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1.
David Turnock 《GeoJournal》2001,55(2-4):485-505
Considerable environmental damage occurred during the socialist era as a consequence of the rapid rate of economic growth
with low priority for the quality of life. High levels of air and water pollution impacted negatively on human health as well
as the physical environment. The rural areas did not escape because of soil and forest degradation, while open pit mining
and associated tipping devastated large areas of countryside especially in former Czechoslovakia and East Germany. The Chernobyl
nuclear disaster proved to be a turning point since public opinion was mobilised to the point that underground movements began
to lobby for improvements and environmental quality became a factor in system change in 1989. Much has been achieved over
the past decade, thanks in part to expertise and financial help from abroad, and the priority currently being given to membership
of the European Union means that all the requirements of the environmental 'acquis' must be met over the medium term. However,
the 1990s have also introduced the sustainability agenda and current challenges are much more extensive that those of the
past. While many obligations now carry the full force of law, it is also evident that sustainability is a matter for interpretation
nationally and locally in the light of economic pressures and cultural values, moderated through the education process and
negotiation with both statutory bodies and environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs). This paper therefore serves
as a context for the more local studies that follow.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Substitution and scalar politics: negotiating environmental compensation in Cardiff Bay 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Richard Cowell 《Geoforum》2003,34(3):343-358
One of the most contested dimensions of sustainable development is the issue of substitutability--the extent to which environmental qualities can be substituted, either for human-made assets, or for some equivalent environmental function. The main argument of this paper is that dominant economic discourses of sustainability neglect long-standing geographical concerns with scale, embeddedness and abstraction that are inevitably embroiled in the practical negotiation of substitutability. In particular, it seeks to demonstrate how relations of ecological and political scale frame the ‘decision space’ within which debates about substitution take place. These arguments are developed by analysing conflicts over the development of an amenity barrage across the Taff-Ely estuary in Cardiff, South Wales, and the provision of new wetlands to compensate for the resulting loss of wildlife habitat. This case shows that the scale at which environmental ‘assets’ are constructed--whether local, national or global--can reveal or obscure distributive effects incurred in maintaining environmental capital through compensatory measures. It also demonstrates how the re-scaling of governance arrangements (in this case to the European Commission) can empower the delivery of environmental management measures but simultaneously re-structures the objects of sustainability, rendering habitats and wildlife populations as disembedded symbols. 相似文献
3.
David Turnock 《GeoJournal》2000,50(2-3):75-90
Human capital was crucial for development under central planning, but transition states finding their way in a global world
must also rely heavily on human assets. Investors are much concerned about the quality and adaptability of labour, as well
as transport, business services (including assistance from national and local government) and political stability. Since Eastern
Europe is not making full use of its substantial human resources, this collection examines different aspects of a complex
issue. while civil society is being reconstructed, the growth and efficiency of labour markets in constrained by poor demographic
performance, restrained migration, problems of cohesion among ethnic minorities and high levels of stress. The focus then
moves to economic diversification through endogenous potentials, regional and local development and cross-border development.
Finally, it is suggested that human resources can best be harnessed under conditions of sustainability and that substantial
progress is being made to safeguard the environment of the region in terms of pollution control and conservation of cultural
landscapes.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
环境经济帐户的研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在传统的国民经济帐户体系中加入环境的内容日益引起各国政府的重视。在总结国内外环境经济帐户研究的基础上,系统介绍了当前国际上最新发展的综合环境经济帐户体系（SEEA）的基本框架和结构。将环境成本内生于生产和收入帐户,同时调整生产帐户中资产和收入帐户中的存量和流量是当前的环境经济帐户体系有别于其它帐户体系的基本特征。详细介绍了建立环境经济帐户的十大步骤。指出了建立区域尺度环境经济帐户中的难点,并提出了相应的解决方法。最后系统地总结了环境经济帐户在政策分析中的应用前景。 相似文献
5.
J. Švajlenka M. Kozlovská M. Spišáková 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(8):1591-1602
The construction industry is a major consumer of material and energy resources. Global developments in construction give sustainability a crucial role in overall healthy functioning of society as well as the whole environment. Modern methods of construction represent a response to the sustainability trend, since they bring faster construction and better environmental, energy and economic parameters. The aim of this article is to analyse and evaluate the benefits of modern methods of construction in the form of prefabricated panel wood construction (PWC). With the aid of a case study, certain environmental and economic parameters of PWC on the one hand and traditional masonry construction from ceramic bricks on the other hand will be studied and compared. The environmental evaluation of building material composition was conducted by means of the ‘Cradle to Gate’ model within the LCA method. The parameters in question will be studied in terms of embodied energy, global warming potential and acidification potential. The economic parameters to be analysed include construction time, construction costs and particularly the environmental burden caused by transport of materials to the building site. The submitted experimental study and its results should help break barriers sustained by traditional technologies and point towards healthier and more environmentally friendly alternatives in construction processes. 相似文献
6.
