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1.
Ever-increasing accumulation of trace metals in the environment is a serious health concern. This is a valid apprehension particularly in urban settings where the population and the level of trace metal contamination are increasing rapidly. Hong Kong and Guangzhou are the most populated cities in the region of the Pearl River Delta, the fastest growing economic region in the world. In unconfined urban compartments, particulates deposited on the earth surface such as road dusts and gully sediments are good indicators to assess the level of trace metal contamination. In such locations, however, source partitioning of the pollution, which is essential to assess and then reduce the potential environmental risk, is a difficult task. This is mainly due to the complexity and variability of site-specific natural and anthropogenic conditions. This leads us to focus on the particulates accumulated in relatively confined settings, such as vehicular tunnels. Our recent studies demonstrated that particulates accumulated on the ceiling of tunnels are useful to characterize particulates mainly derived from traffic related activities. With this in mind, Pb isotope ratios and trace metal contents of the ceiling dusts from the Cross-Harbor Tunnel (CHT) in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Tunnel (PRT) in Guangzhou were characterized and compared with each other in order to evaluate the environmental impact of traffic derived inorganic pollutants in the region. The ceiling dusts from both tunnels were dominated by silt-sized particles (〈63 μm) which are significantly freer than those of road dusts, usually larger than (〉200 μm). In general, Cr, Ni, Pb and especially Cu contents of the ceiling dusts from CHT were noticeably higher than those from PRT. This was partly attributed to longer residence time of particulates in CHT, which has been operating since 1976, while the PRT was open to public in 1996. On the other hand, Co, Fe, Mn and Zn contents of the ceiling dusts from CHT were similar to those from PRT, while Ca and Mg contents were noticeably lower.  相似文献   

2.
The main reason why the application of nuclear technology in petroleum exploration has not yet been accepted by most exploration workers is that they are not clear about the homologous distribution features of oil and gas fields and radioactive radiation. The authors hold that the disequilibrium of uranium, radium and radon as a natural radioactive series is the basic feature in the use of this technology in petroleum exploration. The invention Gamma-ray Spectral Measurement of the Equilibium Coefficient Kp and Its Embodiment of the senior author now can readily solve that problem and replace the impedient measure of normalization of uranium and potassium to thorium that had to be proposed before. Application of this impedient measure has some limitations. In areas where the surface is covered by beach or river sands, thorium minerals such as monazite may be concentrated by placering. This could result in local thorium highs that would yield local uranium and potassium lows after normalization to thoriu  相似文献   

3.
Microplastic pollution has become an environmental issue of great concern owing to the persistence of microplastics and their potential adverse effects on biota.The Yangtze River is the longest river in China and the third-longest river in the world,and the microplastics in this river will affect the health of a large population living along with it.To ensure the survival safety of people,it is essential to plan ahead and investigate in advance in order to understand the microplastic pollution in the river and work out countermeasures.This paper reviews the literature concerning the microplastic pollution in the Yangtze River basin and analyzes the abundance,shapes,colors,and composition of microplastics in the water bodies and sediments in the trunk stream and main lakes of the Yangtze River.The results are as follows.Compared to other river basins in China and abroad,the microplastics in the Yangtze River basin have a moderate abundance and high spatial heterogeneity.Owing to the barrier effect of the Three Gorges Dam on microplastics,the abundance of microplastics in the Three Gorges Reservoir is generally an order of magnitude higher than that in other sections of the river.Most microplastics in the water bodies and sediments are less than 1 mm in size and are transparent and colorful.In terms of shapes,they are dominated by fibers,followed by fragments and films.In terms of composition,the microplastics in the source region of the Yangtze River are mainly composed of nylon and polyethylene,while the microplastics in the surface water from the lower reaches of the Jinsha River to the Yangtze River estuary are dominated by polypropylene and polyethylene.The microplastics are primarily derived from the secondary microplastics in the environment,and relatively intensive human activities increase the abundance of microplastics.These results serve as bases for understanding and preventing microplastic pollution in the Yangtze River.  相似文献   

