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1.
基于山坡水文试验的新认识, 提出变动产流层概念, 将壤中流的描述从单一的土壤层间拓展到土壤-风化基岩界面, 通过对壤中流形成及发展过程的精细刻画, 实现了蓄满-超渗产流及其转换机制的统一描述。基于变动产流层概念, 根据运动波模型理论, 推导了单元网格的超渗/饱和地面径流、壤中流的计算公式, 利用非线性水库计算地下径流量, 采用二维扩散波进行地表汇流、一维扩散波进行河道汇流, 建立了面向山丘区的变动产流层分布式水文模型(VRGL)。对典型湿润山丘区的屯溪流域2010—2019年共24场洪水进行模拟, 结果显示: 洪峰流量和洪量的相对误差均在±20%内, 确定性系数在0.84左右, 表明VRGL具有较高的精度, 可用于山丘区洪水预报。 相似文献
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建立了适用于栅格单元系统的基于运动波理论的降尺度新安江模型(KWXAJ)。在栅格单元中采用新安江模型计算产流,运动波模型进行坡面汇流演算。模型中,为考虑上游坡地单元入流的径流入渗(run-on)效应,在进行坡地产流计算时,降雨及上游坡面流及壤中出流被同时作为来水输入新安江模型。在运动波模型中,糙率系数依据土地利用方式及洪水量级确定。选取淮河史灌河流域黄泥庄以上集水区域,作为研究区域。用流域历史上的13次洪水过程来率定和验证此模型。研究表明,run-on机制对流域产汇流预测有重要影响,其显著影响流域内土壤蓄水量时空分布,进而改变产汇流机制。数据分析还显示,不考虑run-on机制将导致模拟洪峰滞后。 相似文献
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将山坡水文学产流机制——超渗地面径流、饱和地面径流、壤中径流和地下径流等成分的产流机制,概括为界面(不透水层)产流机制。介绍季节冻土区近地表地下水若干创新的观测成果,综述其在季节冻土区流域产汇流理论研究领域中的应用,建议水利、农业、气象、林业、地质等部门在季节冻土区近地表地下水观测方面通力合作。可以预期,季节冻土区近地表地下水观测成果在产汇流理论研究以及流域水文模型研制中得到进一步的应用。 相似文献
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潜流带是流域生态修复的关键区域之一, 潜流带修复的根本目标是恢复水系间的能量流通、物质传递和信息流动, 即恢复潜流带的连通性。对于潜流带连通性恢复而言, 应统筹考虑水文连通性、生态连通性和功能连通性等多层次的内容。潜流带生态修复相关研究主要基于流体动力学、地质学和生态学等基础理论, 剖析潜流驱动的生物地球化学耦合机制, 研发可促进潜流交换和恢复生物多样性的生态修复技术, 实现潜流带水文条件的改善与生物物种的恢复, 进而达到潜流带生态系统结构和功能综合性修复的目的。本文从潜流带水文连通性、生态连通性和功能连通性等多层次出发, 从潜流带流体动力学性能、介质性能、生物群落组成、食物网结构及环境生态功能等方面, 综述基于生态修复目标的潜流带连通性恢复理论与技术进展, 以实现潜流带生态系统整体稳定性的提升。在未来潜流带生态修复理论与应用研究中, 需发挥多学科交叉的优势, 耦合多组学方法对潜流带生态过程进行微观探索, 系统探究时间和空间尺度上潜流带生态修复过程的演替规律, 进一步构建多因素作用下的潜流带生态修复框架体系。 相似文献
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基于分布式水文模型的中小河流洪水预报技术 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
中小河流大多位于资料短缺的山丘区,洪水具有突发性强、汇流时间快、预见期短以及分布广的特点。中小河流洪水预报首要目的和任务是预警预报,预报方式应以自动预报为主,以实现及时预警,最大程度地避免人员伤亡,减轻灾害损失。本文分析了中小河流洪水预报的特点与难点,提出了中小河流洪水预报的思路及实用预报模型与方法,开展了基于分布式水文模型的中小河流洪水预报技术在新安江上游屯溪流域预警预报中的应用研究,以期为当前所开展的全国中小河流洪水预警预报系统建设提供参考。研究表明:分布式水文模型是资料短缺地区中小河流洪水预报的有效方法,基于分布式水文模型的洪水预报技术能够满足中小河流洪水自动预警预报的生产需要。 相似文献
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全国水文科技情报网中南、西南联组水文科技情报学术交流会于1988年12月21～26日在广州举行。会议主要交流了南方地区暴雨洪水及产汇流机制和随机 相似文献
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国外汇流理论若干进展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
一、引言汇流是在径流形成过程中发生的一种重要水文现象。汇流理论所研究的是河渠中、坡面上和流域内水流的不稳定运动。 1871年,圣维南提出了水流不稳定运动的基本微分方程组。从此开始了汇流理沦研究的水力学途径。 1931年,M·A·维利加诺夫提出了等流时线概念;1935年,G·T·麦片锡提出了马斯京根洪水演算法; 相似文献
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中小河流洪水预报是当前国际水文科学中亟待研究的重大科学问题之一。由于中小河流存在分布广、降水及下垫面空间异致性强、产汇流时间短、突发性强、水文资料欠缺等特点,因此预报精度较低,预见期短,预报难度大。目前国内外学者对中小河流洪水预报开展了一定的研究,主要集中在中小河流洪水形成机理、洪水预报模型、缺资料中小河流水文模型参数确定方法、洪水预报耦合降水预报等方面。对中小河流洪水预报相关研究进展和存在的问题进行了总结,并指出未来在多源信息高效融合、精细化洪水模拟、高精度降水预报等方面还应进行更深入的研究。 相似文献
