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1.
为深入评估中国南方陆地风化过程及河流物质循环过程, 通过测定西江主要干、支流丰水期及枯水期水体主要离子和锶及其同位素比值, 结合Galy模型对西江流域化学风化特征及CO2消耗通量进行计算。结果表明: (1)西江流域化学风化受人类活动的影响较小, 流域化学风化过程主要受到碳酸的控制。(2)河水阳离子的主要物质来源为硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩风化, 硅酸盐岩在丰水期和枯水期的阳离子物质来源摩尔占比均为0.04, 碳酸盐岩中石灰岩占比分别为0.79和0.78, 白云岩分别为0.17和0.18。(3)西江流域在丰水期和枯水期的化学风化过程具有一定的差异性, 由于硫酸参与白云岩的风化作用影响碳酸盐岩风化过程中的CO2消耗通量, 导致各个化学风化过程所涉及的CO2通量有所差别。(4)碳酸风化碳酸盐岩在丰水期和枯水期所消耗的CO2通量分别为(0.78~244.25)×106 mol/km2/yr和(0.10~49.16)×106 mol/km2/yr, 硫酸风化碳酸盐岩所产生的CO2通量分别为(0.25~42.16)×106 mol/km2/yr和(0.01~13.90)×106 mol/km2/yr, 碳酸风化硅酸盐岩所消耗CO2通量的分别为(0.05~17.83)×106 mol/km2/yr和(0.02~6.07)×106 mol/km2/yr。 相似文献
2.
为掌握湖南省新田县富锶地下水的动态特点,在2017年1-12月对两处富锶地下水进行了一年定期采样分析。结果表明:S045下降泉Sr2+含量在丰水期、平水期、枯水期基本保持稳定,其值分别为0.27 mg·kg-1、0.25 mg·kg-1、0.26 mg·kg-1,S045下降泉Sr2+含量全年保持相对稳定的主要原因是水文地质特点决定了降雨对S045富锶下降泉Sr2+含量的稀释效应有限;ZK1机井Sr2+含量表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期,其值分别为0.73 mg·kg-1、0.68 mg·kg-1、0.52 mg·kg-1,水循环条件的差异引起水位的变化导致高锶潜流带水与低锶浅潜流带水混合比例不同,使ZK1机井中锶含量与大气降雨具有正相关性。而离子比值法表明:S045下降泉的γ(Na+)/γ(Cl-)比值在丰水期、平水期、枯水期分别为0.78、0.44、0.49,γ(HCO3-+SO42-)/γ(Ca2++Mg2+)比值在丰水期、平水期、枯水期分别为0.99、0.98、0.96;ZK1机井的γ(Na+)/γ(Cl-)比值在丰水期、平水期、枯水期分别为75.24、71.34、126.08,γ(HCO3-+SO42-)/γ(Ca2++Mg2+)比值在丰水期、平水期、枯水期分别为37.13、30.54、44.89,这说明ZK1机井中地下水发生了阳离子交换。S045下降泉的γ(Cl-)/γ(Ca2+)比值在丰水期、平水期、枯水期平均值分别为1.09×10-2、1.06×10-2、1.05×10-2,ZK1机井的γ(Cl-)/γ(Ca2+)比值在丰水期、平水期、枯水期平均值分别为1.29、0.98、0.94,ZK1机井γ(Cl-)/γ(Ca2+)显著高于S045下降泉,表明ZK1机井水水动力条件弱于S045下降泉,这是机井中Sr2+高于下降泉的重要因素。 相似文献
3.
桂江流域岩溶碳汇特征 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为研究岩溶区碳汇动态变化特征,使用德国Merck公司生产的碱度计每月定期对桂江流域14个岩溶大泉和16条地下河出口水中HCO3-含量进行了现场测定。结果表明桂江流域枯水期(11月至次年2月)地下水中HCO3-含量平均为223.62mg/L,平水期(3月、9月)为222.11mg/L,丰水期(4月至8月)为210.19mg/L,枯水期和平水期的HCO3-平均含量比丰水期高13.43mg/L和11.92mg/L。尽管丰水期的HCO3-平均含量不及枯水期和平水期,但其平均流量最大,是平水期的2倍,枯水期的2.8倍,因此其岩溶碳汇量也最大,是平水期的4.7倍,是枯水期的2.7倍。在碳汇构成上,丰水期的岩溶碳汇量占年总碳汇量的63.13%,而平水期和枯水期只分别占年总碳汇量的13.35%和23.51%。 相似文献
4.
