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1.
J. Stiefenhofer K. S. Viljoen J. S. Marsh 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1997,127(1-2):147-158
The diamondiferous Letlhakane kimberlites are intruded into the Proterozoic Magondi Belt of Botswana. Given the general correlation
of diamondiferous kimberlites with Archaean cratons, the apparent tectonic setting of these kimberlites is somewhat anomalous.
Xenoliths in kimberlite diatremes provide a window into the underlying crust and upper mantle and, with the aid of detailed
petrological and geochemical study, can help unravel problems of tectonic setting. To provide relevant data on the deep mantle
under eastern Botswana we have studied peridotite xenoliths from the Letlhakane kimberlites. The mantle-derived xenolith suite
at Letlhakane includes peridotites, pyroxenites, eclogites, megacrysts, MARID and glimmerite xenoliths. Peridotite xenoliths
are represented by garnet-bearing harzburgites and lherzolites as well as spinel-bearing lherzolite xenoliths. Most peridotites
are coarse, but some are intensely deformed. Both garnet harzburgites and garnet lherzolites are in many cases variably metasomatised
and show the introduction of metasomatic phlogopite, clinopyroxene and ilmenite. The petrography and mineral chemistry of
these xenoliths are comparable to that of peridotite xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton. Calculated temperature-depth relations
show a well-developed correlation between the textures of xenoliths and P-T conditions, with the highest temperatures and pressures calculated for the deformed xenoliths. This is comparable to xenoliths
from the Kaapvaal craton. However, the P-T gap evident between low-T coarse peridotites and high-T deformed peridotites from the Kaapvaal craton is not seen in the Letlhakane xenoliths. The P-T data indicate the presence of lithospheric mantle beneath Letlhakane, which is at least 150 km thick and which had a 40mW/m2 continental geotherm at the time of pipe emplacement. The peridotite xenoliths were in internal Nd isotopic equilibrium at
the time of pipe emplacement but a lherzolite xenolith with a relatively low calculated temperature of equilibration shows
evidence for remnant isotopic disequilibrium. Both harzburgite and lherzolite xenoliths bear trace element and isotopic signatures
of variously enriched mantle (low Sm/Nd, high Rb/Sr), stabilised in subcontinental lithosphere since the Archaean. It is therefore
apparent that the Letlhakane kimberlites are underlain by old, cold and very thick lithosphere, probably related to the Zimbabwe
craton. The eastern extremity of the Proterozoic Magondi Belt into which the kimberlites intrude is interpreted as a superficial
feature not rooted in the mantle.
Received: 19 March 1996 / Accepted: 16 October 1996 相似文献
2.
Richterite-bearing peridotites and MARID-type inclusions in lavas from North Eastern Morocco: mineralogy and D/H isotopic studies 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
C. Wagner Etienne Deloule Abdelkader Mokhtari 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,124(3-4):406-421
K-richterite/phlogopite-bearing peridotite xenoliths and MARID inclusions have been found in Late Cretaceous (67±0.2 million
years) monchiquites and an olivine nephelinite from North Eastern Morocco. It is the first evidence of MARID rocks and K-richterite/phlogopite-bearing
peridotites outside the kimberlitic context. In the hydrous xenoliths, textural features suggest that K-richterite, phlogopite
and Al-poor diopside are replacement minerals. K-richterites contain 2–5 wt% FeO, 0.1–1.5 wt% TiO2 and <0.5 wt% Cr2O3. Micas contain 5.4–7.4 wt% FeO and 0.3–2.2 wt% TiO2, with Cr and Ni contents <0.2 wt%. Diopsides are Al-poor (<0.2 wt% Al2O3) and contain 0.1–0.2 wt% TiO2, 0.9–1.1 wt% Na2O and 1.3–1.7 wt% Cr2O3. Compared to known K-richterites and micas from metasomatised peridotite nodules (PKP types), the Moroccan minerals are more
Fe rich, K-richterites have higher Ti and micas less Cr and Ni. They are thus closer to MARID than to PKP minerals. K-richterites
and mica from the MARID inclusions show typical characteristics, e.g. high FeO (4.3–4.7 wt% in richterite and 7.2 wt% in mica),
low NiO and/or Cr2O3 and the incomplete filling of the tetrahedral site by Si+Al. Ion probe D/H analyses of amphiboles and micas from both xenolith
types give high δD values ranging from –8 to –73, with large variations within single grains (up to 50‰). Both the D-enrichment
and the δD variations are inherited from the mantle. The similar chemical composition and δD values of K-richterite/phlogopite
from the hydrous peridotites and MARID minerals suggest a genetic link between the two types of xenoliths. The conditions
required for producing MARIDs and K-richterite/phlogopite-bearing peridotites may thus exist in contexts other than stable
cratonic settings. MARID rocks and the associated metasomites may result from a hydrous fluid interaction with a peridotite,
the metasomatic agent being characterised by a high K and low Al signature and a high δD value. A D-rich source is involved
in the metasomatic event producing the hydrous minerals, and the scatter observed in the δD values suggests a mixing between
this source and another one with typical upper mantle D/H composition. As indicated by the low δD (–74) values of micas from
the host lava, metasomatism predated and is unrelated to the alkaline volcanism.
Received: 9 March 1995 / Accepted: 4 April 1996 相似文献
3.
