,Cd含量变异系数达到95.65%,并且从上游到下游各点位Cd含量呈偏态分布,说明东川河流域Cd受矿业活动影响显著。东川河主沟16个河水采样点中有15个Cd含量满足地表水Ⅱ类水标准,比重为93.75%,可以判断东川河整体水质较好。仅5号点位超Ⅱ类水质标准,污染超标倍数为1,为轻度污染。地累积指数分析结果表明,东川河主沟11个底泥样品均存在不同程度的污染:污染最严重的10号点位达到中度-强污染级别;污染最轻的8、9、13号点位为无污染-中度污染;大多数点位为中度污染。东川河主沟11件底泥样品重金属Cd的潜在生态危害指数平均值为120.27,表明东川河主沟底泥总体达到强生态风险程度。酸性矿山废水、原生地质背景、底泥释放、大气干湿降尘等是造成东川河流域Cd重金属污染的主要污染源。 相似文献
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为研究青藏高原金属矿山勘探、开采、闭坑阶段不同开发阶段河流重金属污染的严重程度,通过野外调查,室内测试分析,对比5个金属矿山河流重金属元素含量、污染指数沿程变化,得出以下结果:(1)勘探阶段和闭坑后河流水质污染较小,开采阶段矿业活动对河水水质污染较大。(2)As、Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn五种元素是金属矿山的特征污染物。开采矿区中德尔尼铜矿区、下柳沟铅锌矿、甲玛矿区河流均有重金属元素污染,微碱性环境中德尔尼铜矿区,主要污染物为As,单项污染指数为0～10.6;下柳沟铅锌矿Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn元素单项污染指数分别为0.2～2.1、0～55、0.4～24、0.3～1550;偏酸性环境中甲玛矿区的特征污染物主要为Cu、Cd。其中Cu、Cd单项污染指数为0～4174、0～4;勘探矿区大场金矿、闭坑矿区罗布莎铬铁矿区河流未出现污染元素。(3)青藏高原5处典型的高海拔山地矿山河流由于稀释作用重金属流经2km后达到安全水平,研究结果可为青藏高原矿山开采中河流水环境保护提供参考依据。 相似文献
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洮河流域土地利用／覆被变化的水文过程响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土地利用/覆被变化是导致流域水资源发生变化的重要原因.以中国西北地区的洮河流域为研究区,构建适宜于洮河流域的分布式水文模型(SWAT),在综合考虑流域1985-2000年间土地利用/覆被变化特征的基础上建立多种土地利用/覆被情景,并对不同情景下的水文过程进行模拟,得到以下结论:(1)经校准后的SWAT模型,其验证期的相关系数R~2、相对误差R_e和效率系数E_(ns)分别为0.83、-8%和0.68,说明SWAT模型在洮河流域径流量模拟中具有较高的适用性.(2)草地、林地和耕地是洮河流域的主要土地利用类型.林地的壤中流、土壤湿度和产水量最大,耕地的地表径流和蒸散量最大.与1985年相比,2000年土地利用/覆被情景下地表径流增加了1.72%,地下径流和产水量降低了0.8%和0.4%;耕地扩张和城镇建设用地情景下流域地表径流明显增加,生态恢复情景下流域地表径流和产水量均有所降低.(3)从月径流量来看,林草地可以减小最大与最小流量的变幅,而耕地的作用正好相反.与1985年相比,2000年土地利用/覆被情景下汛期地表径流增加1.67%,地下径流减少0.83%,产水量减少0.36%;非汛期地表径流增加1.86%,地下径流减少0.63%,产水量减少0.46%.说明林草地减少对非汛期的影响更大. 相似文献
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地表水资源主要由北部山区冰川融雪和山区降水补给,水质现状分析结果显示,部分流域5条河流水质较好,17个参评指标中,大部分达到Ⅰ类水质标准,达到Ⅱ类标准的参评项目主要是镉,各河流,大多水量不大、流程短,其水环境承载能力不高。各监测断面现状年水质均为Ⅱ级,因此部分流域水功能一级区水质均达标。二级功能区划分出工业用水区、农业用水区、渔业用水区、景观娱乐用水区,根据河流水质分析结果,各监测断面现状年水质均为Ⅱ级,因此部分流域水功能二级区水质均达标。 相似文献
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Along with the continuous urbanization process, massive riparian buffers are developed to satisfy the increasing demands for flood protection and economic growth. Such changes of land use types and landscape patterns pose a significant challenge to the protection of the eco-system of urban rivers. This research concentrates on revealing the potential relation between the water quality of the urban river and land characteristics including land use types and landscape patterns of the riparian area and discusses if the relationship varies with spatial scales. The study area of this research are the 800 m riparian buffer of the six river water quality monitoring sections along Huangpu River. Based on the long-term monthly collection data of six monitoring points in Huangpu River, Shanghai, China, and the land use data of 100 m downstream of 1 km upstream of the monitoring point. Using landscape indicators, GIS spatial analysis, and statistical methods, the responses of land use and landscape patterns to water quality in different scales are obtained. Results show that: (1) Urban Land (UL) and Agricultural Land (AL) have an enormous negative contribution to each buffer, which is the primary non-point source pollution and influencing factor. (2) The active contribution of Wetland (WL) and Forestry Land (FL) is the most significant in the small range buffer of 0–200 m. (3) The negative effect of Industrial Land (IL) on water quality is only significant in the small buffer. (4) The effect of landscape pattern on water quality is more significant on the large spatial scale than the small scale. At the same time, this paper extends the conclusion to discuss the land use of the 800 m buffer zone of Huang River by using point to the area, proving that the research result is helpful for the political decision of urban management and provides suggestions for the land optimization of riparian buffers.
相似文献12.
Angela H. Arthington 《GeoJournal》1996,40(1-2):115-125
