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以两类新发现的软沉积物变形构造——同沉积拉张构造和同沉积挤压构造为例,探讨其成因机理和在盆地构造演化中的意义。同沉积拉张构造类似于沉积布丁构造,同沉积挤压构造类似挤压岩枕,分别记录了拉张和挤压背景下处于地震活动带的沉积盆地所受到的应力状态及其方向,揭示了盆地分别处于威尔逊旋回的裂谷盆地和残余盆地阶段。同沉积布丁构造发现于内蒙古白云鄂博东南约25km的腮林忽洞群下部的薄层石灰岩中。这些构造只在某些特定的层段中顺层发育,薄层青灰色泥质微晶灰岩条带几乎层层都被密集的同生小断裂错开,而与之相间分布的浅黄灰色薄层微… 相似文献
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白云鄂博群哈拉霍疙特组滑塌堆积的
发现及其地质意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
笔者等在白云鄂博矿田北西部查干楚鲁附近白云鄂博群哈拉霍疙特组上段发现了典型的滑塌堆积。重点研究了同一滑塌层位中的两个滑塌堆积露头。整个滑塌堆积层岩性单一,内部结构杂乱,不见原始沉积层理。根据野外观察和室内薄片鉴定结果,该处岩性主要有两种：形状不一、大小混杂的灰黄色白云岩岩块（滑积岩块）杂乱无序地分布在深灰色纹层状碳质微晶灰岩（本地沉积）中。最大的透镜状白云岩滑积岩块露头长27m,宽58m。深灰色纹层状碳质微晶灰岩岩层产状基本稳定,整体北倾,倾角较大。深灰色灰岩层与灰黄色白云岩的接触界面附近发育软沉积物变形构造,白云岩滑积岩块本身棱角不明显,两端有明显的细颈拉长现象,表明滑塌发生时,白云岩处于半固结和不完全成岩状态。滑积岩块位于不同的背景沉积层位中,揭示露头区存在多次的滑塌堆积事件。根据滑塌堆积的内部结构特征,初步判断其为被动大陆边缘靠近多岛洋或碳酸盐台地的深水盆地边缘,主要触发因素可能为地震活动。此外,白云鄂博群中滑塌岩块的发现表明白云鄂博群与腮林忽洞群沉积时具有相似的构造、古地理环境,这为白云鄂博群与腮林忽洞群相当（均为早古生代）提供了新的佐证。 相似文献
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白云鄂博矿床成矿构造环境分析 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
白云鄂博矿床是世界著名的超大型铁铌稀土矿床,但因为其成因和形成时代的证据复杂多样,其成因、形成时代及其形成的大地构造环境均有多种不同认识。笔者等曾对赋矿白云岩成因、成矿时代及赋矿地层白云鄂博群的年代这两个关键问题进行了系统的地质、地球化学研究,获得了一系列关键证据,并对前人资料进行了系统地梳理,论证了白云鄂博矿床赋矿白云岩为一大型微晶丘,而微晶丘是热水沉积形成;确定其成矿时代及白云鄂博群的年代均为早古生代。本文进一步报道了在与白云鄂博群下部相当的腮林忽洞群中发现了宏体化石海绵和腹足类,在白云鄂博群中发现了与腮林忽洞群中相同的振动液化脉和振动液化角砾岩。从而笔者等认为,白云鄂博矿床成矿和白云鄂博群的沉积环境是早古生代被动大陆边缘。 相似文献
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内蒙古腮林忽洞群含铁燧石团块和微晶丘的成因及构造环境指示意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
内蒙古腮林忽洞群地层中发育含铁燧石团块和微晶丘。本文报道了它们的地质特征及铁同位素、稀土元素地球化学特征,并探讨了它们的成因及构造环境指示意义。燧石一般呈团块状、脉状发育于腮林忽洞群碳酸盐地层中。燧石中发育铁质丝状体,由非晶质的铁(氢)氧化物(赤铁矿和针铁矿)组成,具有丝状、网状形态特征,类似于现代海底热液Fe-Si产物。燧石的铁同位素组成δ56 Fe为-0.71‰~-0.25‰,与海底热液铁同位素组成(δ56Fe为-0.7‰~-0.1‰)一致。燧石的页岩(PAAS)标准化的稀土配分模式具有Eu正异常,La、Y正异常,显示海水和热液混合的稀土配分特点。这些特征表明含铁燧石为海底热液活动产物。腮林忽洞微晶丘成分主要为白云岩,铁同位素组成比该区域正常沉积碳酸盐岩要轻,与含铁燧石及海底热液的铁同位素组成相似;稀土配分模式与燧石一致,显示海水和热液混合的稀土配分特点。表明该微晶丘的形成可能与海底热液活动有关。腮林忽洞群含铁燧石团块、微晶丘的发育以及前人报道的震积岩、滑塌岩的发育表明腮林忽洞群沉积过程中可能处于拉张的构造背景,海底热液活动活跃。由于腮林忽洞群的沉积时代很可能为中元古代,腮林忽洞群的海底热液活动有可能是整个华北地区中元古代(1.3~14Ga)拉张构造背景的一个响应。 相似文献
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白云鄂博地区相关地质单元的铁同位素特征及其对白云鄂博矿床成因的制约 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