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黄河源区水文预报对龙羊峡、刘家峡等黄河上游梯级水库群的洪水资源化调度乃至整个黄河流域的水旱灾害防御都起着举足轻重的作用。然而,由于降水的地面观测严重匮乏、且缺少适用于高寒山区的专用水文模型,源区水文预报成为长期困扰黄河洪水/径流业务预报的难题。在回顾国内外相关研究的基础上,从高海拔缺资料地区的降水观测与降水预报、寒区水文模型构建与气象水文耦合系统集成、高原降水发生的气象成因与形成机制3个方面,评价了黄河源区水文预报的当前现状与技术水平,提出了黄河源区水文预报面临的关键科学问题;指出新一代多源降水信息融合与同化、高寒区特殊产汇流模型构建、无缝隙气象水文集合预报、强降水与连阴雨的多影响天气系统解析等,是当前黄河源区水文预报的研究重点与发展方向。 相似文献
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Dividing a catchment to subcatchment or hillslope scales allows for better scrutiny of the changes in spatial distribution of rainfall, soil attributes and plant cover across the catchment. An instantaneous unit hydrograph model is suggested for simulating runoff hydrographs for complex hillslopes. This model is able to estimate surface and subsurface flows of the catchment based on the Dunne-Black mechanism. For this purpose, a saturation model is used to separate the saturated and unsaturated zones in complex hillslopes. The profile curvatures (concave, straight and convex) and plan shapes (convergent, parallel and divergent) of complex hillslopes are considered, in order to compute the travel time of surface and subsurface flows. The model was used for prediction of the direct runoff hydrograph and subsurface flow hydrograph of Walnut Gulch No. 125 catchment in Arizona (USA). Based on results, the geometry of hillslopes can change the peak of the direct runoff hydrograph up to two-fold, either higher or lower. The divergent hillslopes show higher peaks in comparison with the parallel and convergent hillslopes. The highest and lowest peak flows correspond to divergent-concave and convergent-straight hillslopes, respectively. 相似文献
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The major obstacles for modelling flood processes in karst areas are a lack of understanding and model representations of
the distinctive features and processes associated with runoff generation and often a paucity of field data. In this study,
a distributed flood-modelling approach, WetSpa, is modified and applied to simulate the hydrological features and processes
in the karst Suoimuoi catchment in northwest Vietnam. With input of topography, land use and soil types in a GIS format, the
model is calibrated based on 15 months of hourly meteorological and hydrological data, and is used to simulate both fast surface
and conduit flows, and groundwater discharges from karst and non-karst aquifers. Considerable variability in the simulation
accuracy is found among storm events and within the catchment. The simulation results show that the model is able to represent
reasonably well the stormflows generated by rainfall events in the study catchment. 相似文献
14.
