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落石是一种严重的山区地质灾害,而棚洞作为主要防护落石的工程措施之一,研究落石冲击下棚洞结构动力响应特征具有重要的现实意义。以经典Hertz理论为基础,假设落石为球形刚性体,棚洞结构为梁结构,建立落石冲击力学模型,理论推导得到不同尺寸落石以不同速度冲击不同厚度砂土垫层材料下棚洞板的最大冲击力计算公式,并得出不同工况下棚洞板被冲切破坏时落石的极限冲切速度,结果表明：总体上,落石对棚洞板的冲击力随垫层厚度增加而减小,但垫层厚度不能无限增加,过厚的垫层自重较大,使棚洞板受力较大,垫层材料厚度在0.5～1.5 m厚之间较为合理;落石尺寸和冲击速度越大,棚洞板受力越大,有限厚度的垫层材料只能承受一定限度的冲击能量,当冲击能量超过垫层材料的极限承受强度时,垫层不再耗散能量;分析棚洞板冲切破坏条件可知,无垫层时,很小的落石冲击速度使棚洞发生破坏,可见,合理的垫层厚度对防治落石具有重要意义。 相似文献
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采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件建立框架门式棚洞的两种仿真模型,模拟棚洞结构在落石冲击作用下的动力响应过程,分析冲击力在棚洞结构中的传递和扩散情况,提出通过控制冲击力扩散过程的方式对结构优化。对比结构优化前后在冲击力作用下的应力和变形情况,发现通过改变结构顶板倾角能在一定程度上减小冲击作用引起的最大等效应力,降低棚洞顶板变形,提高棚洞的抗冲击性能,且门式直柱式棚洞的结构优化效果尤为明显。 相似文献
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落石冲击棚洞结构作用过程复杂,缺乏统一的落石冲击力表达式。首先,将落石简化为刚性球体,基于Hertz接触理论,推导得到落石冲击力半正弦算法的理论表达式,考虑落石冲击下棚洞的非弹性特征,根据落石与材料碰撞过程中落石加速度曲线特征,采用函数拟合法推导得到落石法向冲击下其冲击力的理论计算方法;然后,基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立落石冲击棚洞数值计算模型,研究不同冲击速度下落石冲击棚洞动力特征;最后,与现存常见的多种方法进行对比,得出以下结论：Hertz半正弦法得到的落石冲击力远大于函数拟合法和数值法,而函数拟合法和数值法得到的落石冲击力时程曲线相接近,表明函数拟合法更能反映落石与棚洞接触碰撞动力关系;对比其他计算方法可以得到,Hertz算法适用于分析无能量损失下的弹性碰撞问题,而Logistic算法适用于材料大塑性变形的情况,弹塑性接触理论结果和动力有限元结果存在差异,而采用函数拟合推导的计算方法得到的落石最大冲击力和落石冲击作用时间与动力有限元法更接近,更能反映落石冲击棚洞动力响应特征,推导的落石冲击力计算方法可为工程实践中棚洞防护设计提供理论参考。 相似文献
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位于川藏公路安久拉山南麓的门式防滚石棚洞,在路边高陡边坡滚石冲击下已严重损坏,滚石冲击产生的巨大冲击力导致棚洞纵梁、顶板、梁柱连接处等应力集中部位发生破坏,且滚石冲击后大量堆积在棚顶成为永久荷载。在现场通过卷尺测得棚洞结构尺寸,使用测距仪测得棚顶堆积滚石的最大粒径D=1 m,滚石的最大下落高度H=20 m。为解决门式棚洞存在的安全问题,提出在棚顶设置凹槽并在槽内铺设厚度为10~70 cm、向外坡度为6°的橡胶垫层对原结构进行改造。借助LS-DYNA动力有限元软件按实际尺寸分别建立改进前后的棚洞有限元模型,并模拟改进前后棚洞在滚石冲击最不利工况（H=20 m,D=1 m）下棚洞结构的动力响应,通过数值模拟结果的对比来验证改进后棚洞的受力性能,研究结果发现:改进后的棚洞相对于原棚洞,最大等效应力减小72%、棚顶最大挠度减小45%、落石冲击力减小62%、滚石堆积在棚洞顶板的概率显著降低,说明在棚顶设置起坡橡胶垫层的措施可有效解决目前门式棚洞存在的安全问题。 相似文献
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根据落石冲击回填土明棚洞过程中的基本力学和运动学规律,采用Laplace变换,从落石冲击半无限土体、落石冲击有限厚度土体、考虑回填土与下部结构相互作用3个方面推导了落石冲击荷载的理论计算公式,通过数值模拟和相关试验数据对理论公式进行了验证,并与目前常见落石冲击荷载计算公式进行了对比研究。研究表明：所提出的公式理论计算结果与数值模拟结果和相关试验结果均有较稳定的规律,理论计算值比数值模拟值大6%～41%,与Pichler现场试验的95%分位值差值仅在6%以内;尽管所提出的公式计算值比目前所有公式计算结果均偏大,但与数值模拟和试验数据更吻合,更能反映出真实的落石冲击荷载;所提出的计算公式可以反映缓冲层厚度和缓冲层性质的影响,缓冲层厚度越小,落石冲击荷载越大,缓冲层厚度影响系数可根据h/r查表确定;缓冲层和结构的动力相互作用导致结构承受冲击荷载相较缓冲层顶部冲击荷载增大,结构动力放大系数与缓冲层厚度相关,缓冲层厚度越大,结构动力放大系数越小。所提出的计算公式可以反映落石大小、落石形状、落石冲击能量、缓冲层厚度、缓冲层性质等因素对冲击荷载的影响,计算荷载值可直接用于明棚洞结构设计。 相似文献
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落石与坡面或者防护结构接触过程中冲击参量随时间变化特征是描述落石碰撞过程的重要指标,对于揭示落石与坡面相互作用机制以及采取合理的防护措施具有重要的意义。在现有的相关设计规范中,并没有给出关于落石冲击力时程关系的计算方法,仅参照有关规范或经验方法确定一个落石最大冲击力值。为此,首先基于线黏弹性接触理论,建立落石冲击地面力学模型,根据位移-速度组合初始条件以及速度-加速度组合初始条件分别推导得到两种落石冲击特征参量理论解析解;然后基于 ANSYS/LS-DYNA 非线性动力学软件,建立落石冲击地面三维数值模型,研究球体落石冲击地面力学特点;最后将理论结果对比室内试验和已有的研究成果,得出以下结论：（1）Hertz 弹性接触理论结果中各参量变化在加载阶段和恢复阶段均呈现对称的趋势,速度、加速度初始条件下的落石冲击特征参量和动力有限元法非常接近,而位移-速度初始条件组合并不适用于研究落石冲击下的动力特征;（2）不同速度和下落高度下,落石最大冲击力值随落石下落高度和冲击速度的增大而增加,而落石冲击作用时间随下落高度和冲击速度的增加而减小;（3）计算结果得到的落石最大冲击力以及落石冲击作用时间与室内试验结果和已有成果相接近,相比室内试验和有限元结果的震荡性,此结果更能体现落石冲击力变化规律; （4）多种冲击速度下,对比不同方法得到的落石最大冲击力,可知计算结果均在各种冲击力计算结果的范围内,具有很好的可靠性。考虑到现有研究理论的不足,难以求解落石冲击力时程关系,求解结果丰富了落石碰撞理论,可以指导工程有关落石灾害的防护设计。 相似文献
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滚石冲击荷载下棚洞结构动力响应 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