Intensive agricultural development in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, has been achieved at a high cost to the natural environment. This paper assess the hydrological, water quality and ecological changes which have occurred as a result of agricultural land use and particularly, cotton production, in major tributaries of the upper Darling River, using the Namoi Valley, the cradle of the Australian cotton industry, as a case study. Three aspects of cotton production have had detrimental effects in these catchments — extensive vegetation clearing on floodplains and in the riparian zone, water abstraction from regulated and unregulated river flows and intensive chemical use for pest control. The paper outlines the new initiatives in progress to improve the condition of these rivers, including management of pesticide runoff from cotton farms, nutrient reductions in surface waters and restoration of natural patterns of river flow. Constraints on water use off-stream and restrained regional development appear to be inevitable if river health is to be improved. 相似文献
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Land use/land cover classification of the vicinity of Lake Chad using NigeriaSat-1 and Landsat data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lake Chad in Africa experienced severe droughts in the 1970s and 1980s and overexploitations of water resulting in a decline of water level in the Lake and surrounding rivers. Such droughts and overexploitation of water caused a significant change of land use and water management practices over the last 50 years. Understanding the change of land use and land cover is, therefore, crucial to understand disturbance of the water cycle around the Lake. The present study analyzed satellite images of Lake Chad from Landsat-MSS, Landsat-TM, and NigeriaSat-1 to investigate the change of land cover during three time periods: the 1970s, 1991, and 2006. Unsupervised and supervised classifications were performed for the land cover analysis. The overall accuracies of the classification of Landsat-TM and NigeriaSat-1 are 93.33 and 95.24 %, respectively. It is evident that a 35 % decrease of waterbodies occurred from the 1970s to 1991, but a slight increase of 0.9 % occurred between 1991 and 2006. The Shrubland has overtaken most of the waterlog areas, as much as seven times of what it was in the 1970s. The interpretation of NigeriaSat-1 images indicates that NigeriaSat-1 has similar capabilities to Landsat-TM and Landsat-MSS for the detection of various land cover types because land cover and land use features are discernible on the processed images, especially depletion of waterbodies and vegetation. These are similarities justify the quality of the NigeriaSat-1 images for land cover and land use analysis. 相似文献
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Water Security and the Countermeasures in South Asia Based on the “Belt and Road” Initiative 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
South Asia is the subregion of Asia with the most neighbors of China. Although the high mountains in the Great Himalayas spatially separate South Asia from East Asia along the border of China’s autonomous region of Tibet, the geographical items such as mountains and rivers link the countries in South Asia with China, resulting in a special and complex geopolitical environment and relationship. In this geopolitical relationship, the transboundary rivers are becoming a key issue of this region in an era of increasing water stress. Depleted and degraded transboundary water supplies have the potential to cause social unrest and spark conflict within and between countries in South Asia, and complicate the geopolitical relationship among them. In addition, the increasing impacts from climate change and human activities will definitely bring many transboundary eco-environmental issues in this region, projecting a big challenge to regional stability and development. The key issues related to the water resources supplement and exploration require the transboundary rivers to be a positive role in regional water resources utility and exploration, and the result will definitely affect regional relationship and water security. How to handle these issues and challenges will be a question for the countries in this region with a long time. Currently, the “Belt and Road” Initiative represents an opportunity to build a shared vision for common prosperity through regional cooperation and is a way to inject new positive energy into world peace and development. In the light of this, the countries with transboundary rivers in South Asia must come together to construct a cooperative mechanism of water security, and adopt a win-win cooperation for the use of transboundary rivers under the principles of “equal”, “equitable” and “reasonable”. 相似文献