用氢氧稳定同位素揭示闽江河口区河水、地下水和海水的相互作用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了揭示闽江河口两岸的地下水形成演化规律以及河口区河水、地下水和海水的相互作用, 分别于2009年枯水期(10至11月)和2010年丰水期(7至8月), 在闽江河口区采集了河水、地下水和海水样品, 测定了水样的氢氧稳定同位素组成和盐度。研究结果表明: (1)闽江河口两岸的浅层地下水主要接受降水补给, 北岸地下水还接受山区基岩裂隙水补给, 南岸浅层地下水在枯水期还接受经过蒸发作用的灌溉水补给; (2)闽江河口区, 枯、丰水期河水与地下水的补排关系始终表现为地下水补给河水, 枯水期南岸地下水在河口混合中的贡献明显增大; (3)海岸带含水层基本上不存在海水入侵, 仅局部含水层有微弱的海水入侵迹象; (4)丰水期和枯水期的淡咸水混合带在河口中的位置和混合类型存在明显差异。 相似文献
5.
大理岩单轴蠕变模型参数 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用分级加载方式进行单轴压缩蠕变试验,获得大理岩的单轴压缩蠕变曲线。对比发现五元件Kelvin模型能较好的拟合蠕变试验曲线,取其作为大理岩蠕变模型。对同一应力水平下的蠕变曲线,取10 h、20 h、40 h和50 h四个蠕变时间段,用五元件Kelvin模型进行拟合,分别获得蠕变模型参数。拟合结果表明,蠕变模型参数在不同的应力水平下和不同的加载时间下都是变化的。当应力水平足够大(58 MPa),E2随加载时间的变化规律和E1刚好相反;当加载时间足够长(20 h)时,E2随应力水平的变化规律和E1刚好相同。当应力水平足够大(58 MPa),蠕变模型参数η1和η2始终随着加载时间的增加而增加。当加载时间足够长(=50 h),蠕变模型参数η1和η2始终随着应力水平的增加而增加。 相似文献
6.
以贵州六冲河、倒天河流域为例建立喀斯特山区径流预报BP神经网络模型。六冲河流域以七星关站丰水期流量过程为输出数据,以丰水期降雨过程、出口断面前期流量过程、蒸发量作为输入数据,倒天河流域以徐家屯站丰水期流量过程为输出因子,丰水期降雨过程、前期流量过程作为输入因子。预报结果确定性系数DC值分别为0.538、0.420。结果表明将蒸发量作为输入数据、流域面积比较大模型预报精度较大。 相似文献
7.
沈阳市属于温带季风性气候,夏季多雨冬季干旱,枯水期和丰水期区别明显,对于地下水水化学类型有较大影响。本文使用阿列金分类法进行评价,得到CⅢCa全年都为绝对优势,丰水期占比较枯水期更大;枯水期与丰水期水化学类型差别较小,说明丰水期降水对于各县区的水化学类型影响较小,反而枯水期地下径流路径更长,溶出更加充分;从各县区看,康平县、法库县丰水期和枯水期水化学类型基本比重没有大的变化,新民市、沈北新区、于洪区、东陵区、辽中区、苏家屯区水化学类型均有一定差异;枯水期和丰水期各县区水化学类型都以Ⅲ型水为主。 相似文献
8.
应用Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验、流量历时曲线法、双累积曲线法等方法对黄河干流陕县站和河口镇站1919—2010年径流量演变过程进行了分析。结果表明:区域面平均降水量趋势性变化不显著,而上游（河口镇站以上）及中游（河口镇—陕县）年径流量自1985年以来呈显著减少趋势,中游径流量的降幅高于上游。黄河径流量变化具有明显阶段性,上游和中游径流量变化都经历了枯水期—丰水期—枯水期3个时期,现在黄河正处于枯水期。采用双累积曲线法,定量分析降水和人类活动对径流量的影响,上游和中游人类活动对径流量减少的影响程度分别占88.1%和84.9%,水利水保工程、生产生活用水等人类活动是引起黄河径流量减少的主要因素。 相似文献
9.
水体中总磷(TP)的浓度是水质参数中的主要指标之一,借助遥感技术的时效性、宏观性和经济性的优势,反演其时空分布特征信息,对于调查、管理和保护水库生态系统是必要的。研究选取覆盖丹江口水库的多期Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像,结合现场的水体采样实测数据,利用不同的波段组合,分别采用线性回归和非线性模型对水体的TP浓度进行遥感反演,分析TP浓度的时空特征和变化规律。结果表明:(1)TP浓度与可见光波段组合相关性较好,丰水期回归的相关系数最高为0.746,枯水期回归的相关系数最高为0.684;(2)TP浓度在不同时期差异性显著,丰水期浓度总体低于枯水期;(3)库区TP浓度的空间变化明显,水库中心区TP浓度相对于整个库区较低,沿库周围水体和河流入库口TP浓度为全库最高区域,而且常年处于高浓度状态;(4)自丹江口水库蓄水以来,TP浓度高值明显减少,与近年来水库实施的生态保护政策有关。 相似文献
10.
