首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
Permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway is featured by abundant ground ice and high ground temperature. Under the influence of climate warming and engineering activities, the permafrost is under degradation process. The main difficulty in railway roadbed construction is how to prevent thawing settlement caused by degradation of permafrost. Therefore the proactively cooling methods based on controlling solar radiation, heat conductivity and heat convection were adopted instead of the traditional passive methods, which is simply increasing thermal resistance. The cooling methods used in the Qinghai-Tibet railway construction include sunshine-shielding roadbeds, crushed rock based roadbeds, roadbeds with rock revetments, duct-ventilated roadbeds, thermosyphon installed roadbeds and land bridges. The field monitored data show that the cooling methods are effective in protecting the underlying permafrost, the permafrost table was uplifted under the embankments and therefore the roadbed stability was guaranteed.  相似文献   

2.
应用冷却路基原理建设青藏铁路   总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3  
More than half of the total length of the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad (QTR) traverses warm (0 to-1℃) permafrost areas, and about 40% of its total length is in ice-rich permafrost areas. Thc construction of the QTR also must consider the impacts of climatic warming along the QTR during the next 50～100 years. The latest projection indicates a warming of 2.2 to 2.6℃ on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) by the year 2050. Therefore, the key to the successful construction of the QTR is to protect permafrost from being thawed. Although railroad construction in permafrost areas has had a history of more than 100 years, the troubled sections of the railroads in permafrost areas have been greater than 30% of their total length. Based on the experiences and lessons learned from the road construction in permafrost areas, both in China and abroad, the author proposes that the principle of “active cooling” of railroad roadbed by lowering permafrost temperatures should be used in designing QTR, rather than that of “passive protection” of permafrost through increasing thermal resistance of roadway, such as increasing fill thickness and/or using insulative materials. This is especially important for the road sections in warm, ice-rich permafrost. In addition, this paper proposes several methods for “cooling the roadbcd” by controlling radiation, convection and conduction through modifying roadway structure and using different fill materials.  相似文献   

3.
The magnetotelluric (MT) survey along the Zhada (札达)-Quanshui (泉水) Lake profile on the western margin of the Qinghai (青海)-Tibet plateau shows that the study area is divided into three tectonic provinces by the Yalung Tsangpo and Bangong (班公)-Nujiang (怒江) sutures. From south to north these are the Himalayan terrane, Gangdise terrane, and Qiangtang (羌塘) terrane. For the study area, there are widespread high-conductivity layers in the mid and lower crust, the top layers of which fluctuate intensively. The high-conductivity layer within the Gangdise terrane is deeper than those within the Qiangtang terrane and the Himalaya terrane, and the deepest high-conductivity layer is to the south of the Bangong-Nujiang suture. The top surface of the high-conductivity layer in the south of the Bangong-Nujiang suture is about 20 km lower than that in the north of it. The high-conductivity layer within the Gangdise terrane dips toward north and there are two high-conductivity layers within the crust of the southern Qiangtang terrane. In the upper crust along the profile, there are groups of lateral electrical gradient zones or distortion zones of different scales and occurrence indicating the distribution of faults and sutures along the profile. According to the electrical structure, the structural characteristics and space distribution of the Yalung Tsangpo suture,Bangong-Nujiang suture, and the major faults of Longmucuo (龙木错) and Geerzangbu are inferred.  相似文献   

