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1.
Matthew Simpson Sethu Raman R. Suresh U. C. Mohanty 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(6):897-909
Doppler radar derived wind speed and direction profiles showed a well developed sea breeze circulation over the Chennai, India
region on 28 June, 2003. Rainfall totals in excess of 100 mm resulted from convection along the sea breeze front. Inland propagation
of the sea breeze front was observed in radar reflectivity imagery. High-resolution MM5 simulations were used to investigate
the influence of Chennai urban land use on sea breeze initiated convection and precipitation. A comparison of observed and
simulated 10m wind speed and direction over Chennai showed that the model was able to simulate the timing and strength of
the sea breeze. Urban effects are shown to increase the near surface air temperature over Chennai by 3.0K during the early
morning hours. The larger surface temperature gradient along the coast due to urban effects increased onshore flow by 4.0m
s−1. Model sensitivity study revealed that precipitation totals were enhanced by 25mm over a large region 150 km west of Chennai
due to urban effects. Deficiency in model physics related to night-time forecasts are addressed. 相似文献
2.
Thermal internal boundary layer characteristics at a tropical coastal site as observed by a mini-SODAR under varying synoptic conditions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Thara V. Prabha R. Venkatesan Erich Mursch-Radlgruber G. Rengarajan N. Jayanthi 《Journal of Earth System Science》2002,111(1):63-77
Atmospheric boundary layer observations are conducted at a coastal site during a transition phase from winter to summer season
over the Indian peninsula. Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (TIBL) characteristics in presence of an off-shore and a weakly
influenced on-shore synoptic wind are examined with the help of measurements carried out with a mini-SODAR (SOund Detection
And Ranging), tethered balloon, and tower-based micrometeorological measurements. Influence of the changing synoptic scale
conditions on turbulent characteristics of TIBL is discussed.
Mini-SODAR data showed the development and decay of sea and land breeze. It is seen that the characteristics of TIBL over
the coastal land after sea breeze onset are similar to that of a shallow convective boundary layer (CBL) commonly found over
plain land. Inside the TIBL, a maximum wind speed was noted close to the surface due to the penetration of sea breeze. In
the off-shore case, a distinct sea breeze circulation was observed unlike in the case of on-shore flow. In the presence of
weak on-shore case, a ‘minor sea’ breeze is noted before the establishment of sea breeze and a reduction in the momentum fluxes
gives rise to decrease in the turbulence intensity. Updraft in the sea breeze front was stronger during weak synoptic conditions.
Influence of synoptic changes on the sea breeze-land breeze circulation such as onset, strength and duration of the sea-land
breeze are also examined.
This work was done while the first author was a visiting scientist at IGCAR, Kalpakkam, India. 相似文献
3.
利用乌鲁木齐市1990年8月6日、2001年7月11日和2013年7月4日三期热红外遥感数据,定量反演亮度温度,利用均值-标准差法对温度进行分级后评价城市热岛效应时间变化特征:1990、2001、2013年3个时段,乌鲁木齐市最大热岛强度分别为11.48℃,12.06℃和14.01℃;加权平均热岛强度分别为1.033℃,1.603℃,1.236℃;城市热岛比例指数分别为0.1054,0.3945和0.4328;乌鲁木齐市城市热岛效应在平均水平上呈现先增强、后减弱的趋势,最大热岛强度、热岛比例指数均增加,城市已初步形成区域内的"热岛",城市高温区温度将继续上升且面积存在扩展趋势.利用PSR模型构建指标体系对城市土地集约利用水平进行评价,在同时段内乌鲁木齐市城市土地集约利用水平和协调性均在提高.从评价结果出发,通过相关分析,得出基于土地集约利用的城市热岛效应影响因子包括:人口密度、建成区绿地覆盖率、地均国民生产总值、人均建设用地面积、人均道路铺装面积、地均固定资产投资,这些因子涵盖了经济、社会、环境三个方面. 相似文献
4.