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I. Arrate J. M. Sanchez-Perez I. Antiguedad M. A. Vallecillo V. Iribar M. Ruiz 《Environmental Geology》1997,30(3-4):257-265
As a result of diverse changes in land use and in water-resource management in the high basin of the Zadorra River (Basque
Country), an important loss of water resources and an intense contamination by nitrogen compounds has taken place. The purpose
of this paper is to detail the land transformations that have taken place on the aquifer since the 1950s: increase of drainage
network, change from dry to irrigated farming, and diversion of rivers at the aquifer unit inlet. Furthermore, we analyze
the impact of these transformations on the hydrodynamics and water quality of this aquifer system.
Received: 12 January 1996 · Accepted: 10 March 1996 相似文献
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土地利用影响下的岩溶地下水水化学变化特征 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
为了进一步探讨土地利用方式与地下水水质的关系,在湖南湘西峒河流域采集了包括地下水和地表水的131个样品,在室内进行简分析或全分析,并现场测量了水样的p H、温度和电导率。依据土地利用方式和污染来源将峒河流域的岩溶地下水划分为3种类型: 第一类,不受耕地和居民点影响的岩溶地下水;第二类,受耕地但不受居民点影响的岩溶地下水;第三类,受居民点影响的岩溶地下水。将三类岩溶地下水中K+ 、Na+ 、Cl- 、SO2-4 和NO-3 的浓度从大到小放在一个坐标系中比较,结果显示第三类岩溶地下水的5种离子浓度最大,第二类中等,第一类最低,表明土地利用方式对岩溶地下水水质影响明显。在空间分布上,岩溶地下水离子浓度具有东部和东南、西北较高的特点,表现为一些泉水遭到明显的污染,与这些地方土地利用类型以水田、旱地和农村居民点为主,即与农耕施肥和生活垃圾排放有关。虽然居民点或耕地等土地利用类型目前还没有致使地下水水质超过饮用水标准,但是流域内的饮水安全问题不容忽视。 相似文献
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Seawater flows towards the inlands along with the rivers and canals, through the process of infiltration and leaks in the ground water characterized by high concentrations of soluble salts. High salinity concentrations can make groundwater unsuitable for public consumption and surface water unsuitable for irrigation and agricultural activities. This study envisages the fluctuations of ground and surface water quality of Bentota area in the presence of seawater intrusion. The temporal and spatial variations of eleven water parameters were monitored by collecting the water samples during one year period. Spatial distributions were assessed by applying the Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method in Arc GIS 10.5 software. Water quality is assessed on the integration of all parameters in terms of an index based on the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The significant linear relationship between the considered parameters of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) were identified applying correlation analysis using SPSS software. All parameters of surface water were above the permissible limits of WHO standards. Surface water quality index values with respect to 60% of canals show very poor quality (>1 250) of surface water indicating their unsuitability for irrigation activities. Those surface water bodies indicated very highly saline conditions during dry months. The spatial distribution of ground water quality index with respect to the highest parameter values of each sampling location indicates that 52.2% of total land extent of Bentota Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD) has good quality of ground water which is suitable for drinking. Its 47.2% of total land extent has poor quality of ground water for drinking purpose and less than 0.5% of the area consists of excellent or very poor quality of ground water in each. This study helps to manage coastal aquifers by understanding the extreme water quality conditions and coastal salinity. 相似文献
18.