4.
Acid mine drainage (AMD) has been recognized as a major environmental pollution problem over past decades. This pollutant effluent is complex and is characterized by elevated concentrations of iron and sulfate, low pH, and high concentrations of a wide variety of metals depending on the host rock geology. Massive inadvertent discharges from acid mines have given rise to dramatic cases of ecological damage. These events indicate an improved understanding of the mechanism controlling metal transport to the river is important, since the aquatic ecology will be affected, to some degree, dependent on the phase (dissolved or particulate) in which the metal is transported. In this study, polluted water samples were collected along the Hengshi River near the Dabaoshan mine, Guangdong, China, in April 2005. The concentrations of dissolved Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb have been determined using ICP-MS and the chemical speciation of those metals in suspended particles was examined using BCR methods and SEM/EDX mineralogical analysis. Combining these two sets of data, the intention was to develop geochemical concepts, which explain the behavior of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in particle-water interactions of heavy metals in AMD. The results show that the dissolved heavy metals exhibited non-conservative behavior in the Hengshi River. The dissolved and particulate Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb have the similar spatial distribution, which decreased gradually along the river except in the lower reaches because of the absorption-desorption between dissolved and particulate phases. Although the metal concentrations in both phases were elevated, dissolved metals were dominant and had the maximum concentrations in the low pH region.  相似文献   

5.
In this study uranium and thorium contents and depositional characteristics of ay rhan bituminous shales( BS), west of Ankara(central Anatolia), are investigated. Samples used were collected from boreholes opened by Park Holding Ltd. A total of 25 samples were taken from bituminous shale levels in boreholes drilled at 6 different locations in the study area. The H rka formation which hosts bituminous shale deposits is a volcanosedimentary sequence and all lithofacies indicate that a lacustrine environment where the water level was continuously changed. In addition to hydrocarbon generation potential, bituminous shales also accumulate significant amount of radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium. The average uranium and thorium concentrations of BS(1.83/2.62 ppm) are much lower than averages of UC, NASK and PAAS(uranium: 2.70/2.66/3.10 ppm; thorium: 8.50/12.30/14.60 ppm). Low uranium contents in comparison to those of similar lacustrine environments might be attributed to that waters of depositional environment of BS contain low concentration of dissolved uranium and redox conditions were of oxic and dioxic character. Correlation data indicate that U and Th have a similar source and are associated predominantly with clays and phosphates and dominantly with organic material. Radioactive elements in the basin might be derived from Paleozoic granites and metamorphites(e.g. gneiss, schist) which comprise the basement and volcanism which was active in the region throughout the Miocene period. These elements are probably associated with uraniferous phosphate minerals(e.g. autunite, torbernite) which occur in granite, gneiss and schist. BS with average TOC content of 10.96 % shows very good/perfect source rock potential. Positive correlations between Gamma-Ray values and U, Th and K concentrations imply that radioactivity might be originated from these three elements.  相似文献   

6.
Half a millennium mercury production at Idrija is reflected in increased mercury contents in all environmental segments. The bulk of roasting residues from the middle of the 19th century to 1977 was discharged directly into the Idrijca River, and the material was carried at high waters to the Soca River and farther into the Adriatic Sea. It has been estimated that 45500 tons of mercury were emitted into the environment during the operating period of the mine, which ceased production in 1994. In the lower reaches of the Idrijca the riverine deposits with high mercury contents have been, and will be in the future a source of mercury polluted sediment. Stream sediments were monitored at the same locations along the Idrijca and Soca rivers (70 kin) every 5 years since 1991 (1991-2005). Grain size distribution was determined by dry sieving and fractions for geochemical analysis were prepared (〈0.04 and 〈0.125 mm). Soils on river terraces were sampled at 5 localities in the lower course of Idrijca. At two locations of the terrace profiles the samples of averaged meadow forage and plantain (Plantago lanceolata) were collected within a 50-meters radius. We found that there was no decrease in mercury concentration in active river sediments during the last 20 years. Upstream from the Idrija Town the mercury concentrations in active river sediments vary from 1 to 10 mg/kg (average 3.3 mg/kg). From Idrija to Spodnja Idrija the mercury concentrations increase extremely and vary greatly (32-4,121 mg/kg, the average is 734 mg/kg). From Spodnja ldrija to the Idrijca-Soca confluence is the average 218 mg/kg, and 57 mg/kg downstream in the Soca River sediments.  相似文献   