河南平原浅层地下水总溶解固体和水化学类型的分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用75件地下水样品的水化学数据(丰水期38件,枯水期37件)分析了丰、枯水期河南平原第四系浅层地下水总溶解固体(TDS)和水化学类型的分布特征。结果表明:河南平原浅层地下水淡水(TDS<1g/L)发育。枯水期TDS>1g/L的地下水主要分布在新乡-开封-太康县一线以东地区、项城以及太行山东麓安阳市境内;丰水期TDS>1g/L的地下水分布在新乡以东的部分地区、兰考县城东镇以及太康县以东地区。枯水期地下水主要以HCO3型水为主,丰水期河南平原的北部、南部主要以HCO3型水为主,而中部主要以HCO3-SO4型水为主。丰、枯水期地下水水化学特征的差异是在气候(降水、蒸发)及人类活动等因素的影响下形成的。 相似文献
11.
Physical and chemical parameters were measured in a subtropical estuary with a blind river source in southwest Florida, United States, to assess seasonal discharge of overland flow and groundwater in hydrologic mixing. Water temperature, pH, salinity, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), δ18O, and δ13CDIC varied significantly due to seasonal rainfall and climate. Axial distribution of the physical and chemical parameters constrained by tidal conditions during sampling showed that river water at low tide was a mixture of freshwater from overland flow and saline ground-water in the wet season and mostly saline groundwater in the dry season. Relationships between salinity and temperature, δ18O, and DIC for both the dry and wet seasons showed that DIC was most sensitive to seawater mixing in the estuary as DIC changed in concentration between values measured in river water at the tidal front to the most seaward station. A salinity-δ13CDIC model was able to describe seawater mixing in the estuary for the wet season but not for the dry season because river water salinity was higher than that of seawater and the salinity gradient between seawater and river water was small. A DIC-δ13CDIC mixing model was able to describe mixing of carbon from sheet flow and river water at low tide, and river water and seawater at high tide for both wet and dry seasons. The DIC-δ13CDIC model was able to predict the seawater end member DIC for the wet season. The model was not able to predict the seawater end member DIC for the dry season data due to secondary physical and biogeochemical processes that altered estuarine DIC prior to mixing with seawater. The results of this study suggest that DIC and δ13CDIC can provide additional insights into mixing of river water and seawater in estuaries during periods where small salinity gradients between river water and seawater and higher river water salinities preclude the use of salinity-carbon models. 相似文献
12.
We use first field-based observations of precipitation and river isotopic chemistry from a three-year study (2009–2011) in rainforest and nearby savannah in central Guyana at the northern rim of the Amazon rainforest to establish the quality of modelled or remotely-sensed datasets. Our 3 years of data capture a reduced rainfall regime in 2009 and an extended wet season in 2010, in contrast to the widely documented Amazonian floods in 2009 and droughts in 2010. Comparisons of observed precipitation with satellite derived TRMM and ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis precipitation show that both of these data sets capture the general pattern of seasonality, but substantially underestimate rainfall amounts in the primary wet season (by up to 50% and 72% respectively). The TRMM dataset is generally better at characterising the main dry season from September to December but the ERA-Interim model can overestimate precipitation in the dry season by up to 175%. Our new data on isotopic chemistry of river waters show that δ2H/δ18O values in this region are broadly consistent with interpolated global datasets of modelled precipitation isotopic signatures. The dominance of isotopically lighter water derived from the rains of the ITCZ during the wet season provides evidence of the close coupling of water chemistry of headwater rivers on the northern rim of Amazonia to the positioning of the ITCZ over the region. Our results highlight the challenge in understanding and representing local scale hydrological and biogeochemical characteristics using regional scale model data. We argue that combining point and local scale field data with larger scale model data is necessary to progress towards a comprehensive understanding of climate–hydrology interactions in Amazonia. 相似文献
13.