Fritz Schlunegger Alexandre Badoux Brian W. McArdell Corina Gwerder David Schnydrig Dirk Rieke-Zapp Peter Molnar 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(11-12):1097-1105
The 9.5 km2 Illgraben catchment, located in the Rhône valley in the Central Alps of Switzerland, is one of the most active debris flow torrents in the Alps. In this paper we present sediment yield data collected in 2006 for segments where hillslopes and channels form a fully connected network and contrast these with sediment yields measured for disconnected hillslopes. The data reveal that sediment yields are 1–2 orders of magnitude larger in segments where hillslopes are connected with the channel network than on disconnected hillslopes. Support for this conclusion is provided by observations made on 1959, 1999 and 2004 aerial photographs that the vegetation cover in the disconnected segments is still intact, whereas denudation rates of several centimeters per year in the connected segments have inhibited the establishment of a stable vegetation cover. Furthermore, sediment supplied from hillslopes during the past 40 years has temporarily accumulated along the Illgraben channel, indicating that the channel aggraded over this period and has not yet recovered. An implication of this observation is that initiation of debris flows in the Illgraben catchment is limited more by the availability of intense rainfall than sediment. In contrast, on disconnected hillslopes, sediment flux does not appear to be driven by precipitation.The petrographic composition of the Illgraben fan deposits indicates two distinct sediment sources, one related to rockfall and the other to landslides and debris flows. The presence of clasts from both sources implies multiple processes of erosion, deposition, mixing and re-entrainment in the catchment before the material is exported to the Illgraben fan and to the Rhône River. In addition, delivery of large amounts of coarse-grained sediment to the Rhône causes a modification of the flow pattern from meandering or anastomosing upstream to braided downstream. Hence, the direct connectivity between hillslope and channelized processes in the Illgraben catchment causes not only rapid topographic modifications in the catchment, but also morphologic adjustment in the Rhône valley downstream. 相似文献
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Every year, and in many countries worldwide, wildfires cause significant damage and economic losses due to both the direct
effects of the fires and the subsequent accelerated runoff, erosion, and debris flow. Wildfires can have profound effects
on the hydrologic response of watersheds by changing the infiltration characteristics and erodibility of the soil, which leads
to decreased rainfall infiltration, significantly increased overland flow and runoff in channels, and movement of soil. Debris-flow
activity is among the most destructive consequences of these changes, often causing extensive damage to human infrastructure.