Kevin Grant Jannick Ingrin Jean Pierre Lorand Paul Dumas 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,154(1):15-34
The speciation and amount of water dissolved in nominally anhydrous silicates comprising eight different mantle xenoliths
has been quantified using synchrotron micro-FTIR spectroscopy. Samples studied are from six geographic localities and represent
a cross-section of the major upper mantle lithologies from a variety of tectonic settings. Clinopyroxene contains between
342 and 413 ppm H2O. Orthopyroxene, olivine and garnet contain 169–201, 3–54 and 0 to <3 ppm H2O, respectively. Pyroxenes water contents and the distribution of water between ortho- and clinopyroxene is identical regardless
of sample mineralogy (D
watercpx/opx = 2.1 ± 0.1). The total water contents of each xenolith are remarkably similar (113 ± 14 ppm H2O). High-resolution spectroscopic traverses show that the concentration and speciation of hydrous defects dissolved in each
phase are spatially homogeneous within individual crystals and identical in different crystals interspersed throughout the
xenolith. These results suggest that the amount of water dissolved in the silicate phases is in partial equilibrium with the
transporting melt. Other features indicate that xenoliths have also preserved OH signatures of equilibrium with the mantle
source region: Hydroxyl stretching modes in clinopyroxene show that garnet lherzolites re-equilibrated under more reducing
conditions than spinel lherzolites. The distribution of water between pyroxenes and olivine differs according to xenolith
mineralogy. The distribution of water between clinopyroxene and olivine from garnet peridotites (D
watercpx/oliv(gnt) = 22.2 ± 24.1) is a factor of four greater than mineral pairs from spinel-bearing xenoliths (D
watercpx/oliv(sp) = 88.1 ± 47.8). Such an increase in olivine water contents at the spinel to garnet transition is likely a global phenomenon
and this discontinuity could lead to a reduction of the upper mantle viscosity by 0.2–0.7 log units and a reduction of its
electrical resistivity by a factor of 0.5–0.8 log units. 相似文献
4.
A redox profile of the Slave mantle and oxygen fugacity control in the cratonic mantle 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
The authors report a redox profile based on Mössbauer data of spinel and garnet to a depth of 210 km from mantle xenoliths of the northern (N) and southeastern (SE) Slave craton (northern Canada). The profile transects three depth facies of peridotites that form segments of different bulk composition, represented by spinel peridotite, spinel–garnet peridotite, low-temperature garnet peridotite, high-temperature garnet peridotite, and pyroxenite. The shallow, more depleted N Slave spinel peridotite records lower oxygen fugacities compared to the deeper, less depleted N Slave spinel–garnet peridotite, consistent with their different spinel Fe3+ concentrations. Garnet peridotites show a general reduction in log fO2 (FMQ)s with depth, where values for garnet peridotites are lower than those for spinel–garnet peridotites. There is a strong correlation between depletion and oxygen fugacity in the spinel peridotite facies, but little correlation in the garnet peridotite facies. The strong decrease in log fO2 (FMQ) with depth that arises from the smaller partial molar volume of Fe3+ in garnet, and the observation of distinct slopes of log fO2 (FMQ) with depth for spinel peridotite compared to spinel–garnet peridotite strongly suggest that oxygen fugacity in the cratonic peridotitic mantle is intrinsically controlled by iron equilibria involving garnet and spinel.
相似文献
C. McCammonEmail: Phone: +49-921-553709Fax: +49-921-553769 |
5.
The Happo-O’ne peridotite complex is situated in the northeastern part of the Hida Marginal Tectonic Zone, central Japan,
characterized by the high-P/T Renge metamorphism, and is considered as a serpentinite mélange of Paleozoic age. Peridotitic rocks, being massive or foliated,
have been subjected to hydration and metamorphism. Their protoliths are mostly lherzolites to harzburgites with subordinate
dunites. We found a characteristic mineral assemblage, olivine + orthopyroxene + tremolite + chlorite + chromian spinel, being
stable at low-T, from 650 to 750°C, and high-P, from 16 to 20 kbar, tremolite–chlorite peridotites of the tremolite zone. Olivines are Fo88–Fo91, and orthopyroxenes (Mg# = 0.91) show low and homogenous distributions of Al2O3 (up to 0.25 wt%), Cr2O3 (up to 0.25 wt%), CaO (up to 0.36 wt%) and TiO2 (up to 0.06 wt%) due to the low equilibration temperature. Chromian spinels, which are euhedral and enclosed mainly in the
orthopyroxenes, have high TiO2, 3.1 wt% (up to 5.7 wt%) on average, and high Cr# [=Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio], 0.95 on average but low Fe3+ [=Fe3+/(Cr + Al + Fe3+) atomic ratio, <0.3]. The bulk-rock chemistry shows that the Happo-O’ne metaperidotites with this peculiar spinel are low
in TiO2 (0.01–0.02 wt%), indicating no addition of TiO2 from the outside source during the metamorphism; the high TiO2 of the peculiar spinel has been accomplished by Ti release from Ti-bearing high-T pyroxenes during the formation of low-T, low-Ti silicates (<0.1 wt% TiO2) during cooling. Some dunites are intact from hydration: their olivine is Fo92 and spinel shows high Cr#, 0.72. The Happo-O’ne metaperidotites (tremolite–chlorite peridotites), being in the corner of
the mantle wedge, are representative of a hydrous low-T, high-P mantle peridotite facies transitional from a higher T anhydrous peridotite facies (spinel peridotites) formed by in situ retrograde metamorphism influenced by fluids from the
subducting slab. They have suffered from low-T (<600°C) retrogressive metamorphism to form antigorite and diopside during exhumation of the Renge metamorphic belt. 相似文献
6.