白云鄂博Fe-REE-Nb矿床是世界著名的巨型多金属矿床,它的成因一直是个激烈争论的问题,观点主要集中在沉积成因和岩浆成因上,而铁的物质来源问题是争论的焦点之一。近年来Fe同位素的快速发展为解决白云鄂博铁矿的成因提供了新思路。对白云鄂博地区发育的白云鄂博群尖山组铁质板岩、宽沟北沉积型铁矿、腮林忽洞微晶丘、灰绿岩墙这些相关地质单元的Fe同位素组成特征进行了研究,为白云鄂博矿床成因研究提供了最直接的参考。结果表明,尖山组铁质板岩的δ56Fe值为-0.49‰～0.48‰,平均值为-0.03‰±0.84‰,2SD,n=5;宽沟北沉积型铁矿的δ56Fe值为-0.68‰～0.23‰,平均值为-0.10‰±0.78‰,2SD,n=5;腮林忽洞微晶丘δ56Fe值为-0.64‰～0.12‰,平均值为-0.28‰±0.57‰,2SD,n=6;辉绿岩的Fe同位素组成δ56Fe值集中在0.11‰～0.16‰。腮林忽洞微晶丘总体上比白云鄂博赋矿白云岩富集Fe的轻同位素,Fe同位素组成变化也相对更大,表明两者可能有不同的成因。白云鄂博地区尖山组铁质板岩、宽沟北沉积型铁矿与世界其他地区含铁沉积建造的Fe同位素组成类似,其共同特征是,Fe同位素变化较大,总体上δ56Fe大于0‰。这一特征与白云鄂博铁矿的Fe同位素组成差别较大。白云鄂博矿床的δ56Fe集中在0‰附近,与白云鄂博地区灰绿岩、世界不同地区火成岩和岩浆型铁矿的Fe同位素组成特征一致。表明白云鄂博铁矿可能不是沉积成因的,更有可能与岩浆作用有关。 相似文献
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白云鄂博矿床成因的Mg同位素制约 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
白云鄂博Fe-REE-Nb矿床是世界著名的巨型多金属矿床,它的成因一直是个激烈争论的问题。近年来Mg同位素研究快速发展,在示踪幔源火成碳酸岩和沉积碳酸盐岩方面显示出一定的潜力,为白云鄂博矿床成因问题的究提供了新的途径。对白云鄂博矿床H8白云岩、碳酸岩墙白云岩,以及中元古代沉积白云岩,腮林忽洞微晶丘白云岩的Mg同位素进行了对比研究。研究结果表明:碳酸岩墙样品的δ26Mg-DSM3变化范围为-0.34‰～-0.14‰,平均值-0.24‰,落在地幔岩端元;中元古代沉积白云岩的δ26MgDSM3为-1.81‰～-1.53‰;H8白云岩的δ26MgDSM3变化范围为-1.13‰～-0.10‰,平均值-0.53‰,部分落在地幔岩范围,部分落在地幔岩和沉积白云岩之间;而腮林忽洞微晶丘白云岩的δ26MgDSM3最轻,为-1.99‰～-1.93‰。白云鄂博矿床赋矿白云岩的Mg同位素组成特征不支持正常白云岩沉积成因和微晶丘成因观点,更倾向于火成碳酸浆成因观点。 相似文献
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对内蒙古腮林忽洞群、白云鄂博群及白云鄂博铁矿赋矿白云岩的新认识 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1991年,笔者等应内蒙古地矿局邀请,对腮林忽洞组及白云鄂博群进行了初步踏勘性研究;在国家攀登附加项目和国家自然科学基金主任基金资助下,于1994年和1996年进行了进一步研究,获得了一些重要的发现与新的认识。 (1)腮林忽洞组剖面露头良好,被若干个大陆风化壳所分隔,可识别出7个三级层序(or-thosequence)。依岩石地层单位定义,应称其为腮林忽洞群。 (2)白云鄂博群以宽沟背斜为轴部可分为南、北两翼。腮林忽洞群以角度不整合覆于变质 相似文献
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山东灵山岛滑塌体内部沉积及构造特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
青岛市灵山岛修船厂剖面下白垩统地层中发育良好的滑塌变形体。野外观察可见滑塌体岩性单元主要由厚层砂岩及砂页岩互层组成,其中厚层砂岩根据其沉积构造及成因机制可分为砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积两类;砂页岩互层段砂岩层可见底模构造及粒序层理,为静水环境下远端浊流沉积。滑塌体内部构造主要可分为软褶皱变形、同生断层、透镜状砂质团块三种类型。其中,软褶皱变形根据岩性可分为砂岩软褶皱、砂页岩互层软褶皱及页岩软褶皱,随着变形强度增加,软褶皱枢纽逐渐平行于滑移方向,形成曲脊软褶皱或软鞘褶皱(soft sheath folds);同生断层出现在砂岩层中,根据力学性质分为正断层及逆断层,正断层为剪切拉伸所致,逆断层为软褶皱逆冲所致;透镜状砂质团块包括同沉积布丁构造和同沉积断块。根据滑塌体内部滑移面识别出三期滑塌,完整的滑塌体由底部拆离滑移面、下部厚层砂体、中部砂页岩互层及上部砂页岩互层未变形体组成,其组成特征及各部分接触关系反映了滑塌体中下部沿底部拆离滑移面发生滑塌变形,且于活动末期在相对静水条件下被上部砂页岩互层覆盖这一形成过程。根据滑塌体内部组成特征的有序性、相似性及滑塌体内部沉积构造特征,推测其触发机制可能为沉积物快速沉积所引发的重力滑塌成因。 相似文献