钢筋混凝土棚洞结构是西部滚石灾害多发区最为有效的滚石防护结构,一般通过在棚洞顶部铺设一定厚度的砂砾石垫层来达到缓冲吸能的目的。在棚洞结构设计中,确定滚石冲击力大小是关键,而目前国内外尚无合理的计算公式,严重地影响了滚石棚洞结构工程应用。由于滚石冲击能量大,冲击时间短暂,涉及到结构大变形和复杂的能量转换关系,因而滚石冲击荷载下棚洞结构的动力响应研究难度较大。以实际滚石棚洞结构为原型,采用动力有限元对滚石冲击过程进行了数值仿真,研究滚石在不同冲击角度下棚洞结构的动力力学响应,为滚石防护工程设计提供理论基础。 相似文献
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为保护高速公路傍山路段的边坡和自然环境,将棚洞按三心圆拱加拱形顶板的斜柱支撑体系建设。根据棚洞的不同埋深,分别采取明挖、护拱和暗挖等开挖方式,避免由于大开挖引起的边坡或山体不稳定而产生的落石、滑坡、滑塌等灾害发生。对棚洞最不利位置的平面应变弹性数值模拟分析表明：在季冻区的气候条件下将棚洞按三心圆拱加拱形顶板的斜柱支撑体系建设是合理的,其主拉应力为1.440 MPa,主压应力为3.240 MPa,合位移为2.1 mm,在安全上满足JTG D70-2004公路隧道设计规范要求。采用适合季冻区的三心圆拱斜柱式棚洞结构型式和防、排水措施,为季冻区傍山公路建设提供防灾环保型建设理念的经验。 相似文献
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2008年“5.12”汶川特大地震诱发了大量的震裂山体危岩崩塌灾害。这类危岩发育位置高、冲击能量大，存在主动加固措施难以实施且被动防护网防护能级不足的问题，为此在汶川、芦山、九寨沟地震灾区逐渐广泛使用桩板拦石墙结构用于防治高位崩塌落石，取得了非常好的效果，但同时也存在部分桩板拦石墙墙后因未设缓冲层或挂废旧轮胎而被落石直接撞击并损毁的现象。为避免落石直接与此类钢筋混凝土（RC）板碰撞造成刚性破坏，工程上常采用就地开挖的碎石土、砂土作为缓冲层以减缓落石冲击力，为研究冲击作用下不同类型缓冲层消能效果及RC板的动力响应特征，基于室外搭建的落石冲击试验平台，开展了不同缓冲层及其相互组合的系列落石冲击试验。结果表明，总厚度相同前提下，EPS泡沫-砂土组合缓冲层的消能效果最优，其次为碎石土，砂最差。与其他两种缓冲层消能方式相比，落石锤与组合缓冲层碰撞过程中发生多次反弹且接触时长远大于其他两种；相同的冲击工况下，EPS中心位置压溃并下陷，且产生大量辐射状宽大裂缝；组合缓冲层能够有效减小RC板的跨中位移，在3，5，7 m冲击高度下，比砂作为缓冲层时跨中位移减小了37%~46%。在R4落石锤冲击下，RC板跨中位移显著增加且产生明显塑性位移，随冲击能量增大跨中裂缝自下而上延伸，RC板最终破坏时表现为典型的弯曲破坏特征。 相似文献
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Dam foundation is subjected to a larger impact force when debris flow runs up, causing stress concentration and local impact failure. To address this problem, in this study the vertical structures are optimized into arc-shaped dams. Based on the principle of momentum and energy conservation, the theoretical calculations of the impact process of debris flow and arc-shaped dam are carried out, and the formulas of impact force and maximum run-up height of debris flow are deduced. The theoretical formulas are verified through a series of physical model tests of debris flow impact arc-shaped dam. The results show that the results of the physical model are highly consistent with those of the theoretical calculations, indicating that the proposed theoretical formulas are applicable in the calculation of the impact of debris flow on arc-shaped dam. The debris velocity, impact force and the maximum run-up height are proportional to the flume slope of debris flow. The impact force and the maximum run-up height are mainly controlled by Froude number(Fr), flume slope(?), and arc-shaped radius(R). Both the impact force and the maximum run-up height have quadratic relationships with the Froude number, and are inversely proportional to the cosine of the flume slope. Compared with the rigid vertical structures, the arc-shaped dams have no signicicant influence on the maximum run-up height, but it can reduce the normal impact force on the dam considerably, and the structure strength can also be enhanced by the strengthening of local structure. This study provides a theoretical and technical support for the dam structure design. 相似文献
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黄河流域是中国重要能源和粮食主产区,然而水资源短缺已成为制约能源、粮食发展的关键要素。为优化流域水资源、能源、粮食之间的关系,引入协同学原理构建水资源-能源-粮食整体分析框架,建立具有总分结构、互馈关联的协同优化模型,采用多要素均衡智能算法,提出黄河流域粮食生产、能源开发与水资源调配一体优化的布局方案。结果表明,通过水资源-能源-粮食协同优化,2030年增加流域供水量23.98亿m3;优化了流域粮食生产布局,人均粮食产量提高12%;优选了能源产业规模和结构,煤炭开采、石油加工和火电总装机分别增加了2.86倍、4.08倍和0.80倍;在满足生活、生态环境用水的同时实现了粮食增收、能源增产。 相似文献
