共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 359 毫秒
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M.H.P. Bott 《Tectonophysics》1976,36(1-3)
A mechanism for causing graben-like subsidence by crustal stretching in response to tension is suggested, based partly on previous hypotheses of Vening Meinesz, Artemjev and Artyushkov, Bott and Fuchs. The mechanism requires rheological subdivision of the crust into a brittle upper layer about 10–20 km thick overlying a ductile lower crust. The brittle layer responds to tension by normal faulting and wedge subsidence; the ductile layer responds by local or regional thinning and by lateral flow of material from beneath the subsiding wedge causing complementary uplift by horst formation or elastic upbending. A graben width of between 30 and 60 km is predicted in absence of basement inhomogeneity. Computations of the energy budget indicate that sedimentary basins of more than 5 km thickness can form by the mechanism provided that water pressure reduces the friction on the faults. The mechanism can explain relatively rapid beginning and end of subsidence, and spasmodic sinking may occur. A wide variety of observed graben-like basins can be explained by the hypothesis, including classical rift valleys and the Mesozoic basins of UK and the North Sea, but it is inapplicable to broad unfaulted cratonic or shelf subsidence. 相似文献
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In zones washed by rain (façades, pinnacles, pilasters), fine siliceous sandstones are covered by a black varnish, which gives a dirty appearance to monuments. In composition, structure and areas covered by it, it differs from the usual black gypsum crust. Experiments carried out on blocks covered by black varnish show the modifications due to their growth. Results show that despite their low thickness and the coherence of the stone below, the accumulation of hydrophobic matters and the wetting-drying cycles modify the transfer properties of sandstones several centimeters below the surface. Thus, although sandstones seem to be protected by the black varnish, in the long run, a flake detachment process, in the areas covered by it, affects them. Therefore, damage to sandstones by black varnish can be explained by the fact that a wetting and drying cycle modifies the pore network. 相似文献
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《International Geology Review》2012,54(2):218-224
An attempt at a solution of a difficult problem: the prerequisites of the segregation of Fe, Cr, Ti, B as oxides, by decomposition of their silicates, from the view point of the phase rule and by analysis of the mineral parageneses. The passage of Cr from the silicates to the oxides is favored by excesses of FeO and MgO, in a reducing environment, and that the reverse reaction, the fixation of Cr by silicates, is favored by high Ca and, at low temperatures, by Al2O3 and H2O. Existence of Fe3 O4 (magnetite) is inhibited by alkali silicates, CaSiO3, H2S, and (at high temperatures) by TiO2, but is favored by high Al2O3 and SiO2, CO2, and O2, under certain conditions. High-lime, high-alumina environments are conducive to the liberation of Ti from silicates (as Ti magnetite), but a shortage of alumina, with excess of Mg, drive Ti into the silicate phase. Although the - passage of B from borosilicates into borates is encouraged by excesses of Mg and Fe and the reverse, i.e., the fixation of B as a borosilicate, is favored by alkali aluminosilicates, Ca, Fe, alumina, and the rare earths, the many apparent or real contradictions in the parageneses require further investigations. — V.P. Sokoloff 相似文献