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2000年4月9日20时05分，西藏波密县易贡乡发生的大型山体崩滑，造成极大危害。在野外调查基础上，运用离散单元法模拟该崩滑体破坏、运动的全过程，此次灾害为扎木弄沟源头的山体崩塌，振动引起沟内崩坡积物发生沙土液化而随崩塌体一起运动，形成高速碎屑流的破坏运动机制，与实际情况较为吻合。 相似文献
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John V. Smith 《Sedimentology》2000,47(2):357-366
The flow pattern within a slump in Permian marine rocks of the southern Sydney Basin, Australia, is recorded by folds and deformed fossils. Abundant brachiopod and bryzoan fossils in the slumped rocks are relatively undeformed, but fossil crinoid stems have been deformed by relative rotation of individual ossicles. Measurement of the strain indicates that the deformation of the crinoids is consistent with flexural flow folding within the slump. Previous models assume that curved slump fold axes remain parallel to the enveloping bedding surface of a slump sheet. Detailed measurements of the orientation of slump folds in this study found fold axes to be oblique to bedding, which is interpreted as a result of folds plunging downward towards the flanks of the slump or slump lobes. In the present model, fold axes are not generally parallel to the strike of the fold axial surface, and this can explain differences between the orientations of slump fold axes and axial surfaces when these are used as directional indicators of slump movement. 相似文献
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Lithofacies and origin of late Quaternary mass transport deposits in submarine canyons, central Scotian Slope, Canada 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
KIMBERLEY A. JENNER DAVID J. W. PIPER D. CALVIN CAMPBELL DAVID C. MOSHER 《Sedimentology》2007,54(1):19-38
Mass transport deposits, up to 3·9 m thick, have been identified from piston cores collected from canyon floors and inter-canyon ridges on the central Scotian Slope. These deposits are characterized by four distinct mass-transport facies – folded mud, dipping stratified mud, various types of mud-clast conglomerate, and diamicton. Commonly, the folded and stratified mud facies are overlain by mud-clast conglomerate, followed by diamicton and then by turbidity current deposits of well-sorted sand. Stratified and folded mud facies were sourced from canyon walls. Overconsolidation