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Impact assessment of Three Gorges Dam’s impoundment on river dynamics in the north branch of Yangtze River estuary,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
As one of the world’s largest hydropower projects, the Three Gorges Dam (TGD)’s 156–175 m height storing test in flood recession seasons during 2006–2011 has aroused international attention. The novel approaches of cross-wavelet transform and wavelet coherence were firstly introduced to reveal the significant coherence and time lag property in time–frequency space between river dynamics in hydrological stations along Yangtze River. Then, using the optimum lag time nodes, corresponding regression models between river dynamics in these stations were established and utilized to assess the river dynamics in stations downstream under the impact of TGD’s impoundment. Results showed that the average decrease ratio of 24.3 % in the Three-Gorge reservoir outflow was caused in TGD’s impounding periods during 2006–2011. The corresponding average decrease ratios of 25.1, 16.5 and 1.9 % in Yichang flow, Datong flow (with 6 days lag), and estuarine Santiao river stage (with 32 days lag), respectively, were caused by TGD’s impoundment during 2006–2011. In addition, the impact weights of multiple driving factors on estuarine river dynamics were discussed, and the main factor of the combined impacts of estuarine tidal fluctuation and sea level change while the secondary factor of the upper stream inflow were demonstrated. A further suggestion about the optimization design of TGD’s safety impounding scheme was proposed to prevent estuarine saline water intrusion by guaranteeing the average daily increase of Three Gorges reservoir water level lower than 1.11 m/day during TGD’s impounding period. 相似文献
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Perforation of Flexible Rockfall Barriers by Normal Block Impact 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
J. P. Hambleton O. Buzzi A. Giacomini M. Spadari S. W. Sloan 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(3):515-526
Flexible rockfall barriers are a common form of protection against falling blocks of rock and rock fragments (rockfall). These barriers consist of a system of cables, posts, and a mesh, and their capacity is typically quantified in terms of the threshold of impact (kinetic) energy at which the barrier fails. This threshold, referred to here as the “critical energy,” is often regarded as a constant. However, several studies have pointed out that there is no single representative value of critical energy for a given barrier. Instead, the critical energy decreases as the block size decreases, a phenomenon referred to as the “bullet effect.” In this paper, we present a simple analytical model for determining the critical energy of a flexible barrier. The model considers a block that impacts normally and centrally on the wire mesh, and rather than incorporate the structural details of the cables and posts explicitly, the supporting elements are replaced by springs of