A. L. Jaques H. St. C. O'Neill C. B. Smith J. Moon B. W. Chappell 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1990,104(3):255-276
This paper describes a suite of peridotite xenoliths. some carrying diamonds at high grades, from the richly diamondiferous early Proterozoic (1180 Ma) Argyle (AK1) lamproite pipe, in northwestern Australia. The peridotites are mostly coarse garnet lherzolites but also include garnet harzburgite, chromite — garnet peridotite, a garnet wehrlite, and an altered spinel peridotite with extremely Cr-rich chromite. In all cases the garnet has been replaced by a kelyphite-like, symplectic intergrowth of Alrich pyroxenes, Al-spinel and secondary silicates. The peridotites have refractory compositions characterized by high Mg/(Mg+Fe) and depletion in lithophile elements (Al2O3 and CaO < 1%, Na2O0.03%) and high field strength cations such as Ti, Zr, Y, and Yb. Olivines have high Mg/(Mg+Fe) (Mg
91–93
) and, like olivine inclusions in diamonds from the Argyle pipe, contain detectable amounts of Cr2O3 (0.03%–0.07%) but have very low CaO contents (typically 0.04%–0.05%). Enstatites (Mg
92–94
) have comparatively high Cr2O3 (0.2%–0.45%) and Na2O (up to 0.18%) but very low Al2O3 contents (0.5%–0.7%). Diopsides (Mg
92–94
, Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe)=0.37–0.43) are Cr-rich (0.7%–1.9% Cr2O3) and have low Al2O3 (0.7%–2.2%) and Na2O (0.5%–1.6%) contents. Many have high K2O contents, typically 0.1%–0.4% but up to 1.3% K2O in one xenolith. The chromite coexisting with former garnet is Mg-and Cr-rich [Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)=0.68–0.72, Cr/(Cr+Al)=0.72–0.79] whereas chromite in the spinel peridotite is even more Cr-rich (65% Cr2O3, Cr/(Cr+Al)=0.85, resembling inclusions in diamond. One highly serpentinized former garnet peridotite contains a Cr-rich (up to 13% Cr2O3) titanate resembling armalcolite but containing significant K2O (1%–2.5%), CaO (0.6%–2.2%), ZrO2 (0.1%–0.8%), SrO (0.1%–0.3%), and BaO (up to 0.58%): this appears to have formed as an overprint of the primary mineralogy. Temperatures and pressures estimated from coexisting pyroxenes and reconstructed garnet compositions indicate that the garnet lherzolites equilibrated at 1140°–1290° C and 5.0–5.9 GPa (160–190 km depth), within the stability field of diamond. Oxygen fugacties within the diamond forming environment are estimated from spinel-bearing assemblages to be reducing, with f
O2 between MW and IW. The presence of significant K in the diopsides from the peridotite xenoliths and in diopsides from heavy mineral concentrate from the Argyle pipe implies metasomatic enrichment of the subcontinental lithosphere within the diamond stability field. The P-T conditions estimated for the Argyle peridotites demonstrate that diamondiferous lamproite magmas incorporate mantle xenoliths from similar depths to kimberlites in cratonic settings, and imply that Proterozoic cratonized orogenic belts can have lithospheric roots of comparable thickness to beneath Archaean cratons. These roots lie at the base of the lithosphere within the stability field of diamond. The xenoliths, the calcic nature of chrome pyropes from heavy mineral concentrate, and the diamond inclusion assemblage indicate that the lighosphere beneath the Western Australian lamproites is mostly depleted lherozolite rather than the harzburgite commonly found beneath Archaean cratons. Nevertheless, the dominance of eclogitic paragenesis inclusions in Argyle diamonds indicates a significant proportion of diamondiferous eclogite is also present. The form, mineral inclusion assemblage, and the C-isotopic composition of diamonds in the peridotite xenoliths suggest that disaggregated diamondiferous peridotites are the source of the planar octahedral diamonds which constitute a minor component of the Argyle production. These diamonds are believed to have formed from mantle carbon in reduced, refractory peridotite (Iherzolite-harzburgite) in contrast to the predominant strongly 13C-depleted eclogitic suite diamonds which contain a recycled crustal carbon component. The source region of the lamproites has undergone long-term (2 Ga) enrichment in incompatible elements. 相似文献
7.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2015,56(12):1701-1716
New data on metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle in the central part of the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province (ADP) are presented. We studied the major- and trace-element compositions of minerals of 26 garnet peridotite xenoliths from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe; 17 xenoliths contained phlogopite. Detailed mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical studies of peridotite minerals (garnet, clinopyroxene, and phlogopite) have revealed two types of modal metasomatic enrichment of the lithospheric-mantle rocks: high temperature (melt) and low-temperature (phlogopite). Both types of modal metasomatism significantly changed the chemical composition of the peridotites. Low-temperature modal metasomatism manifests itself as coarse tabular and shapeless phlogopite grains. Two textural varieties of phlogopite show significant differences in chemical composition, primarily in the contents of TiO2, Cr2O3, FeO, Ba, Rb, and Cs. The rock-forming minerals of phlogopite-bearing peridotites differ in chemical composition from phlogopite-free peridotites, mainly in higher FeO content. Most garnets and clinopyroxenes in peridotites are the products of high-temperature mantle metasomatism, as indicated by the high contents of incompatible elements and REE pattern in these minerals. Fractional-crystallization modeling gives an insight into the nature of melts (metasomatic agents). They are close in composition to picrites of the Izhmozero field, basalts of the Tur’ino field, and carbonatites of the Mela field of the ADP. The REE patterns of the peridotite minerals make it possible to determine the sequence of metasomatic enrichment of the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib kimberlite pipe. 相似文献
8.