4.
By using the D-InSAR technique,we have acquired the temporal-spatial evolution images of preseismic-cosesimci-postseismic interferometric deformation fields associated with the M 7.9 earthquake of Mani,Tibet on 8 November 1997.The analysis of these images reveals the relationships between the temporal-spatial evolution features of the interferometric deformation fields and locking, rupturing,and elastic restoring of the source rupture plane,which represent the processes of strain accumulation,strain release,and postseismic restoration.The result shows that 10 months prior to the Mani event,a left-lateral shear trend appeared in the seismic area,which was in accordance with the earthquake fault in nature.The quantity of local deformation on the north wall was slightly larger than that on the south wall,and the deformation distribution area of the north wall was relatively large.With the event impending,the deformation of the south wall varied increasingly,and the deformation center shifted eastward.Two and half monthd before the event,the west side of the fault was still locked while the east side began to slide,implying that the whole fault would rupture at any moment.These features can be regarded as short-term precursors to this earthquake.Within the period from 16 April 1996 to two and half months before the earthquake,the most remarkable deformation zones appeared in the north and south walls,which were parallel to and about 40 km apart from the fault,with accumulated local displacements of 344 mm and 251 mm on the north and south walls,respectively.The south wall was the active one with larger displacements.Five months after the earthquake,the distribution feature of interferometric fringes was just opposite to that prior to the event,expressing evident right-lateral shear.The recovered displacements are～179 mm on the north wall and～79 mm on the south wall,close to the east side of the fault.However,in the area of the south wall far from the fault there still existed a trend of sinistral motion.The deformation of the north wall was small but recovered fast in a larger area,while the active south wall began to recover from the east section of the fault toward the WSW.  相似文献   

5.
应用等效纬度-海拔模型进行地温及多年冻土制图   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  
This research presents a method for permafrost mapping in discontinuous permafrost regions based on equivalent latitude/elevation concept in interior Alaska. In winter months, study site has a strong temperature inversion in air up to 700 m elevation. Air temperature data and the effects of slope, aspect and elevation were used to create an equivalent latitude/elevation model. This model was well correlated with mean annual surface temperature (0.79). In this watershed, the thawing index (It≈1 400 ℃*days) at the ground surface and snow depth do not vary greatly from south facing to north facing slopes. The primary controlled factor that determines the mean annual surface temperature was the winter surface temperature. The permafrost stability is effectively controlled by the freezing index. We determined 37.5% of Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed has unstable or thawing permafrost. At least 2.1% of the permafrost in this watershed may have disappeared in the last 90 years due to climate warming. This method makes it possible to evaluate the permafrost stability in the present, past and future.  相似文献   

6.
张钊 《冰川冻土》2004,26(Z1):184-188
The effective and assured measures in criteria of formulation, procedures, techniques and methods for geological prospecting of Qinghai-Xizang Railway have been made. The permafrost engineering geological investigation indicate the talik and those sections with annual average ground temperature higher than 1 ℃ takes up 68.8% of total amount; the high ice content permafrost also account for 50% of real permafrost section. The distribution of permafrost characteristics is obviously influenced by altitude and latitude. The prospecting also shows the distribution of permafrost characteristics is rather complicated. Based on two predications of air temperature-rising tendency, by calculating climate model of permafrost thermal status, and comparing and analyzing geological distribution of Qinghai-Xizang Railway, the tendency of permafrost recession range has been predicated.  相似文献   

7.
The Altun strike-slip fault is the largest strike-slip fault in Aisa and defines the northern boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Altun terrane, bounded by the north Altun thrust fault and the Altun strike-slip fault on the south, consists of the Dunhuang massif, northern Altun Caledonian subduction complex, central Altun massif and southern Alun subduction-collision complex from north to south. Our studies indicate that these tectonic units correspond to the AIxa block, northern Qilian subduction complex, central Qilian block and northern Qaidam subduction-collision zone respectively on the two sides of the  相似文献   

8.
<正>The Huang Shui River,a main tributary of the Yellow River,crosses a series of tectonically subsided and uplifted areas that show different patterns of terrace formation.The distribution of fluvial terrace of the Huang Shui River is studied through topographic and sedimentologic terrace mapping.Three terraces in the Haiyan Basin,four terraces in the Huangyuan Basin,19 terraces in the Xi'ning Basin(the four high terraces may belong to another river),nine terraces in the Ping'an Basin, five terraces in the Ledu Basin and 12 terraces in the Minhe Basin are recognized.Sedimentology research shows that the geomorphologic and sedimentological pattern of the Huang Shui River,which is located at the margin of Tibet,are different from that of the rivers at other regions.The formation process of the terrace is more complicated at the Huang Shui catchment:both accumulation terrace and erosion terrace were formed in each basin and accumulation terraces were developed in some basins when erosion terraces were formed in other basins,indicating fluvial aggradation may occur in some basins simultaneously with river incision in other basins.A conceptual model of the formation process of these two kinds of fluvial terraces at Huang Shui catchment is brought forward in this paper.First,the equilibrium state of the river is broken because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement,and the river incises in all basins in the whole catchment until reaching a new equilibrium state.Then,the downstream basin subsides quickly and the equilibrium state is broken again,and the river incises at upstream basins while the river accumulates at the subsidence basin quickly until approaching a new equilibrium state again.Finally,the river incises in the whole catchment because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement and the accumulation terrace is formed at the subsidence basin while the erosion terrace is formed at other basins.The existence of the accumulation terrace implied the tectonic subsidence in the sub-basins in Huang Shui catchment.These tectonic subsidence movements gradually developed from the downstream Minhe Basin to the upstream Huangyuan Basin.Dating the terrace sequence has potential to uncover the relationship between the subsidence in the catchment and the regional tectonic at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