7.
The River Nura in central Kazakhstan has been heavily contaminated by mercury (Hg) from an acetaldehyde plant located in the industrial city of Temirtau. The plant released Hg-containing wastewater into the river from the 1950s until the mid 1990s and strongly contaminated the bed sediments up to 25 km downstream. In addition, a local power station released an estimated 6 million tonnes of fly-ash into the water which has adsorbed much of the Hg and has become mixed with the natural sediments. River water,fish and agricultural land in the floodplain are also contaminated by Hg. Humans are exposed to Hg primarily via the consumption of contaminated fish from the river. A survey was undertaken in June/July 2005 to investigate Hg concentrations in river water, drinking water, sediments and fish. To estimate the risk posed to the local population, approximately 300 hair samples were collected from people living in villages near the most contaminated section of the river, at a distance of between 5 and 30 km downstream of the acetaldehyde plant, and their dietary habits were recorded. Mercury concentrations in river water ranged from 2-3 ng/L upstream of the source of the pollution to 348 ng/L downstream of the factory outfall pipe. Some drinking water wells close to the river were contaminated, but deeper wells had Hg concentrations below the detection limit.  相似文献   

8.
High-concentrated sulfur wastewater with sodium and COD (chemical oxygen demand) up to 26000 mg/L from a chemical plant, Jiangsu Province of China has been treated by deposition of natrojarosite in lab. The results indicated that the COD of the wastewater was decreased sharply from 26000 mg/L to 1001 mg/L, with removal rate of COD up to 96% by twice precipitations of natrojarosite and twice oxidation of H202. The treated sulfur wastewater reached the requirement of subsequent biochemical treatment to water quality. The optimal operational parameters should be controlled on pH value between 2.50 and 3.20 and 50 g FeCly6H2O solid added in per liter wastewater. The study provided an experimental basis for pretreatment of high-concentrated sulfur wastewater and proposed a new mineralogical method on treatment of other wastewaters. Depositing process of jarosite and its analogs should be able to be used to treat wastewater from mine and other industries to remove S, Fe and other toxic and harmful elements, such as As, Cr, Hg, Pb, etc. in the water.  相似文献   

9.
The bulk composition of organic matter and saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons extracted from 16 samples collected from two Kuperschiefer profiles in the Rudna mine,Southwest Poland has been analyzed to study the role of organic matter during base metal enrichment in the Kupferschiefer shale.The results indicated that the extract yields and saturated hydrocarbon yields decreased with increasing base metal contents.GC and GC/MS analyses indicated that n -alkanes and alkylated aromatic compounds were depleted and may have served as hydrogen donators for thermochemical sulfate reduction.The enrichment of base metal is closely connected with the destruction of hydrocarbons.  相似文献   