in clasts in some mud-clast conglomerates indicates that the source sediment was buried 12–33 m, much deeper than the present cored depth, implying a source in canyon heads and canyon walls. The known stratigraphic framework for the region and new radiocarbon dating suggests that there were four or five episodes of sediment failure within the past 17 ka, most of which are found in more than one canyon system. The most likely mechanism for triggering occasional, synchronous failures in separate canyons is seismic ground shaking. The facies sequence is interpreted as resulting from local slides being overlain by mud-clast conglomerate deposits derived from failures farther upslope and finally by coarser-grained deposits resulting from retrogressive failure re-mobilizing upper slope sediments to form debrisflows and turbidity currents. 相似文献
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黄河断流后三角洲(水上平原)的滑塌构造研究 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
黄河断流后三角洲 (水上平原 )上的滑塌构造非常发育,在分流河道中几乎随处可见,它们主要发育在边滩、心滩外缘、周缘或内部的水道中,还可以发育在河床上。滑塌作用形成了三种产物:滑塌壁或滑塌缝 滑塌体和滑塌碎块及滑塌变形基底。滑塌壁或滑塌缝按力学机制可能分为两种类型 一种是张性 另一种是剪性。滑塌壁或滑塌缝的规模不一,大者长度可超过十余米,甚至二十余米,小者长度只有 3～ 5cm 滑塌体规模差别也较大,大者高度可超过 1m,长度可达 3～ 4m 小者高度和长度仅数cm。通过观察发现,滑塌构造的产生与波浪的掏洗和流水冲蚀有关,与地震和斜坡滑动关系不大。黄河断流后在某些低洼河道积水成“湖”,“湖”水在风的作用下形成波浪。波浪不断拍击导致边滩、心滩产生滑塌,形成一系列相应的滑塌构造 再者,黄河断流后边滩、心滩广泛暴露,黄河三角洲地区降雨后使边滩、心滩和河床上汇集成径流,径流的冲蚀也可以形成一系列滑塌构造。有的滑塌构造被风成砂埋藏后很容易被何存下来,而充填滑塌缝之间的风成砂经成岩作用之后则有可能转变成砂岩岩墙。 相似文献
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山东灵山岛早白垩世复理石软沉积物变形期次解析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
前人对软沉积物变形期次研究多数集中于触发变形的地震事件的周期,而对滑塌体内部软沉积物变形期次研究较少。山东灵山岛早白垩世复理石形成于残余盆地背景,且由于地震频发导致滑塌沉积广泛发育。滑塌沉积层中发育有丰富的软沉积物变形构造,如：同沉积滑塌褶皱、底模构造、剖面X形共轭逆断层、同沉积布丁构造、砂岩层断块及变形团块、微型地垒—地堑组合和叠瓦状倒转紧闭褶皱等。不同类型和不同部位的软沉积物变形构造显示出发育期次不同的特征。本文以灵山岛修船厂附近滑塌沉积层为例,分析软沉积物变形构造的变形机制,并将其发育期次大致分为滑塌前、滑塌中和滑塌后三个阶段。只有部分滑塌中的软沉积物变形构造具有滑塌指向意义,而滑塌前的变形构造不能用来判别滑塌体的搬运方向。 相似文献
17.
泥盆纪是秦岭构造与古地理格局发生重大变革的时期。秦岭的泥盆系主要分布在南秦岭。资料表明，南秦岭泥盆系不是在统一的盆地中形成的，而是被古陆分隔的几个裂陷盆地的沉积产物。柞水石瓮子地处镇安盆地北缘，该处滑塌块体和斜坡砾岩广泛发育，物源为沿山阳－凤镇断裂向南作大规模逆冲推覆而被掩盖消失的小磨岭古陆，其形成受早古生代南秦岭区域抬升、全球海平面下降以及区内山阳－凤镇断裂和镇安－板岩镇断裂强烈活动的控制。区域性同造山陆块隆升与全球海平面下降造成了南秦岭晚古生代与早古生代地层之间区域性的不整合，一南秦岭在继续向北俯冲的同时，又沿南缘的勉略－巴山断裂带发生扩张，其内部也因拉张作用形成裂陷与块断隆起相间的古地理格局。南秦岭区域性隆起和裂陷可能与加里东运动和勉略有限洋盆的打开相关联。 相似文献
18.