9.
As the most important part of the global carbon cycle,soil carbon pool is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil carbon pool in permafrost regions is the most sensitive carbon pool to climate change. Weak climate change will have a huge impact on the organic carbon production in the shallow soil,and then affect the regional landscape and ecology. As an indicator reflecting the antioxidant capacity of soil organic carbon,oxidation stability affects the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon,and its variation has a certain regularity in the alpine permafrost region under the influence of climatic factors. In order to explore the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and its oxidation stability in frozen soil,based on the experimental data and the climatic data from 2011 to 2019,the random forest model was used to conduct multi-factor digital mapping on soil organic carbon content,soil organic carbon components with different oxidation difficulty degrees,and soil organic carbon oxidation stability coefficient and environmental variables（average annual precipitation,average annual sunshine hours,average annual air temperature,and altitude）and analyze the controlling factors. The results showed that the model had an interpretation degree of more than 54% for the shallow soil organic carbon in frozen soil area of Three River Source Region,and the digital mapping could reflect the distribution of soil organic carbon well. Soil organic carbon was mainly affected by precipitation and sunshine duration,and temperature took second place. The spatial distribution of components with different oxidation difficulty is different,but the oxidation stability has the distribution characteristics of high in the north and low in the south. Cold and dry are conducive to improving the oxidation stability of organic carbon in shallow soil of frozen soil area. © 2022 Science Press (China).  相似文献   

10.
The different aspects lead to great differences in the processes of water,heat,and energy balance,which further affect the soil environment and the growth of alpine plants. Based on an experimental study with eight aspects（abbreviated as octagonal platform）of Huashixia frozen soil observation base on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the influence of aspects on soil environments and alpine vegetation growth was studied. The results showed that：（1）After 6 years,the soil temperature of each slope near the surface（10 cm and 30 cm depth）from high to low was as follows：south > southeast > southwest > west > east > northwest > northeast > north,that is,the relatively sunny slope（east,southeast,south and southwest）was higher than the relatively shady slope（west,northwest,north and northeast）. However,there was no significant difference in soil water con⁃ tent between the sunny slope and the shady slope at the depth of 0~30 cm. （2）The growth trend of aboveground vegetation（including plant height,coverage and aboveground biomass）on sunny slope was better than that on shady slope. The growth trend of underground vegetation（including root depth and underground biomass）on sunny slope was worse than that on shady slope. （3）In the depth of 0~10 cm,the content of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen on sunny slope was higher than that on shady slope. However,the content of total phosphorus on sunny slope was lower than that on shady slope. There was no significant difference in total potassium and available nutrients among different slopes（P>0. 05）. In general,the effect of temperature on vegetation growth and nutrient distribution is significant in alpine regions,and these findings provides an important reference for vegetation restoration and energy balance research in different aspects. © 2023 The Author(s).  相似文献   