10.
The chemical and isotopic characteristics of the water and suspended particulate materials(SPM)in the Yellow River were investigated on the samples collected from 29 hydrological monitoring stations in the mainstem and several major tributaries during 2004 to 2007.TheδD andδ~(18)O values of the Yellow River water vary in large ranges from-32‰to-91‰and from-3.1‰to-12.5‰,respectively.The characters of H and O isotope variations indicate that the major sources of the Yellow River water are meteoric water and snow melting water,and water cycle in the Yellow River basin is affected strongly by evaporation process and human activity.The average SPM content(9.635g/L)of the Yellow River is the highest among the world large rivers.Compared with the Yangtze River,the Yellow River SPM has much lower clay content and significantly higher contents of clastic silicates and carbonates.In comparison to the upper crust rocks,the Yellow River SPM contains less SiO_2,CaO,K_2O and Na_2O,but more TFe_2O_3,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd.The abnormal high Cd contents found in some sample may be related to local industrial activity.The REE contents and distribution pattern of the Yellow River SPM are very close to the average value of the global shale.The averageδ~(30)Si_(SPM)in the Yellow River(-0.11‰)is slightly higher than the average value(-0.22‰)of the Yangtze River SPM.The major factors controlling theδ~(30)Si_(SPM)of the Yellow River are the soil supply,the isotopic composition of the soil and the climate conditions.The TDS in the Yellow River are the highest among those of world large rivers.Fair correlations are observed among Cl~-,Na~+,K~+,and Mg~(2+)contents of the Yellow River water,indicating the effect of evaporation.The Ca~(2+)and Sr~(2+)concentrations show good correlation to the SO_4~(2-)concentration rather than HCO_3~-concentration,reflecting its origin from evaporates.The NO_3~-contents are affected by farmland fertilization.The Cu,Zn and Cd contents in dissolved load of the Yellow River water are all higher than those of average world large rivers,reflecting the effect of human activity.The dissolved load in the Yellow River water generally shows a REE distribution pattern parallel to those for the Yangtze River and the Xijiang River.Theδ~(30)Si values of the dissolved silicon vary in a range from 0.4‰to 2.9‰,averaging1.34‰.The major processes controlling the D_(Si)andδ~(30)Si_(Diss)of the Yellow River water are the weathering process of silicate rocks,growth of phytolith in plants,evaporation,dissolution of phytolith in soil,growth of fresh water diatom,adsorption and desorption of aqueous monosilicic acid on iron oxide and human activities.The averageδ~(30)Si_(Diss)value of the Yellow River is significantly lower than that of the Nile River,Yangtze River and Siberia rivers,but higher than those of other rivers,reflecting their differences in chemical weathering and biological activity.Theδ~(34)S_(SO4)values of the Yellow River water range from-3.8‰to 14.1‰,averaging 7.97‰.There is some correlation between SO_4~(2-)content andδ~(34)S_(SO4).The factors controlling theδ~(34)S_(SO4)of the Yellow River water are the SO_4 in the meteoric water,the SO_4 from gypsum or anhydrite in evaporite rocks,oxidation and dissolution of sulfides in the mineral deposits,magmatic rocks and sedimentary rocks,the sulfate reduction and precipitation process and the sulfate from fertilizer.The~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios of all samplesrange from 0.71041 to 0.71237,averaging 0.71128.The variations in the~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratio and Sr concentration of river water are primarily caused by mixing of waters of various origins with different~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios and Sr contents resulting from water-rock interaction with different rock types.  相似文献   

11.
RS和GIS技术集成及其应用   总被引:13,自引:3,他引:10  
本文简要地介绍了RS(遥感图像处理系统)和GIS(地理信息系统)技术及其集成的基本概念和方法。讨论了RS和GIS技术及其集成的内在涵义、相互关系,认为RS是GIS重要的外部信息源,是其数据更新的重要手段,尤其对于全球性的 地理动力学分析,更必须有RS所提供的覆盖全球的动态数据与GIS的结合。反之,GIS则可以提供RS所需要的一些辅助数据,以提高RS图像的信息量和分辨率,同时,GIS可以将实地调查所  相似文献   

12.
在分析和总结前人对红藻石和蓝藻石研究成果基础上,结合岩石薄片显微镜下观察实例,发现在以往碳酸盐岩颗粒分类中没有红藻石和蓝藻石的合适位置。鉴于红藻石重要的成因意义和造礁作用,有必要明确红藻石的概念和归属。珊瑚藻本身极易钙化,经生物矿化作用最终保存下来的珊瑚藻屑一直放在生物碎屑中,而红藻石是由非固着的珊瑚藻构成的钙质独立结核,因此也可以被划分到生物碎屑中。蓝藻石作为蓝细菌钙化作用的产物,同时鉴于蓝藻石的广泛存在,把钙化蓝细菌形成的核形石命名为蓝藻石,这一重要概念从提出到现在一直被使用。然而蓝绿藻概念已变更为蓝细菌,蓝藻石的形成与藻类无关,显然将其称作蓝菌石更加确切。因此,应将红藻石和蓝藻石分别归为生物碎屑和核形石当中,并用新的术语蓝菌石替代蓝藻石。其意义在于使红藻石和蓝藻石的概念及归属更为规范,并为碳酸盐岩颗粒的深入研究提供有益线索。  相似文献   