C. V. Srinivas R. Venkatesan K. M. Somayaji A. Bagavath Singh 《Journal of Earth System Science》2006,115(5):557-574
A simulation study of the sea breeze circulation and thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) characteristics has been carried
out at the tropical site Kalpakkam on the east coast of India, for operational atmospheric dispersion prediction. The community
based PSU/NCAR MM5 Meso-scale meteorological model is used for the study. Three cases on typical days in summer (24 May 2003),
southwest (SW) monsoon (1 July 2001) winter season (2 February 2003) with different large-scale flow pattern are studied.
The MM5 model is used with 3 nested domains with horizontal grid resolutions 18 km, 6 km and 2 km and 26 vertical levels.
The model is integrated for 24 hours in the above cases with initial and boundary conditions taken from NCEP-FNL analyses
data. Observations of 10 meteorological stations and coastal boundary layer experiments conducted at Kalpakkam are used for
comparison and validation of the simulation. The characteristics of simulated sea breeze and TIBL at Kalpakkam are seen to
vary in the above cases according to the prevailing large-scale winds and surface fluxes. The sea breeze circulation is seen
to develop early with larger strength and inland propagation in the summer case under the influence of moderate synoptic wind
and strong heating conditions than in the SW monsoon and winter cases. The horizontal and vertical extents of TIBL are found
to be larger in the summer case than in other cases. Although model parameters agree in general with observations, all the
fine features are not clearly captured and some slowness in model sea breeze development is also seen. The results indicate
the need to improve i) the initial conditions by assimilation of available surface/upper air observations to reduce model
bias and ii) surface net radiation parameterisation. The model could predict the essential features of the local circulation
and further improvement is expected with better initial condition data and incorporation of more realistic surface data. 相似文献
5.
由城市化进程改变的城市空间热环境对城区土体湿度产生了重要影响。为了了解城区与郊区土体湿度的差异,以南京市为例,分别在城区、郊区建立了土体湿度监测站,分析2009年6月1日至2010年6月7日南京城区、郊区地下1 m范围内裸土、草地及混凝土覆盖环境下土体湿度的时空演化特征。研究结果表明,南京城区土体湿度总体上小于郊区,存在显著的城市土体"干岛效应",年平均干岛强度为-7.4%。在时间尺度上,1月的干岛强度最小,为-2.1%;7月最大,达到-20.5%。在空间尺度上,郊区土体湿度随深度增加而增大,城区土体则无明显规律。在不同地面覆盖环境下,城区、郊区土体湿度变化规律不同:城区裸土环境下土体湿度日变化明显,而草地及混凝土下的土体湿度日变化相对较小,3种地面覆盖环境的年均土体湿度变化规律为草地(19.0%)<混凝土(26.4%)<裸土(29.5%);郊区3种地面覆盖环境下土体湿度日变化区间及变化频率均比城区大,且年均土体湿度为混凝土(27.4%)<草地(34.7%)<裸土(36.2%)。最后,分析了造成城区、郊区土体湿度差异的原因。 相似文献
6.
基于遥感技术的城市热岛效应研究——以成都地区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在分析利用遥感技术研究城市热岛效应的理论与技术方法基础上,利用成都地区2000年Landsat 7 ETM＋遥感数据,通过图像数字处理和地物热红外波段辐射值反演,得到成都地区地面热场分布图,取得较好的模拟结果。研究表明：成都地区热岛效应明显,热场分布带有规律性,成都市区及周围城镇及人口较集中区地面亮温明显高于周边地区,形成多个高值热场中心（热岛）,与这些地区城市化、工业化等快速发展、地面结构等因素有关。此外,研究结果表明,水域和绿色植被能够明显的缓解城市热岛效应。 相似文献
7.