11.
青藏高原热喀斯特湖分布广泛,近年来在气候变暖背景下快速发展。热喀斯特湖的形成和发展与地下冰含量及气候变化有着密切关系,强烈影响多年冻土的热稳定性。为了更深入理解在气候变暖背景下热喀斯特湖的发展及其对下伏多年冻土的影响,以青藏高原北麓河地区一个典型热喀斯特湖的长期监测数据为资料,发展了耦合大气—湖塘—冻土三个过程要素的一维热传导模型,模拟了四种不同深度热喀斯特湖在气候变暖背景下的发展规律及其对多年冻土的热影响。结果表明:浅湖(<1.0m)在目前稳定气候背景下处于较稳定状态,湖冰能够回冻至湖底,对下伏多年冻土影响较小;较深湖塘(≥1.0m)冬季不能回冻至湖底,湖深不断增加,且底部在50年内将会形成不同深度的融区。随着气候变暖,热喀斯特湖的热效应显著,深度快速增加,较深湖塘的最大湖冰厚度减小,底部多年冻土快速融化形成开放融区。研究将有助于理解气候变化对青藏高原多年冻土区地貌演化及水文过程的影响。  相似文献   

12.
青藏铁路沿线融区的特征及其变化趋势   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  
基于青藏铁路多年冻土区工程长期监测系统所获取的地温与变形资料,对铁路沿线4处融区的特征及其变化趋势进行了分析。这4处融区分别为沱沱河北面洼地辐射-渗透融区（R1）、休冬曲北岸河流融区（R2）、扎加藏布河西岸河流融区（R3）与洼里希里唐盆辐射-渗透融区（R4）。结果表明：R1土体温度处于升温中,融区正在发展;R2土体温度较为稳定,位于融区边缘地带;R3土体升温趋势明显,融区处于快速发展之中;R4深部土体温度较为稳定,融区仍处于稳定状态。在R1、R3与R4,路基下未形成隔年冻土;但在R2融区,路基下有形成隔年冻土的可能。监测期内,路基累计沉降变形小于50 mm,满足铁路路基设计规范的要求。  相似文献   

13.
青藏高原唐古拉山南北两侧在地形地貌、地理和气候特征上存在显著差异,多年冻土的发育状况和特征也明显不同。受第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究等项目资助,多年冻土对亚洲水塔的影响专题考察分队分别于2019年和2020年的10—11月对唐古拉山各拉丹冬南侧的色林错上游扎加藏布源区（简称“湖源区”）和北侧的长江上游沱沱河源区（简称“江源区”）进行了多年冻土野外考察。利用钻探、坑探、地球物理勘探等方法对多年冻土的分布边界、多年冻土剖面的地层、地下冰等特征进行了描述和取样,同步构建了多年冻土温度和活动层水热观测网络,为多年冻土对亚洲水塔影响的机理分析、数值模拟以及情景预估提供数据保障。对野外调查资料的初步分析认为,各拉丹冬南北两坡地层沉积类型和地下冰赋存状态存在明显差异,北坡多年冻土的热稳定性、地下冰含量、冰缘地貌类型多样性均高于南坡,但由于受到构造地热、河流融区等多种因素的影响,北坡的冻土分布形式更为复杂。江源区100 m钻孔剖面揭示了连续分布的、厚度大于50 m的地下冰;在该区域发现了多年生冻胀丘分布群,并利用钻探和地球物理勘探方法对该区域规模最大、结构最完整的冰核型冻胀丘进行了较为系统的勘察剖析。两次野外调查工作共采集钻孔岩心、表层土壤、冰水等各类样本近1.2万件,为后期区域冻土理化指标分析,冻土环境化学、古气候环境研究的开展奠定基础。  相似文献   

14.
沱沱河流域是长江的发源地之一,其广泛分布的多年冻土对长江源区的产汇流过程、生态系统乃至于区域气候都有着重要影响,对该区域多年冻土分布和特征的调查和了解,可为研究江河源区多年冻土与气候、水文、生态的相互作用关系提供基础数据支撑。2020年10—11月,研究团队对沱沱河源区的多年冻土开展了为期50天的野外调查工作,并在不同下垫面类型、不同地貌部位和不同海拔高度共布设钻孔32个,总钻进深度1 200 m。该文是基于钻孔和探坑资料对沱沱河源区多年冻土特征和地下冰发育状况的初步总结。结果显示,沱沱河源区多年冻土在一定程度上受河流和地热影响形成了局部融区,其多年冻土下界大致在4 650~4 680 m之间;钻孔揭示的多年冻土上限平均埋藏深度为（2.47±0.98） m,部分地区存在融化夹层;受浅表层沉积物岩性和地热的影响,多年冻土下限埋藏深度相对较浅,平均为19.3 m,多年冻土相对较薄,平均厚度为15.0 m;多年冻土下限深度和多年冻土的厚度最大为75.0 m和72.7 m;地形地貌、沉积物特征和地热条件是影响多年冻土厚度存在较大空间差异的主要原因。研究区内地下冰主要分布于15.0 m深度以上范围内,同时也发现了处于萎缩状态的冰核丘与石质冻胀丘,这些现象也一定程度上与该研究区多年冻土退化过程有关。  相似文献   