13.
赵振华  严爽 《岩石学报》2019,35(1):31-68
单颗粒矿物微量元素激光原位定量分析测试数据的大量积累和研究,使矿物成为矿床地球化学研究和矿床勘查的重要示踪剂。本文重点选择磁铁矿、磷灰石、石榴子石、榍石、锆石、绿泥石和绿帘石等的原位分析研究所获得的认识,介绍单颗粒矿物成分组合及变化在矿床类型划分、成矿年龄测定、氧逸度、成矿过程与物质来源、找矿与勘探等方面的应用。不同矿床类型中普遍存在的矿物,如磁铁矿、磷灰石等的微量元素含量及组合差异,提供了矿床类型识别的标志。单颗粒矿物,特别是矿石矿物和密切共生矿物如锡石、铌钽铁矿、赤铁矿、石榴子石、方解石等的原位定年,使成矿年龄的直接准确测定成为现实。矿物中变价元素,如Fe、V、Mn、Ce、Eu含量和/或比值的变化,指示了成矿过程氧逸度及其变化特点。从矿物核部向震荡环带与边部的微量元素含量或同位素组成的变化,示踪了成矿过程中流体来源或性质的变化。斑岩和矽卡岩矿床中与成矿作用关系密切的蚀变矿物,如绿泥石、绿帘石的形成温度、特征微量元素比值,如Ti/Sr、Ti/Co、V/Ni、Mg/Sr等,与距矿床中心距离呈线性函数关系,可定量预测距矿床中心的距离,使以绿泥石、绿帘石为代表的找矿指示矿物研究迅速发展。  相似文献   

14.
为解决5000 m地质岩芯钻探基础准则与依据缺失问题,提高钻探装备的自动化、智能化水平,启动了5000 m智能地质钻探技术装备研发工作,通过钻机装备、钻探器具研制,钻探工艺技术研究并经试验示范验证,取得多项创新成果,形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术体系。通过特深孔钻孔口径与管柱规格优化研究、钻杆规格设计、装备性能参数选配,形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术规范体系;基于5000 m特深孔地质岩芯钻机、孔口自动化作业装置等关键设备研制,实现了绳索取芯钻进的孔口作业全流程自动化,形成了轻量化钻机孔口管柱柔顺控制技术;基于复杂地层孔内工况判别、钻进参数优化与轨迹优化控制等技术问题研究,形成了多源信息融合的地面与孔底一体化钻进过程智能控制技术;基于高性能薄壁绳索取芯钻杆和系列小口径高效钻具研制,形成了大深度绳索取芯系列钻杆钻具技术;研发了耐高温环保型冲洗液、生物破胶废浆处理技术、“广谱型”双浆堵漏技术,形成了绿色环保型冲洗液体系与护壁堵漏技术。  相似文献   

15.
自动化智能化地质岩芯钻探技术装备研发与应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
张金昌  尹浩  刘凡柏  黄洪波  梁健  王瑜  吴敏  陶士先 《地质论评》2022,68(2):2022030029-2022030029
为解决5000 m地质岩芯钻探基础准则与依据缺失问题,提高钻探装备的自动化、智能化水平,启动了5000 m智能地质钻探技术装备研发工作,通过钻机装备、钻探器具研制,钻探工艺技术研究并经试验示范验证,取得多项创新成果,形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术体系。通过特深孔钻孔口径与管柱规格优化研究、钻杆规格设计、装备性能参数选配,形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术规范体系;基于5000 m特深孔地质岩芯钻机、孔口自动化作业装置等关键设备研制,实现了绳索取芯钻进的孔口作业全流程自动化,形成了轻量化钻机孔口管柱柔顺控制技术;基于复杂地层孔内工况判别、钻进参数优化与轨迹优化控制等技术问题研究,形成了多源信息融合的地面与孔底一体化钻进过程智能控制技术;基于高性能薄壁绳索取芯钻杆和系列小口径高效钻具研制,形成了大深度绳索取芯系列钻杆钻具技术;研发了耐高温环保型冲洗液、生物破胶废浆处理技术、“广谱型”双浆堵漏技术,形成了绿色环保型冲洗液体系与护壁堵漏技术。  相似文献   