L. J. STRACHAN 《Sedimentology》2008,55(5):1311-1332
The process by which slumps transform into other flow types is an understudied phenomenon; generally, sedimentologists have assumed that this is how many debris flows and turbidity currents form, yet there is a paucity of information relating to the specific processes involved. This paper aims to redress this imbalance and investigates the processes of slump flow transformation using a well‐exposed example, where the precursor slump and flows to which it was transforming have been preserved in the outcrop. A detailed field investigation of the Lower Miocene, Little Manly Slump, located within the Waitemata Basin, New Zealand, reveals a complex bi‐partite deposit, comprised of a lower slump‐debrite unit and an upper turbidite unit, separated from one another by an impersistent contact. Reconstruction of slump evolution, from preserved strain indicators, shows that slump motion was unsteady and non‐uniform, and that the slump arrested rapidly. Flow transformation is directly linked to slump evolution and progressed through the multiple processes of body transformation, fluidization transformation and surface transformation. The resultant flow comprised a very dense lower unit with slump and debris flow phases overlain by a turbidity current. This study shows that flow transformation did not result in en masse transformation to a debris flow by a single process, but rather it was characterized by partial transformation of the slump to generate a three‐phase flow. Density is thought to be the key parameter in controlling flow transformation efficiency, which appears to have varied rapidly as a function of slump unsteadiness and non‐uniformity. 相似文献
19.
东营凹陷沙三中亚段广泛发育三角洲-浊积体系沉积。根据砂层组沉积的垂向变化特征,将沙三中亚段沉积时期东营三角洲自上而下划分为1～9期次,自东向西向湖盆中心进积。与三角洲有关的前缘浊积体包括滑动浊积岩、滑塌浊积岩及远源浊积岩3种类型,其中滑塌浊积岩发育的规模、数目最为稳定,是前缘浊积体定量研究的重要类型。笔者采用控制变量的方法对单因素关系进行探讨,进而分析多因素综合关系,对沙三段中亚段沉积时期东营三角洲前缘浊积体进行定量研究,从而探讨三角洲沉积结构与前缘滑塌浊积体发育的定量关系。研究发现,三角洲沉积结构特征(三角洲前缘地层厚度H、砂岩百分含量x等)、浊积岩滑移距离s以及三角洲前缘斜坡坡角的大小α,可以定量地确定,并且三角洲前缘滑塌浊积体发育的厚度h与前缘厚度H、前缘砂岩百分含量x成正相关,与浊积体滑移距离s呈负相关,并且得到预测三角洲前缘浊积体厚度h的数学模型。 相似文献
20.
Sebastian Cardona Lesli J. Wood Brandon Dugan Zane Jobe Lorna J. Strachan 《Sedimentology》2020,67(4):2111-2148
Submarine mass-transport deposits are important in many ancient and modern basins. Mass-transport deposits can play a significant role in exploration as reservoir, seal or source units. Although seismic data has advanced the knowledge about these deposits, more outcrop studies are needed to better understand gravity mass flows and predict the properties of their resultant deposits. It is proposed that sufficiently well-exposed outcrops of mass-transport deposits can be divided into three strain-dominant morphodomains: headwall, translational and toe. The outcrops of the Rapanui mass-transport deposit, part of the Lower Mount Messenger Formation in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand, are exposed along a ca 4 km transect in coastal cliffs that enable the identification of the three morphodomains. The aim of this study is to characterize the stratigraphic and sedimentological nature of the Miocene-age Rapanui mass-transport deposit outcrops and the evolution of its basal shear zone. The basal shear zone of a mass-transport deposit is defined as the stratal zone formed in the interface between the overriding mass flow and the underlying in situ deposits or sea floor. Accordingly, the deformation structures in the Rapanui mass-transport deposit and the basal shear zone were documented in an established spatial framework. Traditional methodologies were used to characterize the sedimentology of the Rapanui mass-transport deposit. Data collected from intrafolial folds, rafted blocks and samples from the Rapanui mass-transport deposit were used to investigate strain and matrix texture evolution, estimate palaeoflow direction, and calculate yield strength and overpressure at time of deposition. Additionally, a one-dimensional numerical model was used to test sedimentation-driven overpressure as probable trigger. This work demonstrates that the basal shear zone, as well as the matrix texture of a mass-transport deposit, can vary spatially as sediments from underlying deposits are entrained during shear-derived mixing. This phenomenon can impact the seal potential of mass-transport deposits and their interaction with fluids in the subsurface. 相似文献