15.
In cold regions, hydrologic systems possess seasonal and perennial ice-free zones (taliks) within areas of permafrost that control and are enhanced by groundwater flow. Simulation of talik development that follows lake formation in watersheds modeled after those in the Yukon Flats of interior Alaska (USA) provides insight on the coupled interaction between groundwater flow and ice distribution. The SUTRA groundwater simulator with freeze–thaw physics is used to examine the effect of climate, lake size, and lake–groundwater relations on talik formation. Considering a range of these factors, simulated times for a through-going sub-lake talik to form through 90 m of permafrost range from ～200 to >?1,000  years (vertical thaw rates <?0.1–0.5  m?yr?1). Seasonal temperature cycles along lake margins impact supra-permafrost flow and late-stage cryologic processes. Warmer climate accelerates complete permafrost thaw and enhances seasonal flow within the supra-permafrost layer. Prior to open talik formation, sub-lake permafrost thaw is dominated by heat conduction. When hydraulic conditions induce upward or downward flow between the lake and sub-permafrost aquifer, thaw rates are greatly increased. The complexity of ground-ice and water-flow interplay, together with anticipated warming in the arctic, underscores the utility of coupled groundwater-energy transport models in evaluating hydrologic systems impacted by permafrost.  相似文献   

16.
座落在岛状融区中的青藏高原沱沱河兵站楼房,由于跨年度施工,楼房各部位季节冻深和融化速度不一,引起不均匀下沉,致使墙体产生严重裂缝。岛状融区是工程地质环境敏感区。在太阳辐射强烈的青藏高原,现行建筑规范中房屋采暖对冻深的影响系数偏小,建议对北外墙中段和角端应比规范规定系数分别增大0.2和0.3。  相似文献   

17.
植被与多年冻土共同维系着大兴安岭地区的冷湿环境。随着全球气候变暖,大兴安岭多年冻土已发生严重退化,植被的生长也受到影响。在大兴安岭北部多年冻土区设置55个采样点,每个采样点采集多年冻土活动层厚度、林下灌木生物量和落叶松胸径树龄等指标,同时借助增强型植被指数（EVI）在区域尺度比较大片多年冻土区和岛状融区多年冻土区的植被生长状况。结果表明：黑龙江呼中国家级自然保护区（简称呼中保护区）活动层厚度的平均值为（0.47±0.14） m,保护区周边为（0.83±0.38） m,呼中保护区周边的活动层厚度大于保护区内。大片多年冻土区的活动层厚度平均值为（1.04±0.47） m,小于岛状融区多年冻土区的（1.40±0.41） m。呼中保护区和周边灌木生物量的平均值分别为（201.75±71.70） g·m-2和（259.10±111.14） g·m-2,胸径与树龄比值的平均值分别为（0.20±0.08）和（0.26±0.14）。大片多年冻土区和岛状融区多年冻土区林下灌木生物量的平均值分别为（128.31±63.33） g·m-2和（199.04±66.13） g·m-2,胸径树龄比的平均值分别为（0.30±0.13）和（0.59±0.21）。活动层厚度大的区域,灌木的生物量以及落叶松胸径树龄比都大于活动层厚度小的区域,表明活动层厚度增加对灌木和乔木的生长有一定的促进作用。EVI的结果显示岛状融区多年冻土区植被的生长状况以及植被覆盖情况好于大片多年冻土区,从区域尺度证明了多年冻土对植被生长存在限制作用。研究结果对于深入理解多年冻土变化及其环境效应具有重要意义。  相似文献   