Giovanna T. Sapienza Marco Scambelluri Roberto Braga 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,158(3):401-420
We document the presence of dolomite ± apatite in orogenic peridotites from the Ulten Zone (UZ, Italian Alps), the remnants
of a Variscan mantle wedge tectonically coupled with eclogitized continental crust. These dolomite peridotites are associated
with dominant carbonate-free amphibole peridotites, which formed in response to infiltration of aqueous subduction fluids
lost by the associated crustal rocks during high-pressure (HP) metamorphism and retrogression. Dolomite-free and dolomite-bearing
peridotites share the same metamorphic evolution, from garnet- (HP) to spinel-facies (low-pressure, LP) conditions. Dolomite
and the texturally coexisting phases display equilibrium redistribution of rare earth elements and of incompatible trace elements
during HP and LP metamorphism; clinopyroxene and amphiboles from carbonate-free and carbonate-bearing peridotites have quite
similar compositions. These features indicate that the UZ mantle rocks equilibrated with the same metasomatic agents: aqueous
CO2-bearing fluids enriched in incompatible elements released by the crust. The P–T crystallization conditions of the dolomite peridotites (outside the field of carbonatite melt + amphibole peridotite coexistence),
a lack of textures indicating quench of carbonic melts, a lack of increase in modal clinopyroxene by reaction with such melts
and the observed amphibole increase at the expense of clinopyroxene, all suggest that dolomite formation was assisted by aqueous
CO2-bearing fluids. A comparison of the trace element compositions of carbonates and amphiboles from the UZ peridotites and from
peridotites metasomatized by carbonatite and/or carbon-bearing silicate melts does not help to unambiguously discriminate
between the different agents (fluids or melts). The few observed differences (lower trace element contents in the fluid-related
dolomite) may ultimately depend on the solute content of the metasomatic agent (CO2-bearing fluid versus carbonatite melt). This study provides strong evidence that C–O–H subduction fluids can produce ‘carbonatite-like’
assemblages in mantle rocks, thus being effective C carriers from the slab to the mantle wedge at relatively low P–T. If transported beyond the carbonate and amphibole solidus by further subduction, dolomite-bearing garnet + amphibole peridotites
like the ones from Ulten can become sources of carbonatite and/or C-bearing silicate melts in the mantle wedge.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
In memory of Lauro Morten 1941–2006. 相似文献
9.
Oxygen fugacity (fO2) affects melting, metasomatism, speciation of C–O–H fluids and carbon-rich phases in the upper mantle. fO2 of deep off-craton mantle is poorly known because garnet-peridotite xenoliths are rare in alkali basalts. We examine the redox and thermal state of the lithospheric mantle between the Siberian and North China cratons using new Fe3+/ΣFe ratios in garnet and spinel obtained by M?ssbauer spectroscopy, major element data and P–T estimates for 22 peridotite xenoliths as well as published data for 15 xenoliths from Vitim, Russia. Shallow spinel-facies mantle is more oxidized than deep garnet peridotites (average, ?0.1 vs. ?2.5 ΔlogfO2(FMQ)). For intermediate garnet–spinel peridotites, fO2 estimates from spinel-based oxybarometers are 1.5–3.2 ΔlogfO2(FMQ) lower than those from garnet-based oxybarometers. These rocks may be out of phase and chemical inter-mineral equilibrium because the spinel–garnet reaction and concomitant changes in mineral chemistry do not keep up with P–T changes (e.g., lithospheric heating by recent volcanism) due to slow diffusion of trivalent cations and because gar-, gar-spl and spl-facies rocks may coexist on centimeter–meter scale. The spinel-based fO2 estimates may not be correct while garnet-based fO2 values provide conditions before the heating. The T (780–1,100?°C) and fO2 ranges of the Vitim xenoliths overlap those of coarse garnet and spinel cratonic peridotites. However, because of a higher geothermal gradient, the deepest Vitim garnet peridotites are more reduced (by 0.5–2.0 ΔlogfO2(FMQ)) than cratonic garnet peridotites at similar depths, and the “water maximum” conditions (>80?% H2O) in the off-craton mantle exist in a more shallow and narrow depth range (60–85?km) than in cratonic roots (100–170?km). The base of the off-craton lithospheric mantle (≥90?km) at 2.5?GPa and 1,150?°C has fO2 of ?3.0 ?logfO2(FMQ), with dominant CH4 and H2O and minor H2 in the fluid. Melting near the base of off-craton mantle lithosphere may be induced by increasing water share in migrating fluids due to oxidation of methane. 相似文献
10.
Dexter Perkins Elizabeth Y. Anthony 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,162(6):1139-1157
In peridotites, olivine, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene are complex solid solutions with wide stability fields. Depending
mostly on bulk composition and pressure, these minerals may be accompanied by plagioclase (low pressure), spinel (moderate
pressure), or garnet (high pressure), resulting in 4-phase and rarer 5-phase assemblages. Although a particular mineral assemblage
is stable over a range of P–T, the compositions of the individual minerals vary with changing P–T conditions. Application
of standard geothermobarometers to olivine–clinopyroxene–orthopyroxene–spinel peridotites is problematic. An alternative approach
is to use a bulk rock composition to calculate equilibrium phase diagrams to determine the conditions under which a particular
assemblage is stable. This requires consideration of the 7-component system SiO2–Al2O3–Cr2O3–FeO–MgO–CaO–Na2O, internally consistent thermodynamic data for end members, and reliable mixing models for all mineral solutions. Experimental
studies in simpler systems, and solution models from the literature, permit derivation of multicomponent thermodynamic mixing
models for the key minerals. The models, when applied to xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole, constrain P and T of equilibration
and are less sensitive to mineral compositional variations, or uncertainty in activity models, than standard thermobarometry.
Our modeling provides the first tightly constrained pressure estimates for Kilbourne Hole, placing the xenoliths in the spinel
stability field at depths (30–45 km) that correspond to the uppermost mantle beneath the Rio Grande Rift. The fine-grained
equigranular lherzolite, porphyroclastic lherzolite, and some harzburgite-dunite specimens equilibrated at average conditions
of 11.5 Kbar-930°C, 12 Kbar-990°C, and 13 Kbar-1,080°C, respectively. The mantle beneath the Rio Grande Rift is layered; the
fine-grained equigranular lherzolite derives from relatively shallow depth (35 km average), and the porphyroclastic lherzolite
from slightly deeper levels. Lying 5–10 km beneath both lherzolites, the harzburgite-dunite represents a depth where melt
extraction has significantly altered mantle chemistry and where local thermodynamic equilibrium has not been maintained. 相似文献
11.