representative stiffness. The analysis reveals the dependence of the critical energy on the block size, as well as other relevant variables, and it provides physical insight into the impact problem. For example, it is shown that bending of the wire mesh during impact reduces the axial force that can be sustained within the wires, thus reducing the energy that can be absorbed. The formulas derived in the paper are straightforward to use, and the analytical predictions compare favorably with data available in the literature. 相似文献
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阻尼对行车荷载下大跨桥梁振动的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于车桥相互作用,建立了车桥耦合单元,一个车辆模拟为4轴10个自由度模型,桥梁模拟为梁单元,推导出列车桥梁整体系统运动方程的有限元计算公式.采用随机数值模拟方法和功率谱密度函数生成随机轨道粗糙度.编制了计算程序,考虑各种不同的阻尼参数及车辆速度,对一座实际大跨斜拉桥的动力反应与冲击效应进行了分析研究. 相似文献
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双排桩支护组合体系作为一种新型悬臂类支护结构,其整体刚度的提升有利于保持基坑边侧的安全稳定。本文依托于张家口万全区某双排桩基坑支护工程案例,以现有双排桩冠梁刚度系数计算方法为基础,引入冠梁与连梁作用效应系数优化改进考虑连梁和冠梁作用的基坑矩形双排桩支护结构横向支撑刚度的计算方法,并对双梁组合支护体系下不同土性对双排桩前后排桩桩身最大横向位移的影响进行探讨。结果显示:（1）在双排桩结构计算中需考虑冠梁与连梁对双排支护桩的共同横向约束作用,并将冠梁与连梁的刚性连接作为一个整体以提高矩形双排桩双梁横向支撑刚度系数。（2）双梁组合支护体系组合刚度对桩顶位移有较大影响,组合刚度为40～50 MN/m下的位移与观测值较为贴近;冠梁计算长度与引入的冠梁与连梁作用效应系数对双梁组合支护体系组合刚度影响较大,计算长度对组合刚度呈负相关,效应系数对组合刚度呈正相关。（3）双梁组合支护体系下双排桩横向支撑刚度受前后排桩竖向与横向位移差影响,前后排桩桩身最大横向位移受土层内摩擦角、黏聚力和土体水平抗力比例系数影响;改变抗拉强度不会影响双排桩桩体位移。在基坑埋深以下及桩底范围内桩身存在位移拐点,拐点处各不同内摩擦角、不同黏聚力条件下位移相等。 相似文献
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Krief model, Nur model and Pride-Lee model are usually used to calculate dry rock modulus of sandstone reservoirs, but they are not effective for tight sandstone reservoirs. Based on Krief model and Nur model, and minimizing the difference between predicted P-wave or S-wave velocities and measured velocities, we acquireed lithologic index m in Krief model and critical porosity ?c in Nur model by Gassmann relationship. The empirical parameters used in the models are expressed as the values changing with depth, so the accuracy of Krief and Nur models to estimate the P-wave and S-wave velocities was improved, and these two models are called as the variable parameter Krief model and the variable parameter Nur model. In addition, comparing with prediction accuracy of P-wave and S-wave velocities under different constraints, we can see that the shear modulus formulas in the three models are more accurate and more suitable in the tight sandstone reservoir. Han’s relationship about Kdry and udry is not affected by porosity, lithology and other factors, and the paper established dry rock model by Han’s relationship and any one of the above three models. The new dry rock model was applied in the Gassmann relationship to predict S-wave velocity of H8 tight sandstone reservoir in Sulige Gas Filed, Ordos Basin, which improved the accuracy of predicting S-wave velocity. At the same time, lithology index m in Krief model, critical porosity ?c in Nur model and consolidation parameters c in Pride-Lee model which are corresponding to each sample can be obtained. The values of these parameters can reflect lithology difference, pore structure, compaction degree and other characteristics, which indicate the geological characteristics of the reservoir. 相似文献