7.
《Geoforum》2017
Although the number of directions which geographical research on transport is taking has recently increased, the extent to which transport geography capitalises on theoretical advancements made in other sub-disciplines of human geography is still fairly limited. This especially pertains to economic geography which, in contrast to the predominantly positivist and quantitative transport geography, has developed over the last few decades a more post-positivist and qualitative profile. By means of focusing on passenger air transport – one of the most neglected industries in economic geography – this paper aims to help bridge this gap. Three under-researched aspects of air transport are identified and a combination of two economic-geographical approaches – global production networks (GPN) and evolutionary economic geography (EEG) – is advocated as a useful conceptual basis for further, more qualitative and more critical research on this dynamic sector. The paper argues that GPN and EEG would help research on air transport to: (1) employ network thinking beyond the infrastructural understanding of networks of air connections and thus better explain the multi-actor nature of the aviation sector, (2) complement the research on supra-national and national regulatory frameworks with more attention to the array of sub-national environments that shape the aviation industry ‘from below’, and (3) explore how the relations between aviation and economic development are moulded by different place-specific institutional factors. To lay foundations under further research the paper conceptualises the aviation industry as a global production network and uses the example of Polish passenger air transport to highlight the paper’s key empirical implications. 相似文献
8.
I. Kegalj L. Traven 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2018,15(6):1343-1346
One of the significant environmental aspects of transport and cargo manipulation in ports is air pollution. Coupled with other industrial sources, port traffic and operations can cause exceedances of environmental limit values and thus increase the risk of adverse biological effects including toxicity to humans. The proposed paper will describe the main characteristics of the on-shore high-voltage power supply and will discuss the extent to which the implementation of this technology is justified with respect to environmental protection, development of sustainable transport and the protection of human health. The paper suggests implementing on-shore high-voltage power supply with the aim of securing a sustainable development of world ports and minimizing their harmful effects to the environment, taking into consideration the economic aspects. After analysing the results, this technology provides a wider perspective for its future implementation into Croatian ports. The paper will assess the possible environmental effects of implementing this new technology into Croatian ports. 相似文献
9.
Tackling fuel poverty is central to the delivery of the Scottish Executive’s commitment to social justice. Many Scottish rural households are not linked into the mains gas network and rely on expensive alternatives, despite being surrounded by plentiful supplies of low-cost renewable wood biomass. A regional study was undertaken to establish the potential market for pelletised wood fuel, available as a low-value by-product from the rapidly expanding Scottish forest industry sector. The wider implications of the research findings are analysed by extending the principles of industrial symbiosis from a site-specific to a regional scale. Promoting an indigenous pellet-based wood fuel market for rural Scotland would fulfil important Scottish Executive economic, social and environmental sustainability objectives. Adding off-site social symbiotic elements increases the potential for on-site technical symbiosis in nascent Scottish forest industry clusters. At present, market failure is preventing the realisation of these benefits, and the paper concludes by identifying ways in which market intermediation, through wood fuel energy service companies, might overcome the current barriers to exploiting such symbiosis. 相似文献
10.
当代生态经济的综合研究综述 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20
可持续发展战略的规划设计需要生态经济学的综合研究思想。在总结国内外关于生态经济综合研究资料的基础上,系统总结了一门新兴学科——生态经济学的研究历程、研究内容和方法。生态经济学的综合研究,关键是将人类社会经济系统视为生态系统的一个子系统,认为人类社会的发展依赖于生态系统的支持。其研究是在微观层次上对经济系统和生态系统进行有机结合的具体尝试。从发展与环境之间关系的讨论入手,系统地分析总结了生态经济学与经济学、生态学以及其它学科之间的关系和作用,西方生态经济学早期和当代的研究状况和我国生态经济学的研究状况及进展,最后从可持续发展的定量衡量和生态经济模型的建立两方面介绍了目前流行的生态经济学研究方法。 相似文献
11.
Ecological conflicts in Poland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Transformation of the political system, observed in Poland for 10 years in connection with economic restructuring and basic
socio-economic reforms to harmonise with European Union structures, is also evident in terms of environmental management.