Data from the Mediterranean area and Western United States of America help identify the primary processes that result in debris
flows in recently burned areas. Two primary processes for the initiation of fire-related debris flows have been so far identified:
(1) runoff-dominated erosion by surface overland flow; and (2) infiltration-triggered failure and mobilization of a discrete
landslide mass. The first process is frequently documented immediately post-fire and leads to the generation of debris flows
through progressive bulking of storm runoff with sediment eroded from the hillslopes and channels. As sediment is incorporated
into water, runoff can convert to debris flow. The conversion to debris flow may be observed at a position within a drainage
network that appears to be controlled by threshold values of upslope contributing area and its gradient. At these locations,
sufficient eroded material has been incorporated, relative to the volume of contributing surface runoff, to generate debris
flows. Debris flows have also been generated from burned basins in response to increased runoff by water cascading over a
steep, bedrock cliff, and incorporating material from readily erodible colluvium or channel bed. Post-fire debris flows have
also been generated by infiltration-triggered landslide failures which then mobilize into debris flows. However, only 12%
of documented cases exhibited this process. When they do occur, the landslide failures range in thickness from a few tens
of centimeters to more than 6 m, and generally involve the soil and colluvium-mantled hillslopes. Surficial landslide failures
in burned areas most frequently occur in response to prolonged periods of storm rainfall, or prolonged rainfall in combination
with rapid snowmelt or rain-on-snow events. 相似文献
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Catchment-scale soil erosion and sediment yield simulation using a spatially distributed erosion model 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Increasing rainfall intensity and frequency due to extreme climate change and haphazard land development are aggravating soil erosion problems in Korea. A quantitative estimate of the amount of sediment from the catchment is essential for soil and water conservation planning and management. Essential to catchment-scale soil erosion modeling is the ability to represent the fluvial transport system associated with the processes of detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles due to rainfall and surface flow. This study applied a spatially distributed hydrologic model of rainfall–runoff–sediment yield simulation for flood events due to typhoons and then assessed the impact of topographic and climatic factors on erosion and deposition at a catchment scale. Measured versus predicted values of runoff and sediment discharge were acceptable in terms of applied model performance measures despite underestimation of simulated sediment loads near peak concentrations. Erosion occurred widely throughout the catchment, whereas deposition appeared near the channel network grid cells with a short hillslope flow path distance and gentle slope; the critical values of both topographic factors, providing only deposition, were observed at 3.5 (km) (hillslope flow path distance) and 0.2 (m/m) (local slope), respectively. In addition, spatially heterogeneous rainfall intensity, dependent on Thiessen polygons, led to spatially distinct net-erosion patterns; erosion increased gradually as rainfall amount increased, whereas deposition responded irregularly to variations in rainfall. 相似文献
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为揭示中、低纬度高寒山区降雨-径流的形成过程,指导水资源的合理开发利用,选择黑河上游红泥沟小流域为研究区,基于河道径流量及雨水和河水稳定同位素的观测数据,构建二元混合模型,计算了2013年7月23日及8月21日两次典型降雨-径流事件中事件水（降雨）和事件前水（流域前期储水）对河道径流的贡献及其动态变化.结果显示:两次降雨事件中事件前水的贡献比例分别为68.69%和54.46%;事件前水的贡献比例在涨水阶段减小,在退水阶段增大.结合河水电导率的观测结果,进一步分析了降雨-径流的形成过程:河道径流的形成主要受饱和区蓄满产流、河岸带地下径流和山坡地下径流3种产流机制控制;事件水主要源于蓄满产流,事件前水主要源于河岸带和山坡地下径流;事件初期和末期以河岸带地下水补给为主,涨水阶段后期和退水阶段前期转为以蓄满产流和山坡地下水补给为主,洪峰期间蓄满产流的贡献达到最大.两次事件的对比表明,事件前的湿度条件和降雨强度对降雨-径流的形成过程有着重要影响:前期越湿润,流域储水能力越弱,导水能力越强,事件水的贡献越大,河道径流对降雨的响应越迅速;降雨强度越大,蓄满产流及其中的事件水比例越高,河道径流中事件水的比例也越高. 相似文献