Seawater flows towards the inlands along with the rivers and canals, through the process of infiltration and leaks in the ground water characterized by high concentrations of soluble salts. High salinity concentrations can make groundwater unsuitable for public consumption and surface water unsuitable for irrigation and agricultural activities. This study envisages the fluctuations of ground and surface water quality of Bentota area in the presence of seawater intrusion. The temporal and spatial variations of eleven water parameters were monitored by collecting the water samples during one year period. Spatial distributions were assessed by applying the Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method in Arc GIS 10.5 software. Water quality is assessed on the integration of all parameters in terms of an index based on the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The significant linear relationship between the considered parameters of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) were identified applying correlation analysis using SPSS software. All parameters of surface water were above the permissible limits of WHO standards. Surface water quality index values with respect to 60% of canals show very poor quality (>1 250) of surface water indicating their unsuitability for irrigation activities. Those surface water bodies indicated very highly saline conditions during dry months. The spatial distribution of ground water quality index with respect to the highest parameter values of each sampling location indicates that 52.2% of total land extent of Bentota Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD) has good quality of ground water which is suitable for drinking. Its 47.2% of total land extent has poor quality of ground water for drinking purpose and less than 0.5% of the area consists of excellent or very poor quality of ground water in each. This study helps to manage coastal aquifers by understanding the extreme water quality conditions and coastal salinity. 相似文献
19.
Based on the characteristics of land use and drainage network of the upper watershed of the Miyun Res-ervoir, Beijing, 26 monitoring and sampling sites were selected in different sub-catchments. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient loss were dealt with in this paper in terms of the monitoring data on the water quality of the main tributaries flowing into the Miyun Reservoir. In combination with the monitoring data on water quality, the impacts of watershed characteristics including land-use type, landscape pattern, and drainage density were assessed, The concentrations of nutrients in the rainy season are higher than those in other seasons, and the concentrations of NO3--N are linearly related to those of total N which is the main form of nitrogen present in the fiver water. The concentrations of nitrogen become higher toward the reservoir along the main rivers. The seasonal variation of ni-trogen in the watershed affected by intensive human activities is very obvious; in the watershed with steady or low water flow, the seasonal variation of nitrogen is less obvious. Forest land and grassland can trap and filter nitrogen effectively. Land-use pattern also has important impacts on the loss of nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies show great temporal and spatial variations. On a temporal scale, the concentrations of TN and TP in the rainy reason are higher than those in other seasons. On a spatial scale, the concentrations of TN and NO3--N in the Qingshui River and Chaohe River are highest all the time. The spatial variation of TP is distinct, being obvious at sampling sites near villages. The form of nitrogen and phosphorus loss varies in different hydrological seasons. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in streams in non-rainy seasons, the dissolved nitro-gen and total nitrogen decrease in percentage in the rainy season. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in some rivers. The concentrations of TN and NO3--N from orchards and villages are high whereas those from forest land are lowest. Land-use pattern has impacts on TN and NO3--N losses, at the sampling sites near the source landscape, the concentrations are higher than those at the sampling sites near the sink landscape. Water quality of the rivers which flow into the Miyuan Reservior is influenced by the composition of adjacent soils. 相似文献
20.
岩溶山区不同利用方式下土地蓄水能力研究——以重庆市中梁山为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
分析研究了中梁山岩溶山区竹林、灌丛、草地、园地、坡耕地5种土地利用方式的凋落物和土壤的蓄水功能。结果表明,自然利用的竹林地、灌丛地、草地的凋落物蓄积量和最大持水量都远远大于其余两种农耕利用的土地。当自然利用土地改为园地、坡耕地以后,其表层土壤的最大蓄水能力下降31. 2%、非毛管蓄水能力下降65. 5%、坡耕地的毛管蓄水能力下降34. 3%。与此同时由于土地利用方式不同,还使园地整个土壤剖面( 60cm)蓄水潜力增大4. 4% ,坡耕地蓄水潜力减少6.1% ,园地、坡耕地剖面土壤非毛管蓄水能力较自然利用方式土地剖面非毛管蓄水能力下降55. 7%。毛管蓄水量和前期含水量具有极显著的正相关,整个剖面毛管蓄水量和前期含水量都以园地最高。从保水能力上考虑,园地是岩溶山区开垦土地较为理想的利用方式。建议加强园地凋落物的保护;在雨季尽量不让坡耕地空闲裸露,以防止水土流失。 相似文献