16.
宋兵  蔡健 《岩土力学》2011,32(8):2313-2318
研究桩与岩石的侧摩阻力组成及影响因素,有助于准确地把握桩与岩石的侧摩阻力取值原则。在对桩与岩层的摩擦黏着机制分析的基础上,指出界面力与岩层抗剪力的区别,并提出岩层的极限侧摩阻力由界面强度及岩石强度两者较弱一方决定的观点。进行了中风化岩中4组混凝土短桩的抗压及抗拔极限摩阻力对比试验,获得了相应的极限侧摩阻力值以及抗拔与抗压极限侧摩阻力值的比值。抗拔时由于上部岩层对桩侧岩层的约束作用较弱,会使侧摩阻力相对抗压时有较大降低。通过有限元计算及其与试验值的比较分析,研究短桩与岩层的界面强度条件,发现岩层和混凝土灌注桩间的侧摩阻力中界面黏着力占很大比例。  相似文献   

17.
再论流体势及其与圈闭和油气藏关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在Hubbert(1953)关于流体势和圈闭的经典论文基础上,从流体势计算的基本原理出发,论证了气势与水势、油势计算表达式的具体形式是不同的,如等地温梯度的静水压力场中理想气体的势包含压力的对数函数与线性函数之和,而不只是包含压力的线性函数.表述了同一求势面所对应的测势面对于不同流体是不同的;指出了圈闭的溢出点通常是等势面与非渗透层面交线的切点;应用简洁的数学分析方法,推导了地下水三维流动情形下油(气)等势面某点切平面坡度与水头、渗滤速度关系的表达式,其中坡度绝对值与渗滤速度关系的表达式为:tanθ=√v2x v2y/|vf vz|,其中vf=K[ρw-p(p)]g/μ,式中:θ为切平面的倾角;vx、vy和vz分别为沿坐标轴ox、oy和oz方向的渗滤速度分量;K和μ分别为渗透率和水的动力黏度;ρw、ρ(p)分别为水和油(气)的密度.根据这些基础性的分析,对被广泛引用的Levorsen(1954)的背斜-水动力复合油藏中水头与油水界面产状的关系示意图进行了两点修改:将油水界面改为曲面、将油水界面处油藏的测势面改为高于油水界面处水的测势面的水平面;对向斜部位聚集油气的水动力条件进行了讨论,认为只有两(各)翼水流都向下流动且水流强度中等条件下才能在向斜部位聚集油气.  相似文献   

18.
现代新技术新方法与工程地质   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文阐述了瓣技术,新方法应用于工程地质研究取得的进展,内容涉及原位测试技术,数值模拟技术,物理模拟技术和物探测技术,这些方面的研究推动了工程地质学的发展。  相似文献   