An early Palaeozoic supra-subduction lithosphere in the Variscides: new evidence from the Maures massif 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jean-Philippe Bellot Christine Laverne Georges Bronner 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2010,99(3):473-504
Petrographic and geochemical studies of peridotites and melagabbros from the Maures massif (SE France) provide new constraints
on the Early Palaeozoic evolution of the continental lithosphere in Western Europe. Peridotites occur as lenses along a unit
rooted in the main Variscan suture zone. They are dominantly spinel peridotites and minor garnet–spinel peridotites. Spinel
peridotites represent both residual mantle and ultramafic cumulates. Mantle-related dunites and harzburgites display high
temperature textures, with olivine (Mg#0.90), orthopyroxene (Mg#0.90) and spinel (TiO2 < 0.2%; Cr#0.64–0.83) compositions typical of fore-arc upper mantle. Ultramafic cumulates are dunite adcumulates, harzburgite heteradcumulates
and mesocumulates, melagabbro heteradcumulates and amphibole peridotites, with olivine (Mg#0.85–0.89), orthopyroxene (Mg#0.86–0.89) and Cr-spinel (TiO2 = 0.5–3.3%; Cr#0.7–0.98) compositions typical of ultramafic cumulates. Cr-spinel compositions of both spinel peridotite types suggest their genesis
in a supra-subduction zone lithosphere. Core to rim zoning in spinel is related to the incomplete influence of regional metamorphism
and serpentinisation. The covariation of major and minor elements with Al2O3 for cumulates is consistent with igneous processes involving crystal accumulation. Both mantle and cumulate dunites and harzburgites
have U-shaped REE patterns and extremely low trace element contents, similar to peridotites from modern fore-arc peridotites
(South Atlantic) and from ophiolites related to supra-subduction zones (Semail, Cyclops, Pindos, Troodos). Melagabbros also
have U-shaped REE patterns similar to xenoliths from the Philippine island arc, but also similar to intrusive ultramafic cumulates
from the Semail nappe of Oman related to a proto-subduction setting. A wehrlite has a REE pattern similar to that of amphibole
peridotites reflecting metasomatism of clinopyroxene-bearing peridotites due to subduction-related fluids. The Maures spinel
peridotites and melagabbros are therefore interpreted as the lowermost parts of a crustal sequence and minor residual mantle
of lithosphere generated in a supra-subduction zone during Early Palaeozoic time. Garnet–spinel peridotites are chemically
close to melagabbros, but have recorded high pressure metamorphism before their retrogression similar to spinel peridotites
into amphibolites to greenschists facies metamorphism. They indicate burial to mantle depths of the margin of the supra-subduction
lithosphere during the Early Palaeozoic continental subduction. Both peridotite types were exhumed during the Upper Palaeozoic
continental collision. Comparable observations from other Variscan-related peridotites, in particular of the Speik complex
of the Autroalpine basement, and a common age for the subduction stage allow extension of these regional conclusions to a
broad area sharing the Cambrian suture zone, extending from the Ossa-Morena to the Bohemian massif. 相似文献
12.
Mantle Xenoliths from the Southeastern Slave Craton: Evidence for Chemical Zonation in a Thick, Cold Lithosphere 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7
We present the first data on the petrology of the mantle lithosphereof the Southeastern (SE) Slave craton, Canada. These are basedon petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical studies of mantlexenoliths in Pipe 5034 of the Cambrian Gahcho Kué kimberlitecluster. Major types of mantle xenoliths include altered eclogite,coarse garnet or spinel peridotite, and deformed garnet peridotite.The peridotites belong to the low-temperature suite and formedat T=6001300°C and P= 2580 kbar in a thick(at least 220250 km), cool lithosphere. The SE Slavemantle is cooler than the mantle of other Archaean cratons andthat below other terranes of the Slave craton. The thick lithosphereand the relatively cool thermal regime provide favourable conditionsfor formation and preservation of diamonds beneath the SE Slaveterrane. Similar to average Archaean mantle worldwide, the SESlave peridotite is depleted in magmaphile major elements andcontains olivine with forsterite content of 9193·5.With respect to olivine composition and mode, all terranes ofthe Slave mantle show broadly similar compositions and are relativelyorthopyroxene-poor compared with those of the Kaapvaal and Siberiancratons. The SE Slave spinel peridotite is poorer in Al, Caand Fe, and richer in Mg than deeper garnet peridotite. Thegreater chemical depletion of the shallow upper mantle is typicalof all terranes of the Slave craton and may be common for thesubcontinental lithospheric peridotitic mantle in general. Peridotiticxenoliths of the SE Slave craton were impregnated by kimberliticfluids that caused late-stage recrystallization of primary clinopyroxene,spinel, olivine and spinel-facies orthopyroxene, and formationof interstitial clinopyroxene. This kimberlite-related recrystallizationdepleted primary pyroxenes and spinel in Al. The kimberliticfluid was oxidizing, Ti-, Fe- and K-rich, and Na-poor, and introducedserpentine, chlorite, phlogopite and spinel into peridotitesat P < 35 kbar. KEY WORDS: kimberlite xenolith; lithosphere; mantle terrane; chemical zoning; thermobarometry; Slave craton 相似文献
13.