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考虑强度退化效应的堤坝抗震稳定性评价方法 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
考虑土的动强度随振动孔隙压力上升的衰减效应,将拟静力极限平衡分析和滑动体位移分析相结合,提出了堤坝抗震稳定性评价方法.首先,基于土工动力有限元分析,确定坝坡潜在滑动土体的平均加速度时程,进而,基于拟静力概念,采用极限平衡分析,确定坝坡的安全系数随时间的变化历程,其中当安全系数瞬时小于1时,表明坝坡在地震中处于瞬时超载状态,采用Newmark刚体滑块模型估算瞬时超载所产生的滑动位移,将各个超载阶段的滑动位移叠加,求得设计地震动作用下堤坝边坡的累积滑移量,根据这种方法所进行的数值计算与分析表明,考虑强度循环退化效应后所得到的坝坡滑移量更为合理. 相似文献
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This paper deals with the mechanism of dissolution reaction kinetics of minerals in aqueous solution based on the theory of surface chemistry.Surface chemical catalysis would lead to an obvous decrease in active energy of dissolution reaction of minerals.The dissolution rate of minerals is controlled by suface adsorption,surface exchange reaction and desorption,depending on pH of the solution and is directly proportional to δH^n0 ,When controlled by surface adsorption,i.e.,nθ=1,the dissolution rate will decrease with increasing pH;when controlled by surface exchane reaction,i.e.,nθ=0,the dissolution rate is independent of pH;when controlled by desorption,nθis a positive decimal between 0 and 1 in acidic solution and a negative decimal between-1 and 0 in alkaline solution.Dissolution of many minerals is controlled by surface adsorption and/or surface exchange reactions under acid conditions and by desorption under alkaline conditions. 相似文献
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本文首先介绍了在频率域上对爆破加速度测量系统的低频响应误差和高频响应误差的详细分析过程,并对输入、输出波形采用频谱分析及计算幅频曲线,用幅频曲线所包围的不同面积来计算经过测量系统后所引起的误差.其次介绍了采用傅里叶变换法如何在频率域上标定冲击加速度计,给出了确定加速度灵敏度的方法. 相似文献
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北京市矿山地质环境评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对1443处（1661个）矿山的实地调查,采用地质环境指数法进行评估,利用ArcGIS软件,使用＂natural breaks＂（自然断点法）分级法,圈定出矿山地质环境影响严重区、较严重区和轻微区,提出了治理对策建议。 相似文献
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Farulla等[1]通过固结仪对不同轴应力下的超固结非饱和土进行了湿化变形研究,试验结果表明超固结非饱和土的湿化变形随轴应力的不同而不同,其规律与Alonso等[2]的假设并不完全相符。为了进一步验证这个试验现象,利用双压力室非饱和土三轴仪,在同一个前期固结压力下对不同程度的超固结非饱和土进行了湿化试验,研究其湿化变形特性;对某一吸力下的超固结非饱和土进行三轴排水剪切试验,研究其体变和强度特性。试验结果证明了Farulla等试验的正确性,最后用文中所提的模型进行了预测,其结果与试验现象一致 相似文献
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隧道开挖引起的地层不均匀沉降造成附近的地埋管线产生额外的变形,甚至破坏。被动管线与土体的相互作用的研究表明,不考虑土体的刚度衰减,较大的土体弹性模量使得管线的最大弯矩计算结果过大,偏于保守,造成不必要的浪费。在被动管线Winkler地基模型分析基础上,引入土体刚度衰减模型考虑土体非线性特性,提出了隧道开挖作用下管线响应的等效线性分析方法。基于自由土体位移场计算管周土体由于隧道开挖引起的附加应变,基于水平受荷桩的环状弹性介质模型考虑由于管土相互作用引起的管周土体应变,从而对被动Winkler地基模型的土体弹性参数进行修正,计算得到管线的最大弯矩。通过与现有的弹性理论方法、离心模型试验结果的对比,验证了针对隧道开挖引起的被动管土相互作用问题,该方法考虑土体非线性特性的合理性。 相似文献
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浅埋隧道围岩应力场的计算复变函数求解法 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对于受地表边界和地面荷载影响的浅埋隧道的围岩应力场,由于在数学处理上存在一定的困难,很难用解析解来进行分析,而通常采用边界元或有限元的数值方法来解答。为了求解浅埋隧道的应力场,采用边界配点来确定边界条件,同时用保角映射将一个含圆孔的半无限空间区域映射为圆环域,然后把这个区域内的解析函数展开成Laurent级数的形式,利用Muskhelishvili的复变函数理论和最小二乘法来确定解析函数的各项系数,从而求得浅埋隧道围岩压力的半数值、半解析解,最后通过算例给出了围岩应力的分布情况。计算结果表明,该方法计算精度高、计算量小,具有应用价值。 相似文献