19.
Cumulate and Cumulative Granites and Associated Rocks   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Abstract. Processes that move crystals relative to melt, that is crystal fractionation, are of major importance in producing variations that are observed within cogenetic suites of granites. In low‐temperature granite suites, crystal fractionation initially involves the progressive separation of crystals residual from partial melting from that partial melt. Once separation of those crystals, or restite, has been completed, further fractionation may occur through the separation of crystals that had precipitated from the melt, the process known as fractional crystallization. High‐temperature granite magmas are largely or completely molten and elements such as Ca, Mg and Fe, and their associated minor elements, are in that case dissolved in the melt. Such magmas, particularly those that are more potassic and hence contain a higher fraction of low temperature melt, may evolve compositionally through fractional crystallization. Cumulate rocks result, comprising a framework of cumulus minerals with interstitial melt. In this process some of the melt is also displaced to form more felsic rocks. Such cumulate rocks may have distinctive chemical compositions, but that is often not the case. Distinctive features include SiC>2 contents near or below 50 % in rocks that are transitional in the field to more felsic granites, very high Cr and Ni, very low K, P, Ba, Rb and Zr, and anomalous abundances of the anorthite components Ca and Al. These rocks may also have positive Eu anomalies. Cumulate rocks do not necessarily have distinctive textures, at least as such features are understood at this time. Fractional crystallization can also involve the movement of precipitated crystals relative to melt. We refer to rocks as cumulative when formed from the fractions in which the abundance of crystals has increased. The production of cumulative granites typically occurs at more felsic melt compositions than is the case for cumulate granites, and this process may have its greatest significance in the fractional crystallization of the felsic haplogranites. Relative to felsic granites of broadly similar compositions lying on a liquid line of descent, cumulative granites contain more Ca, reflecting the addition from elsewhere of plagioclase crystals with solidus compositions. The abundances of Sr and Ba may be high to very high, and sometimes there are positive Eu anomalies. Cumulative I‐type granites may have low abundances of Y and the heavy REE, while the S‐type granites can be very distinctive with anomalously high abundances of Th and the heavy REE resulting from the concentrating of monazite. Generally, but not always, those who propose fractional crystallization as a mechanism for producing compositional variation within a suite of granites do not state whether the rocks in that particular case are thought to lie on a liquid line of descent or are cumulates/cumulative, although it is generally presumed that they were melts. Our experiences in eastern Australia have shown that the mechanism of fractional crystallization was quantitatively not as important during granite evolution as many workers would expect. However, there are some excellent examples of that process, most notably the Boggy Plain Supersuite. Overall in eastern Australia, varying degrees of separation of restite is a much more common mode of crystal fractionation, and that may also be seen to be the case for some other granite provinces if they are examined with that possibility in mind.  相似文献   

20.
中国东部在晚中生代时(晚侏罗世-旱白垩世)有广泛的中酸性岩浆活动,按照花岗岩的地球化学特征,大致可以划分为东北、华北和华南3个岩区。本文研究表明,按照Sr和Yb的含量,大致可以将花岗岩分为5类.即:高Sr低Yb型(Sr〉400μg/g,Yb〈2μg/g)、低Sr低Yb(Sr〈400μg/g,Yb〈2μ/g)、低Sr高Yb(Sr〈400μg/g,Yb〉2μg/g)、高Sr高Yb型(Sr〉400μg/g,Yb〉2μg/g)以及非常低Sr高Yb型(Sr〈100μg/g,Yb=2—18μg/g)花岗岩。东北和华南以发育低Sr高Yb花岗岩为主,有少量高Sr低Yb和非常低Sr高Yb类型的花岗岩分布;而华北则以高Sr低Yb型花岗岩(埃达克岩)最发育,低Sr高Yb、低Sr低Yb型和非常低Sr高Yb型花岗岩有少量分布。本文着重探讨了华北和华南花岗岩的特征,认为华北和华南花岗岩地球化学的区别可能主要与花岗岩源区成分和深度有关,且主要受源区深度的控制。如果花岗岩熔融的源区残留相由榴辉岩组成(石榴石+辉石+金红石+/一角闪石),则花岗岩明显亏损HREE、Nb、Ta和Ti,而富集Sr和Al,无明显的负铕异常,属于高Sr低Yb(埃达克岩)类型;如果源区深度浅,由斜长角闪岩或麻粒岩组成(斜长石+辉石+角闪石),则花岗岩相对贫Sr富Yb。作者认为,华北和华南花岗岩地球化学特征上的上述差异,表明在晚中生代时(晚侏罗世.早白垩世)。华北和华南的地壳厚度不同:华北较厚,华南较薄;华北经历了下地壳拆沉而华南无;华北和华南的下地壳成分不同,华北较基性的下地壳拆沉后,留下的地壳平均成分与华南比偏中性。  相似文献   

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