城市气象与边界层数值模拟研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
综合评述关于城市气象与边界层数值模拟的近期研究进展,主要就城市气候研究、城市能量平衡、城市热岛研究以及城市陆面过程与城市地表能量平衡模式等方面国内外主要研究工作,结合作者近期的研究工作和认识作一评述.从中提出一些现实与观点方面的问题,给出一些看法和讨论.最后,就当今比较流行并显示十分有效的城市气象和城市边界层数值模拟作一些讨论,着重对这一领域面临的现行研究和未来的挑战,提出一些思考.评述结果表明:①今后需针对我国不同气候区、不同城市特点和建筑物形态特征,开展城市气候、城市地表能量平衡、城市热岛等方面的观测与模拟研究;②在城市气象观测方法与技术导则、观测站网布局、新型观测手段的综合使用等方面的深入研究需进一步展开;③需建立基于时间、天气条件、建筑特征的简单的城市热岛强度预报方法;④可探索采用计算流体力学(CFD)模式作为"桥梁",检验并改进中尺度模式对城市地区的模拟效果. 相似文献
8.
9.
基于普适性单通道算法，利用2005年5月6日的TM数据反演北京市区的实际地表温度。在此基础上，分析了北京市区的热环境特征、热岛分布的位置。运用GIS空间分析工具，分析了地表温度与地形特征和地表覆盖类型之间的关系。结果表明，北京市热岛分布具有环状和带状分布特征，高程较低处和坡度较小处更容易形成热岛中心，不同地表覆盖类型的热特征具有显著的差异。 相似文献
10.
基于1961—2017年中国气象局地表气温数据、JRA-55大气再分析数据以及美国国家海洋和大气管理局延伸重建的海温资料,研究了青藏高原冬季地表气温的年代际变化特征及其与海温的可能联系。结果表明：巴伦支-喀拉海冬季海温年代际变化可以激发出向东传播的Rossby波,在西伯利亚对流层高层产生异常的气旋或反气旋性环流,通过影响副极地以及副热带西风急流强度,在青藏高原的南侧产生异常的反气旋或气旋性环流,从而使得青藏高原上空的垂直运动发生变化,导致青藏高原冬季地表气温异常。 相似文献
11.
超强台风Saomai(0608)加强成因分析及 海温影响的数值试验研究* 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以严重影响我国的2006年8号超强台风Saomai为研究对象,首先从大尺度环流特征和物理量场对其登陆前强度不断加强成因作诊断分析,指出台风加强与副高的加强和南落、低空持续加强的水汽输送、高空流出气流的强辐散、台风移向垂直切变小值区和暖洋面密切相关。然后,利用中尺度数值模式MM5分析了海温高低对台风强度变化的影响,试验结果表明台风强度对海温十分敏感,海温改变可以引起台风强度的迅速变化,海温降低2℃将使台风最终减弱19hPa。边界层通量的分析表明,海温变化对台风强度的影响中潜热通量的作用是主要的,而感热输送的作用较小。就海温变化是否引起诸多台风强度影响因子分析发现,高海温使台风区域低空气旋式环流和高层辐散流出加强,导致低空更多的水汽向该区辐合,暖海面上空潮湿空气的辐合上升释放大量的凝结潜热为台风的发展加强提供了更多的水汽和能量。对比试验还表明,正位涡向下输送预示着台风将快速加强。另外,本次试验中海温变化对台风移动路径影响不明显, 因而对环境风的垂直切变影响较小。 相似文献
12.
The characteristics of simulated air flow over Andaman Islands are studied with a two-dimensional version of the University
of Virginia meso scale model (UVMM). Using the observed synoptic data as initial conditions, 24 hr simulations are obtained
for a day each in April and November. These days are chosen to study the variations in the simulated flow pattern under different
synoptic conditions including precipitation effects. A large scale condensation scheme is employed to consider the effect
of latent heat release on the perturbations. The results show that the latent heat released by condensation strengthens the
intensity of perturbations and the topography accelerates the arrival of sea breeze by about an hour. The model-simulated
results, given in graphical form, are discussed and compared with available observations. 相似文献
13.