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坡面土体的崩塌活动是泥石流形成的初始过程。为了研究降雨条件下该过程中蕴含的随机性,选择典型泥石流源地坡面进行人工降雨实验,观测坡面径流和坡面土体活动特征。结果表明：坡面径流的产生与坡面土体的供给是2个相对独立的过程;坡面产流过程在时间上具有连续性,空间上具有均匀性,规模上具有稳定性;即使是在恒定的降雨强度条件下,泥石流的源地土体活动也表现为一个离散的土体崩塌序列,具有时间上的间歇性、空间上的聚集性、规模上的随机性,且在时间上服从泊松分布,在规模上服从规模-频率的幂率关系;坡面的水土过程是不完全同步的,泥石流的形成依赖于坡面土体补给的时间、空间和规模分布,这也决定了泥石流阵流的多变和流量的涨落。建立基于土体活动特征的随机性补给模型,结合分布式水文模型,是建立科学的泥石流预报模型的有效方法。 相似文献
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采用多坡段组合模型、人工模拟降雨实验研究了土壤侵蚀链垂直带水沙流空间分布变化特征。结果表明:愈向下坡方向的坡段产流量愈大,单位面积、单位时间的产流量按坡段排列为:谷坡>梁峁坡下部>梁峁坡中部>梁峁坡上部。雨强为29.7mm/h时,坡面上没有沟蚀发育;雨强为60.5mm/h时,细沟主要分布在梁峁坡下部和谷坡处;雨强为90 2mm/h时,各种侵蚀形态在坡面均有较好发育,细沟的出现部位一直伸展到梁峁坡中部和上部之间。由于上坡来水来沙的作用,梁峁坡的产沙量增大了20.2%～63.5%,谷坡的产沙量增大了42.9%～74.5%。 相似文献
20.
Axel Bronstert Benjamin Creutzfeldt Thomas Graeff Irena Hajnsek Maik Heistermann Sibylle Itzerott Thomas Jagdhuber David Kneis Erika Lück Dominik Reusser Erwin Zehe 《Natural Hazards》2012,60(3):879-914
Flood generation in mountainous headwater catchments is governed by rainfall intensities, by the spatial distribution of rainfall and by the state of the catchment prior to the rainfall, e.g. by the spatial pattern of the soil moisture, groundwater conditions and possibly snow. The work presented here explores the limits and potentials of measuring soil moisture with different methods and in different scales and their potential use for flood simulation. These measurements were obtained in 2007 and 2008 within a comprehensive multi-scale experiment in the Weisseritz headwater catchment in the Ore-Mountains, Germany. The following technologies have been applied jointly thermogravimetric method, frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors, spatial time domain reflectometry (STDR) cluster, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), airborne polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (polarimetric SAR) and advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) based on the satellite Envisat. We present exemplary soil measurement results, with spatial scales ranging from point scale, via hillslope and field scale, to the catchment scale. Only the spatial TDR cluster was able to record continuous data. The other methods are limited to the date of over-flights (airplane and satellite) or measurement campaigns on the ground. For possible use in flood simulation, the observation of soil moisture at multiple scales has to be combined with suitable hydrological modelling, using the hydrological model WaSiM-ETH. Therefore, several simulation experiments have been conducted in order to test both the usability of the recorded soil moisture data and the suitability of a distributed hydrological model to make use of this information. The measurement results show that airborne-based and satellite-based systems in particular provide information on the near-surface spatial distribution. However, there are still a variety of limitations, such as the need for parallel ground measurements (Envisat ASAR), uncertainties in polarimetric decomposition techniques (polarimetric SAR), very limited information from remote sensing methods about vegetated surfaces and the non-availability of continuous measurements. The model experiments showed the importance of soil moisture as an initial condition for physically based flood modelling. However, the observed moisture data reflect the surface or near-surface soil moisture only. Hence, only saturated overland flow might be related to these data. Other flood generation processes influenced by catchment wetness in the subsurface such as subsurface storm flow or quick groundwater drainage cannot be assessed by these data. One has to acknowledge that, in spite of innovative measuring techniques on all spatial scales, soil moisture data for entire vegetated catchments are still today not operationally available. Therefore, observations of soil moisture should primarily be used to improve the quality of continuous, distributed hydrological catchment models that simulate the spatial distribution of moisture internally. Thus, when and where soil moisture data are available, they should be compared with their simulated equivalents in order to improve the parameter estimates and possibly the structure of the hydrological model. 相似文献