Pollution has been reduced in many ways but the rise in living standards, linked with the rapid growth of cars and other forms
of consumption, has had a negative effect and environmental conditions have deteriorated in the central areas of large cities.
The growth of waste water and refuse is a considerable problem. More areas are now officially protected and the three levels
of local government established at the beginning of January 1999 (voivodeship, district and community) all have certain defined
environmental protection responsibilities which are cumulatively greater than before. Meanwhile there is a greater awareness
in society of environmental issues, although it does not yet lead to a high level of participation in protection work. However,
there are strongly-expressed opinions on the ecological acceptability of certain economic developments and conflicts are frequently
arising within communities and local governments and also between investors on the one side and ecological organisations and
environmental protection institutions on the other. Most controversial are new roads, power stations (like the Zarnowiec nuclear
project) and reservoirs like the one on the Dunajec river at Czorsztyn. Local communities frequently resist plans for waste
dumps, incinerating plants and other developments which are seen as injurious to health or the quality of life. The planned
reprivatisation of the state-owned forests is also criticised by foresters and ecological movements. Conflicts are likely
to grow as economic development accelerates but better information and greater public understanding of the need for sustainability
should make for consensus.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
《Geoforum》2015
Analyses of sustainable design and commodity networks often make a priori assumptions about the capacity of markets to provide solutions to environmental problems; and have a tendency to celebrate local scales of action. This paper offers a contrasting account, in which the national state sought to carefully manage scarce natural resources and to ensure equitable consumption at a time of deep crisis. We utilise the historical example of the British wartime Utility furniture scheme in order to draw out three lessons for sustainable and equitable environmental practice. First, we argue that national states do not simply provide an institutional backdrop to sustainable production but rather can act as important organising agents. Second, the paper emphasises that sustainability is best achieved through interventions across a commodity network, beyond simply modifications to a single node such as design. Finally, we underscore the value of ‘pragmatic centralism’ in environmental decision-making, calling attention to the collaborative practices that underpinned the scheme. The example of Utility’s adaptive responses—borne out of crisis, scarcity and shortage during wartime—offers much that is of intrinsic interest to current concerns about resource consumption and the drivers of sustainability in commodity networks. 相似文献
13.
Jason Phillips 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(6):1587-1603
The theory and practice of sustainability involves the understanding and management of the coupled relationship between the environment and humans. This relationship is very evident in respect to mining where the impacts of operations, both positive and negative, are environmental and socioeconomic in nature. In recent years, evaluating the sustainability of a mining operation has grown within the literature due to the impacts that mining has upon a local community. However, the literature has been often characterised by a variety of case study-specific approaches to define and evaluate the sustainability of mining operations. This is due to the fundamental problem of defining what is sustainability. The paper applies, based on our previous research, a mathematical model of sustainability to the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of a proposed bauxite mining project in the Andhra Pradesh province, India. The model??s application to the impact assessment, which used the rapid impact assessment matrix, was undertaken for the purpose of determining the level and nature of sustainability (if appropriate) of the proposed project. The results indicated that the project was considered as unsustainable in its current form, based on an obtained E value of 0.249 and an H NI value of 0.500. The results suggested that the project would greatly benefit from an environmental management plan in order to mitigate the extensive negative environmental and social impacts of the project. The results also indicated the potential of the model in assisting in the resolution of questions of the sustainability of local projects, which are assessed through quantitative-based EIA. 相似文献
14.
In Egypt, major sustainability variables could be identified as scarce of soil and water resources, environmental degradation, rapid population growth, institutional arrangement that includes land tenure and farm fragmentation, agricultural administration, lack of infrastructure, and credit utilization. The main objective of the current work is to evaluate the sustainable land use management (SLM) model through biophysics and socioeconomic elements for the purpose of combating sustainability constraints that preclude the agricultural development geospatially. In this research, from the geomorphologic point of view, the obtained results showed three main landscapes. They were identified in the study area as: fluviolacustrine plain, Aeolian deposits, and flood plain. The study area was dominated by some physical and chemical degradation processes with different scales breaking down the equilibrium of soil stability. The SLM model was implemented and assessed from multivariate perspective points of productivity, security, protection, economic viability, and social acceptability. Four SLM classes were outlined as follows: class I, land management practices that did meet sustainability requirements with a score ≥0.65, which represented 31.0 % of the considered agricultural study area; class II, land management practices that were marginally above the sustainability threshold and represented 12.6 %; class III, land management practices that were slightly below the threshold of sustainability and represented 8.60 %; class IV, land management practices that did not meet sustainability requirements with index values >0.1 that represented 47.86 %. As a general conclusion, it is found that land management practices tend to be unsustainable in the area under investigation for certain constraints that play motivated roles in lowering the targeted land sustainability. 相似文献
15.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2023,14(4):101564
The outcome of patents on environmental (POET) technologies on the EF in the USA has not been comprehensively explored. Therefore, to close this breach in the literature, the present study discovers how patents on ecological technologies affect ecological footprint (EF) in the USA while regulatory for GDP and EC using the Fourier-based approaches. The conclusions of the present study reveal that POET are an important predictor of EF in the USA and cause a reduction in ecological deprivation in the long run; as expected, economic growth negatively affects environmental sustainability. The outcomes suggest that it is possible to resolve conflicts between the economy and the environment by using technological innovation. The USA government must reconsider its policy focus, particularly on coal energy sourcing and industrial energy, while continuing with heavy investments in its ambitious renewable energy technology development plan. Moreover, the government should continue to promote investments in environmental technologies. 相似文献
16.