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循环荷载下花岗岩细观损伤量化试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在循环荷载作用下,花岗岩宏观尺度疲劳破坏是由于细观尺度微裂纹的萌生、发育和贯通引起的,因此对处于细观尺度的微裂隙进行量化分析,对于理解花岗岩的动力特性有一定的意义。利用扫描电镜（SEM）拍摄得到昌江花岗岩的大量细观结构图片,利用数字图像技术对图片进行处理,提取微裂纹的细观几何信息。从矿物晶体和微损伤形式两个角度定量分析了循环荷载作用过程中的细观损伤特征。研究结果表明：①循环荷载作用过程中穿晶裂纹大部分出现在长石晶体内,而云母晶体则以沿晶裂纹为主;②在3类微裂纹中以沿晶裂纹发育速度最快,是疲劳损伤中主要的损伤形式;③沿晶裂纹和穿晶裂纹发展中所消耗能量占微裂纹开裂能量的大部分 相似文献
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R.H. VERNON 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1988,6(5):595-601
Abstract Mica porphyroblasts in schists from several regions show nearly planar inclusion trails that are parallel over areas much larger than the wavelengths of later folds. This indicates that the porphyroblasts have not rotated, with respect to geographical co-ordinates, during deformation. Instead, the matrix has rotated, as suggested by Ramsay (1962). Even in zones of marked shortening in the matrix adjacent to large rigid porphyroblasts (e.g. of cordierite or staurolite), small biotite porphyroblasts have not rotated, but have become thinned by solution, as indicated by parallelism of inclusion trails in separate biotite grains and by evidence of truncation of inclusion trails by the matrix foliation. Less common are biotite porphyroblasts that have single asymmetrical microfolds in the matrix adjacent to the porphyroblasts and so appear to have rotated; these porphyroblasts are characterized by kinking. 相似文献
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5.12汶川地震造成灾区地质灾害广泛发育,土壤侵蚀剧烈,极大地破坏了灾区环境,改变了灾区自然环境演化的进程.通过实地调查与观测,并结合遥感资料数据,分析了岷江上游都江堰-汶川河段地质灾害的发育特征,揭示了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖及工程建设对岷江上游河道的影响形式,分析了上游河道的变化趋势.研究表明,震后崩塌、滑坡单侧挤占河道使岷江干流河宽普遍压缩5~10 m,顶冲挤占使河道一般变窄20~30 m,最窄处仅为原河道的1/3(30～40 m).泥石流堆积物进入河道而淤积河道,甚至阻断岷江而形成堰塞湖,造成河床上升,河曲加剧,工程建设及灾害点处置使河宽变窄.在多重因素的共同作用下,今后10～20 a,尤其震后5 a内,汶川-映秀河段,河道变窄,河曲加剧,河床升高,河床比降呈增大趋势,映秀-紫坪铺河段淤积明显,河床升高.从长期变化来看,地震次生山地灾害加速了岷江上游高山峡谷区河道的自然演化进程,河床升高并展宽,河床比降降低,河谷逐渐向宽谷形态演化,河床趋于稳定. 相似文献
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Influence of tectonics and neotectonics on the morphogenesis of the peak karst of Halong Bay,Vietnam
《Geodinamica Acta》1999,12(3-4):193-200
In northeast Vietnam, the karst of Halong Bay is characterized by very active neotectonics. The directional distribution of fracturing of the calcareous rocks is characterized by the influence of two major fault zones: the Red River fault zone (N140) and the Tan-Lu fault zone (N050). Karst development was favoured by intense fracturing, according to these two major directions, and reactived during recent tectonics by a compressional regime with σ1 N070, followed by an extensional regimes with σ1 near to EW that led to significant vertical movement. These tectonics, coupled with intense erosion, led to genesis and evolution of the spectacular morphology of this peak karst. 相似文献
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Lin Ji-qing 《岩土力学》1982,3(1):109-118
This paper analyses in detail the error of high and low frequency responses for measuring eplosion acceleration system in the frequency domain.
The error caused by measuring system is calculated by means of spectrum analysis of input and output waveforms and different areas enclosed by amplitude-frequency curves. In addition, this paper introduces a method of calibrating impulse accelerometer in the frequency domain by Fourier transform method and presents a formula to determine the sensitivity of accelerometer. 相似文献