A.V. Karmalkar M.A. Taylor J. Campbell T. Stephenson M. New A. Centella A. Benzanilla J. Charlery 《Atmósfera》2013,26(2):283-309
Observed and projected changes in climate have serious socio-economic implications for the Caribbean islands. This article attempts to present basic climate change information—based on previous studies, available observations and climate model simulations—at spatial scales relevant for islands in the Caribbean. We use the General Circulation Model (GCM) data included in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) and the UK Hadley Centre regional climate model (RCM) data to provide both present-day and scenario-based future information on precipitation and temperature for individual island states. Gridded station observations and satellite data are used to study 20th century climate and to assess the performance of climate models. With main focus on precipitation, we also discuss factors such as sea surface temperature, sea level pressure and winds that affect seasonal variations in precipitation. The CMIP3 ensemble mean and the RCM successfully capture the large-scale atmospheric circulation features in the region, but show difficulty in capturing the characteristic bimodal seasonal cycle of precipitation. Future drying during the wet season in this region under climate change scenarios has been noted in previous studies, but the magnitude of change is highly uncertain in both GCM and RCM simulations. The projected decrease is more prominent in the early wet season erasing the mid-summer drought feature in the western Caribbean. The RCM simulations show improvements over the GCM mainly due to better representation of landmass, but its performance is critically dependent on the driving GCM. This study highlights the need for high-resolution observations and ensemble of climate model simulations to fully understand climate change and its impacts on small islands in the Caribbean. 相似文献
14.
受春季冰雪消融的影响,我国北方地区的河流会形成桃花汛期,期间河流的水位、水深和流场较其它季节会发生较大变化,从而对流域水环境管理和水资源保护的利用产生影响.为科学地对松花江哈尔滨段在冰雪消融期水动力变化情况进行分析,利用ArcGIS 10.0对DEM影像进行矢量化,在Delft3D-RGFGRID中创建正交曲线网格,基于EFDC模型建立松花江哈尔滨市段二维河流数值水动力模型.模拟了2014年1月-10月间的整个河段不同时空条件下的水动力变化情况,根据哈尔滨市水文站2013年、2014年实测数据对模型的参数和模拟结果进行率定和验证,模拟水位与实测水位最大相差0.33 m,相对误差<10%,吻合度高.模拟结果表明:整个江段平均水位在桃花汛期可达116.38 m,丰水期进一步上升至116.54 m,枯水期为115.64 m,平水期为116.23 m.朱顺屯和阿什河口断面水深在丰水期都明显大于桃花汛期,呼兰河口和大顶子山断面两汛期的水深几乎持平,大顶子山断面水深在各时期都较浅,附近易发生冰塞.朱顺屯、阿什河口、呼兰河口大顶子山桃花汛期流速分别为0.55、0.61、0.43、0.57 m·s-1;丰水期流速分别为0.59、0.66、0.47、0.63 m·s-1,各断面桃花汛期的流速与丰水期流速相当,略小于丰水期,流向平稳无涡旋.该模型可以较好的模拟河道水力要素随时间及空间演变规律,以便在不同典型水文年进行水力模拟和预测,可为松花江冬春季通航管理、水资源配置、水质模拟、水质目标管理、水环境容量计算和污染物总量减排提供决策依据. 相似文献
15.
Geostatistical analysis of soil moisture measurements and remotely sensed data at different spatial scales 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The European remote sensing satellite (ERS-2) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data was used for temporal monitoring of soil moisture at Sukhothai, Thailand. Higher correlations were found between the observed soil moisture and the radar backscattering coefficient. The soil moisture distribution shows great variation in space and time due to its stochastic nature. In order to obtain a better understanding of the nature and causes of spatial variation of soil moisture, the extensive soil moisture measurements observed in Thailand and also remotely sensed ERS-2 SAR data were used for geostatistical analysis. The observed soil moisture shows seasonal variations with mean varying from 3.33 %v/v (dry season) to 33.44 %v/v (wet season). The spatial geostatistical structure also shows clear seasonal variations in the geostatistical characteristics such as range and sill. The sills vary from 1.00 (%v/v)2 for the driest day to 107.57 (%v/v)2 for one of the wet days. The range or the correlation lengths varies between 46.5 and 149.8 m for the wettest and driest periods. The nugget effect does not show strong seasonal pattern or trend but the dry periods usually have a smaller nugget effect than the wet periods. The spherical variogram model fits the sample variograms very well in the case of soil moisture observations while the exponential model fits those of the remotely sensed data. The ranges observed from the observed soil moisture data and remotely sensed data at the same resolution are very similar. Resolution degradation affects the geostatistical structure of the data by reducing the sills, and increasing the ranges. 相似文献
16.