Drawing on a political economy of food quality, this paper investigates the main sources of uncertainty over the environmental sustainability of Vietnamese pangasius catfish in European markets and how retailers subsequently respond to these uncertainties. Based on media survey and interviews with supermarket retailers across Europe between 2008 and 2010, the analysis focuses on the claims and counterclaims over the sustainability of pangasius aquaculture, how retailers have dealt with the uncertainty these claims have engendered about the fish, and what effect this uncertainty has had on the potential of marketing ‘sustainable pangasius’ in European supermarkets. The paper concludes that successful claims around new food qualities like sustainability by retailers are dependent on the ability of regulatory networks to overcome any perceived illegitimacy of imported products in the face of continuing uncertainty and the wider politics of market protectionism. 相似文献
17.
Globalisation, information technology and the emergence of niche transnational cities: the growth of the call centre sector in Dublin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Proinnsias Breathnach 《Geoforum》2000,31(4)
The development of information and communications technologies (ICT) has facilitated the emergence of a complex global urban system in which many formerly lower-order cities have been carving out “niche” specialist functions serving urban fields of transnational dimension. This is illustrated in the case of Dublin, which in recent years has been transcending its traditional role as Ireland’s national metropolis through the development of a range of functions servicing mainly European markets. One such function comprises pan-European telephone call centre operations. The development and characteristics of this newly-emerging sector are described. It is argued that the growth of the sector confirms Dublin’s — and Ireland’s — dependent position in the international division of labour, and that its long-term sustainability is open to question. 相似文献
18.
D. Peptenatu Ph.D. R. D. Pintilii Ph.D. C. Draghici Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2011,8(4):737-746
Urban settlements of regional importance from Romania impose within the national settlements system by their ability to converge material and human flows, leading to important unbalances in the relationships between the components of territorial systems. The status they held, both in the communist period and at present, made the economic activities developed in a short time exceed the adapting ability of the other components of the territorial system, the natural environment strongly feeling the industrialisation pressure. Identifying the specificities of the environmental risk management at the level of development poles of regional importance was done by detailed analyses accomplished in Craiova, a representative town for the high concentration of economic activities strongly pressing upon the natural environment. The construction of the model of environmental risk management supposes the classifying of risks by a series of criteria, a model which constitutes a useful instrument for the decision factors. The management of unbalances from the territorial systems determined by industrialisation is one of the major preoccupations of the decision factors from Romania, in order to be aligned to the European environment standards. 相似文献
19.
China has achieved a long-term and high-speed growth in terms of national economy, but faces a series of highlighted problems concerning economic growth and resource and environment support. This paper summarizes the progress of research on economic growth and its support system (resource and environment) mainly from the perspective of geography, and puts forward the main research direction of the support system for economic growth in future. 相似文献
20.
Eastern Europe lacks cohesion partly arising from a history of ethnic tension. Ways are now being found to overcome historic
conflicts over alternative political structures, as the enlargement of membership for European institutions requires greater
equality of rights at the same time as support and security is extended. Thus while ethnicity, as a political, social and
cultural entity, persists in Eastern Europe as an essential element at the local level, it is now being seen more positively
as cultural diversity and thus more compatible with democracy and a positive asset to national well-being. Multi-ethnic states
are proving to be viable and some of the most intractable inter-ethnic problems (linked with the Hungarian minorities) are
being addressed constructively. Yet there are signs that the southern part of the region is being marginalised regarding foreign
investment. Also there is unease that European values are not being embraced unconditionally in parts of the Balkans. Recent
military intervention has created fresh problems, committing the West to continued economic and political support to strengthen
its stance on democracy and minority rights.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献