Bin Shi Chao-Sheng Tang Lei Gao Chun Liu Bao-Jun Wang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(1):215-229
The heat island effect in urban meteorology has received significant attention in the recent years. In order to investigate the heat island effect on urban soil, two observation stations were built, respectively, in an urban area and a rural area of Nanjing city, China. The temperatures of underground soil (0?C300?cm depth) were recorded continuously for 1?year from June 2009 to June 2010. The data show that the urban soil temperature is generally higher than the rural soil temperature, and reveal an obvious heat island effect in urban soil with average intensity of 2.02°C over the 1-year period. The intensity varies between days, months and seasons: the daily urban heat island intensity (UHII) of soil ranges from 0.37°C to 3.98°C; the monthly UHII of soil ranges from 1.34°C (November) to 3.05°C (July); the order of seasonal UHII is summer (2.45°C)?>?winter (2.03°C)?>?spring (1.63°C)?>?autumn (1.53°C). The temperature data indicate that the maximum influence depth of daily synoptic events on the subsurface temperature is approximately 60?cm; the UHII generally increases with increasing depth. In addition to soil temperature, the temporal?Cspatial variation of soil moisture in a 100?cm profile depth was also investigated in this study. It is found that the moisture content of urban soil is generally lower than that of rural soil, which reveals an obvious dry island effect with average intensity of ?7.2% over the 1-year period; the maximum single-day urban dry island intensity (UDII) in soil is ?28.0%; the maximum average monthly UDII is ?19.1%, observed in July; the seasonal UDII shows a tendency of summer (?13.8%)?>?spring (?6.3%)?>?autumn (?5.2%)?>?winter (?3.7%). In profile, soil moisture content generally increases with increasing depth, and the maximum UDII is ?25.8% at 40?cm depth. In addition, the large-scale measurement results of 600 general points also confirm that the heat island and dry island effects are exist in urban soil. 相似文献
14.
Fluid exchange across the sediment–water interface in a sandy open continental shelf setting was studied using heat as a tracer. Summertime tidal oscillation of cross-shelf thermal fronts on the South Atlantic Bight provided a sufficient signal at the sediment–water interface to trace the advective and conductive transport of heat into and out of the seabed, indicating rapid flushing of ocean water through the upper 10–40 cm of the sandy seafloor. A newly developed transport model was applied to the in situ temperature data set to estimate the extent to which heat was transported by advection rather than conduction. Heat transported by shallow 3-D porewater flow processes was accounted for in the model by using a dispersion term, the depth and intensity of which reflected the depth and intensity of shallow flushing. Similar to the results of past studies in shallower and more energetic nearshore settings, transport of heat was greater when higher near-bed velocities and shear stresses occurred over a rippled bed. However, boundary layer processes by themselves were insufficient to promote non-conductive heat transport. Advective heat transport only occurred when both larger boundary layer stresses and thermal instabilities within the porespace were present. The latter process is dependent on shelf-scale heating and cooling of bottom water associated with upwelling events that are not coupled to local-scale boundary layer processes. 相似文献
15.
城市热岛效应对土体工程性质的影响及其关键科学问题 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
随着全球气候变暖、城市化进程加快,世界各地大城市的热岛效应及其带来的各种环境和生态问题越来越严重。本文从地质环境保护的角度,分析了城市热岛效应的成因、特点及其对地质环境的影响,重点讨论了城市热岛效应环境中土体工程性质的变化及其带来的各种灾害效应,在此基础上,凝练出了4个关键科学问题,即城市热岛效应环境中土体温度场变化规律、土体中水分迁移规律、土体工程性质变化规律以及土体地质灾害效应,并对它们的具体研究内容进行了详细的分析。论文的分析成果对于掌握城市热岛效应对土体工程性质的影响,保护城市地质环境和防灾减灾,实现城市的可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。
相似文献
16.