This research makes use of the remote sensing, simulation modeling and field observations to assess the non-point source pollution
load of a Himalayan lake from its catchment. The lake catchment, spread over an area of about 11 km2, is covered by different land cover types including wasteland (36%), rocky outcrops (30%), agriculture (12%), plantation
(12.2%), horticulture (6.2%) and built-up (3.1%) The GIS-based distributed modeling approach employed relied on the use of
geospatial data sets for simulating runoff, sediment, and nutrient (N and P) loadings from a watershed, given variable-size
source areas, on a continuous basis using daily time steps for weather data and water balance calculations. The model simulations
showed that the highest amount of nutrient loadings are observed during wet season in the month of March (905.65 kg of dissolved
N, 10 kg of dissolved P, 10,386.81 kg of total N and 2,381.89 kg of total P). During the wet season, the runoff being the
highest, almost all the excess soil nutrients that are trapped in the soil are easily flushed out and thus contribute to higher
nutrient loading into the lake during this time period. The 11-year simulations (1994–2004) showed that the main source areas
of nutrient pollution are agriculture lands and wastelands. On an average basis, the source areas generated about 3,969.66 kg/year
of total nitrogen and 817.25 kg/year of total phosphorous. Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients of correlation between the daily observed
and predicted nutrient load ranged in value from 0.80 to 0.91 for both nitrogen and phosphorus. 相似文献
17.
重庆地区岩溶地下河水溶解无机碳及其稳定同位素特征 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
稳定碳同位素是指示岩溶动力系统碳来源及转化的重要指标。为揭示重庆地区岩溶地下水中溶解无机碳基本特征和碳来源,本文对该地区63条岩溶地下河水样进行了水化学和碳同位素分析。研究结果表明,重庆地区地下河水溶解无机碳主要表现形式为HCO3-,雨季由于稀释作用其浓度低于旱季。重庆岩溶地下河水δ13C-DIC（V-PDB）旱季变化范围为-15.34 ‰～-5.89 ‰,雨季变化范围为-17.40 ‰～-4.23 ‰。根据δ13C同位素质量平衡方法,计算得到重庆地下河旱季碳酸盐岩溶蚀对DIC贡献为45.1 % ～79.7 %,雨季平均为34.6 %～82.1 % 。计算结果表明,在人类活动不断增强的情况下,岩溶水体DIC通量中碳酸盐岩溶解来源的DIC和其参与岩溶地下水δ13C值的形成并不一定是岩溶作用理论方程中所计算的50 %,而是有一定的变化范围。因此在计算岩溶作用碳汇时,建议通过δ13C值扣除碳酸盐岩溶蚀形成DIC的通量后再来推算岩溶作用形成的碳汇量。 相似文献
18.
Laura Carrillo Emilio Palacios-Hernández Mario Yescas Ana María Ramírez-Manguilar 《Estuaries and Coasts》2009,32(5):906-916
Salinity profiles and meteorological data were analyzed during February, May, and September 2006 in Chetumal Bay, a large,
shallow estuary of the Western Caribbean. Local meteorological conditions revealed three seasons: (1) a dry season (March–May);
(2) a wet season (June–October); and (3) the nortes season, with northerly wind events (October–February). During the nortes
and wet seasons, salinity ranged between 13 and 16 psu, and salinity was highest in the dry season, ranging between 18 and
22 psu over most of the area; a strong stratification and a significant contribution of salty water characterized this season.
Strong horizontal gradients were observed near Rio Hondo during the three seasons. Deep and narrow peculiar bathymetric features
called the pozas showed a strong stratification and a relatively high salinity. The northern part of Chetumal Bay and probably
the entire system are far from being homogeneous. 相似文献
19.
表层岩溶带调蓄系数定量计算--以湘西洛塔赵家湾为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文以湖南洛塔赵家湾表层岩溶系统为例,综合利用水位、降雨量、蒸发量及泉流量等长观资料,分别对不同降雨特征下的表层岩溶带调蓄系数进行了定量计算,并对影响表层岩溶带调蓄能力的因素进行了分析。计算得到丰水期赵家湾表层岩溶带调蓄系数为0 14～0 2 8,明显小于枯水期调蓄系数0 44 ;但丰水期久旱后表层岩溶带的调蓄能力接近于枯水期;在丰水期,场雨和连续降雨时的调蓄能力比间歇降雨时的小近1倍。实例计算表明:赵家湾表层岩溶带具有一定的调蓄能力,其地下迳流滞后于降雨至少3d ,调蓄系数确实可以用来定量评价表层岩溶带的调蓄能力。 相似文献