18.
令锋  吴青柏 《冰川冻土》2017,39(2):328-335
热融湖是高纬度和高海拔富冰多年冻土区重要的自然景观。这些湖由于富冰多年冻土或地下冰的融化而形成,由于湖水向周边多年冻土传递热量而持续扩张。以青藏高原北麓河地区一个热融湖的信息和冻土监测资料为基础,运用柱坐标系下伴有相变的热传导模型模拟了以不同的横向扩张速率演化的热融湖湖下融区的发展过程。结果表明：在青藏高原多年冻土厚度为75 m的北麓河盆地,分别以横向扩张速率0.10 m·a-1、0.15 m·a-1、0.20 m·a-1和0.25 m·a-1演化的热融湖,在湖形成分别达760 a、703 a、671 a和652 a时,湖下形成贯通融区,相应的多年冻土从上向下融化的平均速率分别为8.22 cm·a-1,8.89 cm·a-1,9.31 cm·a-1和9.74 cm·a-1。热融湖的横向扩张速率对湖下的融区发展和土壤热状况有重要的影响,在现场调查资料的基础上选取正确的热融湖横向扩张速率是热融湖对多年冻土热状况作用数值模拟研究的必要前提。  相似文献   

19.
活动层含水量是表征多年冻土区气候、水文和生态过程的关键参数。长期以来,由于受多年冻土区活动层水分实测样点数量稀少的限制,各类基于遥感反演、模式模拟乃至数据融合和同化等手段生产的土壤水分空间数据均存在着较大的误差。2020年10—11月在青藏高原腹地（沱沱河源区）测定了 1 072组活动层土壤含水量数据并进行分析,探讨了该时段该区域活动层土壤水分的空间差异,并与全球陆面数据同化系统数据产品（GLDAS-Noah）和欧洲中期天气预报中心发布的第五代再分析资料（ERA5-Land）进行了对比分析。结果表明,在该区域平均厚度为2.72 m的活动层内,土壤质量含水量（总含水量）约为14.0%,活动层土壤含水量与植被发育情况存在正相关关系。除高寒沼泽草甸类型外,高寒草甸与高寒草原类型的活动层含水量随深度的增加呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势。不同坡位类型的活动层含水量呈上坡位>下坡位>中坡位>平坡位,阳坡水分高于阴坡且两者活动层剖面水分变化相似。多年冻土区浅表层0~350 cm深度范围内的土壤含水量大于区内融区同深度的土壤含水量,两者土壤剖面水分分布均呈现出先增大后减小再增大的特征。该区域的GLDAS-Noah同化水分产品与实测数据对比的误差在10%以内,比ERA5-Land再分析土壤水分数据更为准确,但两种数据产品对土壤剖面上的水分垂直分布情况描述均与实测数据有较大差异。该研究结果可以为数据同化系统的模式冻融参数化方案优化及遥感水分产品研发提供科学依据。  相似文献   

20.
东北多年冻土退化及环境效应研究现状与展望   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  
陈珊珊  臧淑英  孙丽 《冰川冻土》2018,40(2):298-306
东北多年冻土属中高纬度多年冻土,对气候变化非常敏感。数据模型模拟表明,21世纪东北多年冻土区气温会持续上升,显著的变暖将导致多年冻土退化。东北多年冻土呈现自南向北的区域性退化趋势,多年冻土区南部表现为南界的北移、融区的扩大和多年冻土的消失,而北部表现为多年冻土下限的上移、活动层厚度增大及地温升高等。多年冻土的退化会导致寒区生态环境的恶化,如兴安落叶松占绝对优势的天然林带锐减,林带北移,沼泽湿地萎缩等。随着多年冻土的迅速退缩和变薄,原多年冻土中蕴藏的碳将释放出来,对气候变化产生积极的正反馈,加速变暖,并影响全球碳循环。多年冻土退化导致其热状态失稳而造成寒区基础设施损坏,并且影响冻土微生物、碳循环、寒区生态和水文等,而它们是区域气候变化的重要因子,也将成为未来多年冻土研究的重点。而这些研究都需要长期的基础数据作支撑,因此需要进一步完善冻土参数监测网络,用模型厘清气候变化与多年冻土退化及其环境效应之间的关系。  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号