M. Scambelluri J. Hermann L. Morten E. Rampone 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,151(4):372-394
The peridotite bodies of the Ulten Zone (Upper Austroalpine, Italian Eastern Alps) are enclosed in Variscan migmatites and derive from a mantle wedge environment. They display the progressive transformation of porphyroclastic spinel peridotites (T=1,200°C; P=1.5 GPa) into fine-grained garnet–amphibole peridotites (T=850°C; P=3 GPa). Detailed bulk-rock and mineral trace element analyses of a sample suite documenting the entire metamorphic evolution of the peridotites revealed several stages of metasomatism. The spinel peridotites derive from a depleted mantle that became enriched in some large ion lithophile element (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE). The same signature pertains to clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene, indicating that this metasomatic signature was acquired at the recorded temperature of 1,200°C. Such a temperature is considerably above the wet peridotite solidus and hence the metasomatic agent must have been a hydrous melt. Moreover, the Li-enrichment of the spinel-facies pyroxenes (up to 24 ppm Li) reflects disequilibrium distribution after exchange with a presumably mafic melt. cpx/opx
D
Li=3–7 and cpx/ol
D
Li=2.7–8 indicate that the spinel-facies clinopyroxene hosts higher Li amounts than the coexisting minerals. LREE fractionation, variable LREE enrichment, LILE enrichment with respect to HFSE (average clinopyroxene Pb
N
/Nb
N
=16–90) in spinel lherzolites can be related to chromatographic effects of porous melt flow. The significant enrichment of pyroxenes from the spinel lherzolites in Pb, U and Li indicates that the metasomatic melt was subduction-related. All these features suggest that the spinel lherzolites formed a mantle wedge layer percolated by melts carrying recycled crustal components and rising from a deeper source of subduction magmas. The garnet + amphibole peridotites equilibrated at temperatures well below the wet solidus in the presence of an aqueous fluid. Bulk-rock trace element patterns display pronounced positive anomalies in Cs, Ba, Pb and U and moderate enrichment in Li, indicating addition of a crustal component to the mantle rocks. Amphibole hosts most of these trace elements. Clinopyroxene displays high LILE/HFSE (Pb
N
/Nb
N
=300–600), low Ce/Pb (1.4–2.7 in garnet-facies clinopyroxene compared with 2.6–24.5 in the spinel-facies one) and variable LILE and LREE enrichments. The coupled increase of modal amphibole, Sr and Pb, together with positive Pb–Sr and Pb–U correlations, further indicate that incompatible element influx in these samples was fluid-mediated. In the garnet-facies samples, amphibole and, interestingly, olivine have similarly high Li concentrations as clinopyroxene, leading to cpx/amph
D
Li=0.7 and cpx/ol
D
Li=0.7–0.8, the latter being up to ten times lower than in the spinel-facies rocks. Due to its high modal abundance, olivine is the main host of Li in the garnet–amphibole peridotites. The observed metasomatic features provide evidence for the infiltration of an aqueous fluid in the mantle wedge above a subducting slab. This fluid most likely derived from subducted crustal rocks that underwent partial melting. Successive retrograde re-equilibration during exhumation of the garnet peridotite is accompanied by garnet and clinopyroxene breakdown and amphibole formation. This process produced minor changes, such as an increase of HREE and Li in amphibole, and an increase of Li in olivine. The general trace element signature remains essentially unchanged during retrogression and further hydration, indicating that fluids with a similar composition to the one present at the garnet–amphibole peridotite formation, were responsible for increased amphibole formation. The combined evidence from the metamorphic and metasomatic evolution indicates that the peridotites experienced first corner flow in a mantle wedge, followed by subduction and finally entrapment and exhumation within a crustal slab. During their entire history the Ulten peridotites were percolated first by melts and then by aqueous fluids, which added recycled crustal components to the mantle wedge. 相似文献
14.
The oxygen fugacities of 48 mantle xenoliths from 5 localities in southern Siberia (USSR) and Mongolia have been determined. Ferric iron contents of spinels were measured by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and oxygen fugacities calculated from spinel-olivineorthopyroxene equilibrium. The samples studied represent the major types of upper mantle lithologies including spinel and garnet peridotites and pyroxenites, fertile and depleted peridotites and anhydrous and metasomatized samples which come from diverse tectonic settings. Extensive geochemical and isotope data are also available for these samples. Oxygen fugacity values for most central Asian xenoliths fall within the range observed in peridotite xenoliths from other continental regions at or slightly below the FMQ buffer. However, xenoliths from the Baikal rift zone are the most reduced among xenoliths for which Mössbauer data on spinels are available. They yield fO2 values similar to those in oceanic peridotites and MORBs, while xenoliths in other occurrences have higher fO2s. In general, the continental lithosperic mantle is more oxidized than MORB-like oceanic mantle. This difference seems to be due to incorporation of oxidized material into some parts of the subcontinental mantle as a result of subduction of oceanic crust. Garnet- and garnet-spinel lherzolites from the Baikal rift area have slightly higher oxygen fugacities than shallower spinel lherzolites. Oxygen fugacity does not appear to be correlated with the degree of depletion of peridotites, and its values in peridotites and pyroxenites are very much alike, suggesting that partial melting (at least at moderate degrees) takes place at essentially the same fO2s that are now recorded by the residual material. Modally (amphibole- and phlogopitebearing) and cryptically metasomatized xenoliths from the Baikal rift zone give the same fO2 values as depleted anhydrous peridotites, suggesting that solid-melt-fluid reactions in the continental rift mantle also take place without substantial change in redox state. This is in contrast to other tectonic environments where metasomatism appears to be associated with oxidation. 相似文献
15.