利用遥感技术快速准确地获取城市扩张信息并分析其驱动力机制,快速有效地监测城市温度场分布,对于指导城市规划、优化生态环境等问题有重要的意义.采用1988年和2001年2个时相的TM/ETM 卫星遥感图像,在地理信息系统(GIS)的辅助下,对阜新市城市扩展及城市热岛效应进行了研究,结果表明阜新市总体城市扩展方式为沿煤矿采场走向上呈轴向扩展,2001年后主要向西部和南部扩展;煤矿露天采场及其排土场对阜新市的城市热岛效应具有重要影响,为今后阜新市城市发展规划提供了决策参考. 相似文献
17.
港珠澳大桥人工岛位于伶仃洋海域,台风期较大的越浪量可能危及人工岛和隧道的运营安全,越浪量是人工岛护岸设计的重要参数。通过波浪断面物理模型,研究人工岛护岸护面块体型式、消浪平台尺度、挡浪墙前护肩宽度等结构参数对越浪量的影响,试验结果表明,坡肩宽度对越浪量的影响非常大,并且越浪量较小时,试验值明显小于当前广泛采用的van der Meer公式计算值,由此针对人工岛护岸结构特点,提出考虑了坡肩折减系数Kc的越浪量计算方法。计算结果与试验数据吻合良好,为人工岛越浪控制措施的采用及后期越浪量预警提供技术支撑。 相似文献
18.
M. A. Lokoshchenko I. A. Korneva A. V. Kochin A. Z. Dubovetsky M. A. Novitsky P. Ye. Razin 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2016,466(1):70-74
The vertical extension of the urban “heat island” (UHI) has been studied on the basis of long-term data of contact air temperature measurements at three places for the example of Moscow. The existence of steady thermal anomaly related to the city in the form of a UHI in the surface layer at any time of the day and also the existence of a cold layer over it at heights higher than 100 m at night were confirmed. The mean daily altitudinal extension of this anomaly is approximately 300 m. 相似文献
19.
Erika Rivera Xanat Antonio-Némiga Gabriel Origel-Gutiérrez Pablo Sarricolea Salvador Adame-Martínez 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(5):225
The dynamic of consolidation of urban areas in Latin America has allowed that almost 80% of the population concentrates in cities; this has produced changes in land covers and modified regional climate, propitiating the appearance of urban heat islands. The Metropolitan Area of Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico, holds the fifth national place in population size and experiences this process, because of this, the objective is to analyze and compare the spatiotemporal characteristics of the atmospheric urban heat island obtained from data gathered from 12 urban and rural weather stations with the surface urban heat island obtained from the digital processing of four Landsat 8 images. Results show the year-round presence of night-time atmospheric urban heat islands, which reach a peak in autumn (up to 6 °C). Daytime atmospheric urban heat islands occur in summer and autumn with a maximum intensity of 4 °C. For their part, surface urban heat islands occur in spring, summer and autumn and reach maximums of 19 °C in intensity. A strong correlation was found between wetness and surface temperature (coefficient of determination, 0.8) in spring and winter. Soil wetness directly impacts the formation of weak urban heat islands in dry season, and intense ones in wet season, while the green areas and the winds affect the spatial distribution of the same. 相似文献
20.
城市热岛效应对土的工程性质影响及灾害效应分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
随着世界各国,尤其我国的城市化进程的不断加快,城市规模不断扩大,城市中高层建筑的密度越来越高,城市热岛效应（UHIE）及其带来的各类环境问题日益突出。对于城市热岛效应的研究目前主要集中在城市范围内的大气部分,对于它对城市赖于存在的地质环境的影响研究很少,而对土的工程性质的影响及其灾害效应常被忽视。从UHIE与城市地下土体工程性质间的关系出发,介绍了UHIE的成因和发展程度,剖析了城市环境中的土体与自然环境中土体的差别以及UHIE影响土体工程性质的方式,初步分析了UHIE对土的工程性质的影响及其引起的灾害效应。分析成果对于开展城市热岛效应环境中土的工程性质变化及其灾害效应研究有重要的指导意义。 相似文献