Carbonatite metasomatized peridotite xenoliths from southern Patagonia: implications for lithospheric processes and Neogene plateau magmatism 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
The mineral chemistry, major and trace element, and Sr–Nd isotopic composition of Cr-diopside, spinel peridotite xenoliths
from the Estancia Lote 17 locality in southern Patagonia document a strong carbonatitic metasomatism of the backarc continental
lithosphere. The Lote 17 peridotite xenolith suite consists of hydrous spinel lherzolite, wehrlite, and olivine websterite,
and anhydrous harzburgite and lherzolite. Two-pyroxene thermometry indicates equilibration temperatures ranging from 870 to
1015 °C and the lack of plagioclase or garnet suggests the xenoliths originated from between ˜40 and 60 km depth. All of the
xenoliths are LILE- and LREE-enriched, but have relatively low 87Sr/86Sr (0.70294 to 0.70342) and high ɛNd (+3.0 to +6.6), indicating recent trace element enrichment (∼25 Ma, based on the low 87Sr/86Sr and high Rb concentrations of phlogopite separates) in the long-term, melt-depleted Patagonian lithosphere. Lote 17 peridotite
xenoliths are divided into two basic groups. Group 1 xenoliths consist of fertile peridotites that contain hydrous phases
(amphibole ± phlogopite ± apatite). Group 1 xenoliths are further subdivided into three groups (a, b, and c) based on distinctive
textures and whole-rock chemistry. Group 1 xenolith mineralogy and chemistry are consistent with a complex metasomatic history
involving variable extents of recent carbonatite metasomatism (high Ca/Al, Nb/La, Zr/Hf, low Ti/Eu) that has overprinted earlier
metasomatic events. Group 2 xenoliths consist of infertile, anhydrous harzburgites and record cryptic metasomatism that is
attributed to CO2-rich fluids liberated from Group 1 carbonatite metasomatic reactions. Extremely variable incompatible trace element ratios
and depleted Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of Lote 17 peridotite xenoliths indicate that the continental lithosphere was neither
the primary source nor an enriched lithospheric contaminant for Neogene Patagonian plateau lavas. Neogene plateau magmatism
associated with formation of asthenospheric slab windows may have triggered this occurrence of “intraplate-type” carbonatite
metasomatism in an active continental backarc setting.
Received: 26 January 2000 / Accepted: 1 March 2000 相似文献
16.
Benjamin Kaeser Bettina Olker Angelika Kalt Rainer Altherr Thomas Pettke 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(4):453-472
Garnet-bearing and garnet-free pyroxenite xenoliths from Quaternary basanites of Marsabit, northern Kenya, were analysed for
microstructures and mineral compositions (major and trace elements) to constrain the thermal and compositional evolution of
the lithospheric mantle in this region. Garnet-bearing rocks are amphibole-bearing websterite with ~5–10 vol% orthopyroxene.
Clinopyroxene is LREE-depleted and garnet has high HREE contents, in agreement with an origin as cumulates from basaltic mantle
melts. Primary orthopyroxene inclusions in garnet suggest that the parental melts were orthopyroxene-saturated. Rock fabrics
vary from weakly to strongly deformed. Thermobarometry indicates extensive decompression and cooling (~970–1,100°C at ~2.3–2.6 GPa
to ~700–800°C at ~0.5–1.0 GPa) during deformation, best interpreted as pyroxenite intrusion into thick Paleozoic continental
lithosphere subsequently followed by continental rifting (i.e., formation of the Mesozoic Anza Graben). During continental
rifting, garnet websterites were decompressed (garnet-to-spinel transition) and experienced the same P–T evolution as their host peridotites. Strongly deformed samples show compositional overlaps with cpx-rich, initially garnet-bearing
lherzolite, best explained by partial re-equilibration of peridotite and pyroxenite during deformation and mechanical mingling.
In contrast, garnet-free pyroxenites include undeformed, cumulate-like samples, indicating that they are younger than the
garnet websterites. Major and trace element compositions of clinopyroxene and calculated equilibrium melts suggest crystallisation
from alkaline basaltic melt similar to the host basanite, which suggests formation in the context of alkaline magmatism during
the development of the Kenya rift.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
17.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2015,56(11):1578-1602
Upper-mantle xenoliths in Cenozoic basalts of northwestern Spitsbergen are rocks of peridotite (spinel lherzolites) and pyroxenite (amphibole-containing garnet and garnet-free clinopyroxenites, garnet clinopyroxenites, and garnet and garnet-free websterites) series. The upper-mantle section in the depth range 50–100 km is composed of spinel peridotites; at depths of 80–100 km pyroxenites (probably, dikes or sills) appear. The equilibrium conditions of parageneses are as follows: in the peridotites—730–1180 °C, 13–27 kbar, and oxygen fugacity of − 1.5 to + 0.3 log. un.; in the pyroxenites—1100–1310 °C, 22–33 kbar. The pyroxenite minerals have been found to contain exsolved structures, such as orthopyroxene lamellae in clinopyroxene and, vice versa, clinopyroxene lamella in orthopyroxene. The formation temperatures of unexsolved phases in orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene are nearly 100–150 °C higher than the temperatures of the lamellae–matrix equilibrium and the equilibrium of minerals in the rock. The normal distribution of cations in the spinel structure and the equilibrium distribution of Fe2 + between the M1 and M2 sublattices in the orthopyroxenes point to the high rate of xenolith ascent from the rock crystallization zone to the surface. All studied Spitsbergen rock-forming minerals from mantle xenoliths contain volatiles in their structure: OH−, crystal hydrate water H2Ocryst, and molecules with characteristic CH and CO groups. The first two components are predominant, and the total content of water (OH– + H2Ocryst) increases in the series olivine → garnet → orthopyroxene → clinopyroxene. The presence of these volatiles in the nominally anhydrous minerals (NAM) crystallized at high temperatures and pressures in the peridotites and pyroxenites testifies to the high strength of the volatile–mineral bond. The possibility of preservation of volatiles is confirmed by the results of comprehensive thermal and mass-spectral analyses of olivines and clinopyroxene, whose structures retain these components up to 1300 °C. The composition of hypothetic C–O–H fluid in equilibrium (in the presence of free carbon) with the underlying mantle rocks varies from aqueous (> 80% H2O) to aqueous–carbonic (~ 60% H2O). The fluid becomes essentially aqueous when the oxygen activity in the system decreases. However, there is no strict dependence of the redox conditions on the depth of formation of xenoliths. 相似文献
18.
Feldspar-bearing lherzolite xenoliths in alkali basalts from Hamar-Daban,southern Baikal region,Russia 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
D. A. Ionov Suzanne Y. O'Reilly Igor V. Ashchepkov 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,122(1-2):174-190
Lherzolite xenoliths in Miocene to Pleistocene basalts from five sites in the Hamar-Daban range in southern Siberia provide
sampling of the mantle close to the axis of the Baikal rift. These anhydrous spinel lherzolites commonly have foliated fabrics
and spongy rims around clinopyroxene, and many contain accessory feldspar. The feldspar occurs in reaction zones adjacent
to spinel and orthopyroxene (where it appears to have been formed by the reaction: spl+opx+cpx+fluid →fs+ol) and less commonly
as thin, irregular veins. The feldspars have variable compositions but are generally alkali-rich; their K2O content ranges from 0.3 to 11.2% and is much higher than in plagioclase from orogenic lherzolites (usually <0.1% K2O). The temperature range for the Hamar-Daban xenolith suite (950–1010° C) is more restricted than for spinel peridotite xenoliths
from other occurrences in the Baikal area. The feldspar-bearing lherzolites yield equilibration temperatures similar to or
slightly lower than feldspar-free ones. The majority of the Hamar-Daban lherzolites are fertile and clinopyroxene-rich, as
for most other occurrences in the Baikal region. Trace element compositions of selected xenoliths and their clinopyroxenes
were determined by ICP-MS, INAA and proton microprobe. Feldspar-bearing xenoliths are enriched in alkalies indicating that
feldspar formation is associated with addition of material and is not simply due to isochemical phase changes. Most xenoliths
and their clinopyroxenes studied are depleted in light REE and have contents of Sr, Zr and Y common for fertile or moderately
depleted mantle peridotites. Few are moderately enriched in LREE, Sr, Th and U. Sr-Nd isotope compositions of clinopyroxenes
indicate long-term depletion in incompatible elements similar to unmetasomatised xenoliths from other occurrences south and
east of Lake Baikal. The formation of feldspar and of spongy aggregates after clinopyroxene, and the enrichment in alkalies
appear to be recent phenomena related to infiltration of an alkali-rich, H2O-poor fluid into spinel peridotites.
Received: 20 March 1995 / Accepted: 26 June 1995 相似文献
19.
The Lithospheric Mantle beneath Continental Margins: Melting and Melt-Rock Reaction in Canadian Cordillera Xenoliths 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Seven alkali basalt centers in the southern Canadian Cordilleracontain mantle xenolith suites that comprise spinel Cr-diopsideperidotites, spinel augite-bearing wehrlites and orthopyroxene-poorlherzolites, and minor pyroxenites. The Cr-diopside peridotitesappear to be residues of the extraction of Mg-rich basalts byup to 15% partial melting (median 510%) of a pyrolite-likesource in the spinel stability field. The xenoliths are similarto other mantle xenolith suites derived from beneath convergentcontinental margins, but are less depleted, less oxidized, andhave lower spinel mg-number than peridotites found in fore-arcsettings. Their dominant high field strength element depletedcharacter, however, is typical of arc lavas, and may suggestthat fluids or melts circulating through the Canadian Cordilleralithosphere were subduction related. Modeling using MELTS isconsistent with the augite-bearing xenoliths being formed byinteraction between crystallizing alkaline melts and peridotite.Assimilationfractional crystallization modeling suggeststhat the trace element patterns of liquids in equilibrium withthe augite xenoliths may represent the initial melts that reactedwith the peridotite. Moreover, the compositions of these meltsare similar to those of some glasses observed in the mantlexenoliths. Meltrock interaction may thus be a viablemechanism for the formation of Si- and alkali-rich glass inperidotites. KEY WORDS: Canadian Cordillera; mantle xenolith; peridotite; wehrlite; meltrock reaction 相似文献
20.
Frederick A Frey C John Suen Harlan W Stockman 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1985,49(11):2469-2491
The Ronda peridotite in southern Spain is a large (~300 km2) exposure of upper mantle which provides direct information about mantle processes on a scale much larger than that provided by mantle xenoliths in basalt. Ronda peridotites range from harzburgite to lherzolite, and vary considerably in major element content, e.g., Al2O3 from 0.9 to 4.8%, and trace element abundances, e.g., Sr, Zr and La abundances vary by factors of 20 to 40. These compositional variations are systematic and correlate with (pyroxene + garnet)/olivine ratios and olivine compositions. The data are consistent with formation of residual peridotites by variable degrees of melting (~0 to 30%) of a compositionally homogeneous peridotite. None of the peridotites have geochemical characteristics of residues formed by extensive (?5%) fractional melting and the data can be explained by equilibrium (batch) melting, possibly with incomplete melt segregation in some samples. Based on compositional differences between Ronda peridotites, the segregated melts were picritic (12–22% MgO) with relative rare earth element abundances similar to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). Prior to the melting event the Ronda peridotite body was a suitable source for MORB. The compositional characteristics of Ronda peridotites are consistent with diapiric rise of a fertile mantle peridotite with relatively small degrees of melting near the diapir-wall rock interface yielding residues of garnet iherzolite, and larger degrees of melting in the diapir interior yielding residues of garnet-free peridotite. Subsequently these residual rocks were recrystallized at sub-solidus conditions (Obata, 1980), and emplaced in the crust by thrusting (Lundeen, 1978). 相似文献